ANNEX 14:

AERODROMES

Aviation Management College

Airport Management
Ms.Zuliana Ismail
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International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s)
Documents
Annexes Lists

Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Annex 6

Annex 7 Annex 8 Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex 11 Annex 12

Annex 13Annex 14 Annex 15 Annex 16 Annex 17 Annex 18

AERODROMES

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 What is Aerodromes?

 A
‘ erodromes ’
 A defined area on land or water (including any
buildings, installations and equipment)
intended to be used either wholly or in part for
the arrival, departure and surface movement
of aircraft.

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 How Annex 14 come to be
ICAO adopted Aerodrome Standard And Recommended
Practices (SARPs) in 1951 & designated it as Annex 14
Many amendments since 1951
1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes
– Vol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & Operations
– Vol. 2 - Heliports
Signatories agree to accept by or to exceed the
standards
If signatories choose to differ, they must file a difference
with ICAO

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 Outlines
Volume 1: Aerodrome Design and Operations
 Chapter 1 – Airport Classification Codes and Design
Standard
 Chapter 2 & 3– Aerodrome data & Physical characteristics
(RWY,TXW,APRON)
 Chapter 4 – Obstacle restriction and removal
 Chapter 5 , 6 & 7– Visual Aids and their Functions
 Chapter 8 – Electrical Systems
 Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services, equipment
and installations
 Chapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenance

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Why Need to Learn Annex 14?
Annex 14 provides the basic specification for
aerodrome design and operations.

Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes

with a similar standard or command.
– Miscommunication can be avoided
– Safety for the travelling public

Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary

for all personnel who are charged with duties
associated with regulation and operation of
aerodromes.
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Standard And Recommended
Practices (SARPs)
Standards are identified by the verb <shall>

Example: The systems shall be

suitable for both day and night
operations.
 and are mandatory.

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Standard And Recommended
Practices (SARPs)
Recommended Practices are identified by
the verb <should>

Example: Recommendation.— The installation

setting angles for high-intensity obstacle
lights, Types A and B, should be in
accordance with Table 6-2.

and are only recommendations

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 Importance
What should be the overall geometric
layout of runways, taxiways, and aprons?
What size of aircraft should the airfield be
designed for?
How should the construction of airside
facilities be phased?
How much land should be acquired or
reserved for a new airport?

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 Chapter 1

General
Aerodrome Reference Code
Type of Approach

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 Airport Classification Codes
 Designed as a planning tool
 Based on two elements
Aerodrome reference code (based on a/c)
Type of approach (based on runways :Non-
Instrument (NI), Non-Precision (NP), Precision (P).
 Example: 3C NP

Aerodrome Type of approach

reference
code
The Aerodrome Coding Concept
 Determine by two factors:
 Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating
performance in terms of balanced field length of
runways
Airplane reference field length (RFL)
 Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical
dimensions that have a bearing on the physical
characteristics of aerodrome facilities
 Wing span (WS) and
 Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)

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Airplane reference Field Length
(RFL)
The minimum field length required for take-off at
maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard
atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as
shown in the appropriate aeroplane field manual

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 Wing Span (WS) and Outer Main
Gear (OMG)

 Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings

of an aircraft
 Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)=The distance
between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.
 Aerodrome Reference Code

Code element 1 Code element 2

Airplane reference Code Wing span (WS) Outer main gear Code
field length (RFL) number (4) wheel span (OMG) letter
(2) (1) (5) (3)

RFL < 800 m 1 WS < 15 m OMG < 4.5 m A

800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m 2 15 m ≤ WS < 24 m 4.5 m ≤ OMG < 6 m B

1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m 3 24 m ≤ WS < 36 m 6 m ≤ OMG < 9 m C

1 800 m ≤ RFL 4 36 m ≤ WS < 52 m 9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m D
52 m ≤ WS < 65 m 9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m
E
65 ≤ WS < 80 m 14 m ≤ OMG < 16 m
F

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 Exercise
What is the AR Code for Boeing 747-400 &
Airbus A380 ????

Boeing 747-400 Airbus A380

RFL=2990m RFL=>3300m
WS=64.4m WS=79.8m
OMG=12.4m OMG=14.34m
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 Aerodrome Reference Code

No Aircraft type Code Code Aerodrome

Element Element Reference
1 2 Code (ARC)

RFL Code No. WS OMGWS Code

( m) (m) (m) letter

1. ATR 42-200 1010 2 24.6 4.9 C ?

2. Fokker: 50 1760 3 29.0 8.0 C ?

3. A 320-200 2058 4 33.9 8.7 C ?

4. A 340-300 2200 4 60.3 12 E ?

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 Aerodrome Reference Code
AEROPLANE REF ARFL Wingspan OMGWS
TYPE CODE (m) (m) (m)

Lear Jet 55 3A 1292 13.4 2.5

Fokker F28-2000 3B 1646 23.6 5.8
Fokker:F27-500 3C 1670 29.0 7.9
Airbus A300 B2 3D 1676 44.8 10.9
Boeing:
B737-200 4C 2295 28.4 6.4
B737-300 4C 2749 28.9 6.4
B737-400 4C 2499 28.9 6.4

Boeing:
B707-300 4D 3088 44.4 7.9
B757-200 4D 2057 38.0 8.7
B767-200ER 4D 2743 47.6 10.8

Boeing:
B747-300 4E 3292 59.6 12.4
B747-400 4E 3383 64.9 12.4
B777-200 4E 2500 60.9 12.8

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 Types of Runway Approach

1. Non-Instrument Runway (NI)

A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visual
approach procedures

2. Instrument Runway
A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument
approach procedures

I. Non-Precision Runway (NP)

An instrument runway served by visual aids and a non-visual aid
providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a straight-in approach
I. Precision Runway (P) –
Allow operations with a decision height and visibility corresponding to
Category 1, or II, or III

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 Runway Approach
Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Precision Runway (P)

Aiming
point
Touchdown
zone

Threshold

Non-Precision Runway (NP)

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 Runway Terminology
Runway Threshold: Beginning of runway
for landing.
Touchdown zone: The portion of a runway,
beyond the threshold, where it is intended
landing aeroplanes first contact the
runway.
Aiming point: serves as a visual aiming
point for a landing aircraft.

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 Precision Runway (P) Categories

 Category I
 An instrument runway served by Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) and/or
Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) for lateral/vertical guidance and visual aids
intended for operating :
 Decision Height (DH) more than 60m
 Visibility more than 880 m
 Runway Visual Range (RVR) more than 550 m
 Most common of P runways
 Category II
 Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH more than 30m but less than 60m
and RVR more than 350 m.
 Category III
 Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH less than 30m and RVR less than
350 m.

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The importance of airport classification
codes
Designed as a planning tool.

Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, &

aprons (width, separation between runways,
neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation
between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the
aerodrome reference code selected for design
purposes.

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 Review
Specify the airport classification codes
when the Airbus A 380 landing at the
Precision type Runway.

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 Reviews

 What is the different between a non-instrument

runway from a non-precision runway?
 Aerodrome reference codes are based on two
elements. What are they?

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 Chapter 2 & 3
Runway Designation Numbers
Runways, Taxiways & Apron Characteristics
Declared Distances

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 Overview
– Runways (i.e., orientation, length and width;
shoulders, runway strip, RWY turn pads, Runway
end safety area)
• Clearways
• Stopways
• Taxiways
• Holding Bays
• Aprons

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1. Runways

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 1. Runways
A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
Length and strength depend on the size of
aircraft to operate, the weather and the
presences of obstacles.
The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway
(take-off and landing distances)
The hotter the weather the longer the runway
The higher the altitude the longer the runway

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 Runways Length
 For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718
kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m
 Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787;
Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380;
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the
Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway
length at least 2,438 m.

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 Runway Characteristics
 Primary runway should be adequate to meet
operational requirements of critical aircraft

 Length of runway corrected for temperature, ,

humidity and surface

 Length or runway need not be for maximum

mass operations of critical aircraft

 Similar rationale for secondary runway

 RWY Designation Numbers
Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic
heading. Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is
marked as RWY 34.
Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has
two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the other
runway marked as RWY 16
Measured clockwise from the magnetic heading.
Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio
communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as
Three Six.
For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to
distinguish btw the RWS.
For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L),
Center (C) and Right (R).

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 Munich Airport:
Two Parallel Runways
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: Multi Runways
 Runways Width
Recommendation.— The width of a runway should be not less than
the appropriate dimension specified in the following tables

Code Code letter

number
A B C D E F
1 18 m 18 m 23 m - - -

2 23 m 23 m 30 m - - -

3 30 m 30 m 30 m 45 m - -

4 - - 45 m 45 m 45 m 60 m

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 Exercise
Define the required runway width for the
Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?

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 Runways Strength
 A runway should be capable of withstanding the traffic of
airplanes the runway is intended to serve.

 The surface of a paved runway shall be so constructed

as to provide good friction characteristics when the
runway is wet.

 So that do not affect the airplane during the take-off or

landing (no loss in friction)

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 Runway shoulders
 Only for the airplane with Code
Letter D, E and F

 Width of runway shoulders

— 60 m for the code letter of
airplane is D or E; and
— 75 m for the code letter of
airplane is F.

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Runways with stopways or
clearways

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 Clearway
 A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it may
make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height

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 Stopways
 A defined area on the ground prepared for an airplane so
take it can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-
off

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 Declared distances
 For any given runway, four declared distances defined by
ICAO are
 take off run available TORA

 take-off distance available TODA

 accelerate-stop distance available ASDA

 landing distance available LDA

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 TORA: Take-off run available
TORA is defined as the length of runway available for the
ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
TORA = Full Length of RW

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Declared distances

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 TODA: Take-off distance available
 The length of the take-off run available (TORA) plus the
length of the clearway, if provided
TODA =TORA + CWY

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ASDA: Accelerate-stop distance
available
 ASDA is defined as the length of the take-off run
available plus the length of any SWY. Any CWY
is not involved.
 ASDA = TORA + SWY

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LDA: Landing distance available
LDA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a
landing aeroplane.

LDA = Length of RW (if threshold is not displaced.)

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 Runway Strip
A defined area including the runway and stopway.
 To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ;
and
 To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing
operations

Figure: Composition of Runway Strip

 Length of Runway Strips
A runway should be symmetrically included in a runway
strip.
A runway strip should extend beyond each end of the
runway for a distance of at least:
— 60 m [ code number 2, 3 or 4];
— 60 m [code number 1 instrument runway]; and
— 30 m [code number 1 non-instrument runway] .

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 Why Displaced Threshold ?
 Due to the presence of obstacles on the
approach path make the beginning section
of runway unsuitable for landings.
 It is marked with white paint arrows that
lead up to the beginning of the landing
portion of the runway.

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 Displaced Threshold
 A displaced threshold not located at the
extremity(the furthest point) of a runway
 Provides obstacle free approach slope
 May be used for taxiing, takeoff, and
landing rollout, but not for touchdown
 Temporary or permanent
 Specific markings : It is marked with
white paint arrows that lead up to the
beginning of the landing portion of the
runway.

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Displaced threshold

Temporarily Displaced Permanently Displaced

Threshold Threshold
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 Runway turn pad
Runway turn pad shall be provided to facilitate a 180-degree turn of airplanes

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 Runway End Safety Area (RESA)
 At each end of runway strip
 Purpose:
to reduce the risk of damage to an airplane
undershooting or overrunning the runway
 Not included in declared distances
 Minimum length: 90 m
 Width: twice that of runway

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2.Taxiway

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 2.Taxiway
Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between
the runway and apron, runway and runway, apron
and apron and vice versa
Generally, width smaller than runway
Lightings for night flying
Various designs – high-speed turn off (45 deg)
at end of runway
Can be one or multiple in bigger airport
Taxiways are given label

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 Taxiway

Taxiways on aprons

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 Taxiway
Recommendations.—
 Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface
movement of aircraft.
 Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should
be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and
from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit
taxiways when traffic volumes are high.

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 Width of taxiways

Code letterTaxiway width

A 7.5 m
B 10.5 m
C 15 m
D 18 m
E 23 m
F 25 m

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 Junctions and intersections

Recommendation.—
 To facilitate the movement of aeroplanes, fillets should
be provided at junctions and intersections of taxiways
with runways, aprons and other taxiways.
 The design of the fillets should ensure that the minimum
wheel clearances are maintained when aeroplanes are
manoeuvring through the junctions or intersections.
[Note 3.— Compound curves may reduce or eliminate the
need for extra taxiway width.]

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Taxiway Curve

Figure 3-2. Taxiway curve

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Taxiway minimum separation
distances

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 Rapid Exit Taxiway
A rapid exit taxiway should be designed:
with a radius of turn-off to enable exit speeds under wet
curve of at least: conditions of:
— 550 m — 93 km/h [code number is 3 or 4]; and
— 275 m — 65 km/h [code number is 1 or 2].

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 Holding bays

• A defined area
where aircraft can
be held, or
bypassed, to
facilitate efficient
surface movement
of aircraft. (when
traffic is density is
medium and heavy)

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 Runway-holding position
 A designated position
intended to protect a
runway, an obstacle
limitation surface, or
an ILS/ MLS critical/
sensitive area at
which taxiing aircraft
and vehicles shall stop
and hold, unless
otherwise authorized
by the aerodrome
control tower.
 Taxiway or at
Intersection of
taxiway & runway

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Runway-holding position

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3. Apron

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 3. Apron
 The place where aircrafts are parked close to the terminal
building
 Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport.
 The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the
apron
 Fitted with underground refueling system
 Fitted with underground with water supply system
 Fitted with sewer disposal system

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 Types of aprons

1. Passenger terminal apron

2. Cargo terminal apron
3. Remote parking apron
4. Service and hangar aprons
5. General Aviation aprons

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Apron Designs

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 Minimum clearance distances
at Apron
Minimum clearance distances between an aircraft stands
with any buildings , another aircraft or object

Code letter Clearance distances

A&B 3m
C 4.5 m
D, E & F 7.5 m

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