GENETICS. Genetics is the study of heredity.

Heredity is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their children or
offspring. Every child inherits genes from both of their biological parents and these genes in turn express specific traits. Some of these
traits may be physical for example hair and eye color and skin color etc. On the other hand some genes may also carry the risk of
certain diseases and disorders that may pass on from parents to their offspring. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-
Genetics.aspx

HEREDITY. Heredity, the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring.
The concept of heredity encompasses two seemingly paradoxical observations about organisms: the constancy of a species from
generation to generation and the variation among individuals within a species. Constancy and variation are actually two sides of the
same coin, as becomes clear in the study of genetics. Both aspects of heredity can be explained by genes, the functional units of
heritable material that are found within all living cells. Every member of a species has a set of genes specific to that species. It is this
set of genes that provides the constancy of the species. Among individuals within a species, however, variations can occur in the form
each gene takes, providing the genetic basis for the fact that no two individuals (except identical twins) have exactly the same traits.
https://www.britannica.com/science/heredity-genetics

LAW OF DOMINANCE. This law states that in a heterozygous condition, the allele whose characters are expressed over the other allele is
called the dominant allele and the characters of this dominant allele are called dominant characters. The characters that appear in the
F1 generation are called as dominant characters. The recessive characters appear in the F2 generation.

LAW OF SEGREGATION. This law states that when two traits come together in one hybrid pair, the two characters do not mix with each other
and are independent of each other. Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during meiosis of the chromosome.
Mendel’s law of segregations supports the phenotypic ratio of 3:1 i.e the homozygous dominant and heterozygous offsprings show
dominant traits while the homozygous recessive shows the recessive trait.

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT. This means that at the time of gamete formation, the two genes segregate independently of each other
as well as of other traits. Law of independent assortment emphasizes that there are separate genes for separate traits and characters
and they influence and sort themselves independently of the other genes.
This law also says that at the time of gamete and zygote formation, the genes are independently passed on from the parents to the
offspring. https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/principles-of-inheritance-and-variations/laws-of-inheritance/

TEST CROSS. Test cross is first introduced by Gregor Mendel, the Father of Modern Genetics. He made use of the test cross to identify
the genotypes responsible for the phenotypes of the progenies after a cross.
This means that a test cross is made between an organism exhibiting the dominant trait (and thus carrying the unknown dominant
genotype) and another organism displaying the recessive trait. If the
recessive trait is manifested in any of their progenies it means that the unknown genotype is heterozygous dominant. In contrast, if the
dominant trait is observed in all progenies the unknown genotype is homozygous dominant.
The accuracy the test cross results will therefore depend on the availability of a large statistical sample.
https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Test_cross

PUREBRED. A purebred refers to offspring resulting from a true breeding. True breeding is a way to produce offspring that would carry the
same phenotype as the parents. Thus, a purebred would result when the parents are homozygous for certain traits. A purebred of
domesticated animal or a pet animal can be achieved through the process of selective breeding. For example, two dogs of the same
breed would have an offspring with rather predictable traits. Nevertheless, selective breeding between same breed would be
disadvantageous in terms of gene pool. True breeding tend to limit the gene pool. https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Purebred

TRAIT. In biology, a trait or character is a feature of an organism. The term phenotype is sometimes used as a synonym for trait in
common use, but strictly speaking, does not indicate the trait, but the state of that trait (e.g., the trait eye color has the phenotypes
blue, brown and hazel). https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/trait_(biology).htm

GENE. A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make
molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA
bases to more than 2 million bases. The Human Genome Project estimated that humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene

ALLELE. An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or
genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one
allele inherited from each parent. Each pair of alleles represents the genotype of a specific gene. Genotypes are described as
homozygous if there are two identical alleles at a particular locus and as heterozygous if the two alleles differ. Alleles contribute to the
organism's phenotype, which is the outward appearance of the organism. https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/allele-48/

P GENERATION. The first set of parents crossed in which their genotype is the basis for predicting the genotype of their offspring, which in
turn, may be crossed (filial generation). Parental generation is the first generation involving two individuals that are mated to foresee or
analyze the genotypes of their offspring.Their probable set of offspring would constitute the so-called first filial generation (or F1
generation). A cross between two of the offspring in F1 generation would produce a new set of progeny called second filial generation
(or F2 generation). https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Parental_generation

F1 GENERATION. The F1 generation refers to the first filial generation. Filial generations are the nomenclature given to subsequent sets of
offspring from controlled or observed reproduction. The initial generation is given the letter “P” for parental generation. The first set of
offspring from these parents is then known as the F1 generation. The F1 generation can reproduce to create the F2 generation, and so
forth. Scientists use this designation to track groups of offspring as they observe the genetics of various generations.
https://biologydictionary.net/f1-generation/

HYBRID. In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties,
species or genera through sexual reproduction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology
The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa.
Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses.
Hybrids between different sub-species within a species are known as intra-specific hybrids.
Hybrids between different genera are sometimes known as intergeneric hybrids.
Extremely rare interfamilial hybrids have been known to occur (such as the guineafowl hybrids).
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/hybrid.htm

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PHENOTYPE. Your genotype is your complete heritable genetic identity; it is your unique genome that would be revealed by personal
genome sequencing. However, the word genotype can also refer just to a particular gene or set of genes carried by an individual. For
example, if you carry a mutation that is linked to diabetes, you may refer to your genotype just with respect to this mutation without
consideration of all the other gene variants that your may carry.

GENOTYPE.