DOING PHILOSOPHY

SILENCE
 ETYMOLOGY
PHILOSOPHY
• Comes from two Greek
words philo, meaning “to
love” and sophia, meaning
“wisdom”. Philosophy
originally meant, “love of
wisdom”.
 PHILOSOPHY
• The attitude of the mind
that by natural light of
reason studies the first
causes or highest
principles of all things.
 MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

1. SCIENTIFIC
APPROACH
• It uses scientific approach
because the investigation
is systematic.
WHAT MAKES IT
AS A SCIENCE?
 FOLLOWS A
SYSTEM
• Accepts some doctrines
that are treated as
authoritative by some
groups or schools.
 USES STEPS AND
PROCEDURE

• Logical Analysis
• Allows one to formulate
and evaluate rational
arguments
ORGANIZED BODY
OF KNOWLEDGE

• Studies questions about

existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind
and language.
 MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

2. NATURAL
LIGHT OF REASON

• The Philosopher uses

his natural capacity
to think or observe
the world and people
 MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

3. STUDY OF
ALL THINGS

• INTERDISCIPLINARY
• It can relate to one
more branch
WHY IS IT THAT
PHILOSOPHY IS
FOUND
EVERYWHERE?
MULTIDIMENSIONAL
OR HOLISTIC

• Philosophers question
almost anything if not
everything.
 HOLISM
• Holism is the idea that
systems (physical,
biological, chemical,
social, economic, mental,
linguistic, philosophical)
and their properties
should be viewed as
wholes, not just as a
collection of parts
 HOLISM
• Holism is the idea that all
the properties of a given
system cannot be
determined or explained
by its component parts
alone, but the system as
a whole determines in an
important way how the
parts behave.
 MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

4. FIRST CAUSE/
HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
• Anything that can
never be deduced by
any other views or
ideas.
 MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

4. FIRST CAUSE/
HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
• An idea which means
something is the main
and first cause why
an event or situation
took place.
 A. PRINCIPLE
OF IDENTITY

• Created in the same

manner but unique in
characteristics
 B. PRINCIPLE OF
NON-CONTRADICTION

• It is impossible to
be and not to be at
the same time.
HOW DO YOU
BALANCE
WORK FROM
STUDY?
 C. PRINCIPLE OF
EXCLUDED MIDDLE

• There is no possible
middle ground.
 WHAT DOES
THIS CONCEPT
IMPLY?
 SUBJECTIVITY
MUST PREVAIL

• There is no way for

you to be neutral.
 D. PRINCIPLE
OF SUFFICIENT
REASON
• Nothing exists
without a sufficient
reason for its being
and existence
 TO ATTAIN WISDOM

EMPTYING
• Emptying is suspending
one’s judgment and
conclusion about a matter
and mentally exploring the
pros and cons, the
characteristics, and the
purpose of an idea or
situation.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
 1. METAPHYSICS
• Is the study of the
nature of reality.
Concerned with
explaining the
fundamental nature of
being and the world.
 1. METAPHYSICS

• We see things on how

it is, but we cannot
see the underlying
factor of itself
 FOR PLATO

• He distinguished reality
from appearance
 REALITY
• Ideas of forms which
can only be detected
by the intellect that are
unchanging, eternal,
and immaterial
 REALITY

• It is associated with
the concept of truth
and genuity.
 WHAT DOES
THIS CONCEPT
IMPLY?
It is not deceptive

• It is something that
can always be
confirmed
 APPEARANCE

• What seems to be or
things as they are.
 APPEARANCE

• Implies opposition
between perception
of a thing and its
objective reality.
 WHAT DOES
THIS CONCEPT
IMPLY?
IT CAN DECEIVE

• There is a tendency
to concede their
assertion, which
makes no sense in
the end.
 2. ETHICS

• An inquiry about
human actions that
distinguished right
from wrong.
 2. ETHICS
• Seeks to address
questions about
morality; that is ,
about the concepts
like good and bad.
 WHAT DOES
THIS CONCEPT
IMPLY?
 ETHICS

• Systematize, defend,
and recommend
concepts to elucidate
controversial issues.
 CAN YOU
GIVE US AN
EXAMPLE!
CONTRACEPTION

• Deliberate use of
artificial methods to
prevent unwanted
pregnancy.
WHERE IS
ETHICS
HERE?
LET US LOOK
AT THIS TWO
VIEWS!
CONSERVATIVE
VIEW

• The emphasis on
“sacredness”.
 LIBERAL’S
VIEW

• The emphasis on
“choice”.
WHAT DO YOU
THINK ETHICS
IS TRYING TO
GIVE TO US?
 ENLIGHTEN US
ABOUT VIEWS

• It opens discussion to
establish consensus.
 FOR PLATO

• To be happy, one has

to live a virtuous life.
 VIRTUE

• It is not just only

taught or acquired
through education
BUT RATHER
WHAT?
 AROUSE FROM
WITHIN

• Merely an awakening
of seeds of good
deeds that lay dormant
in the mind and heart
of a person
3. EPISTEMOLOGY

• Investigation of what
distinguishes justified
belief from opinion
 AIMS TO ANSWER
QUESTIONS
• How we know what we
claim to know?
• How we can find out
what we wish to know?
• How can we differentiate
truth from false?
 WHAT DO YOU
THINK THIS
CONCEPT TRIES
TO IMPLICATE?
 KNOWLEDGE
• Familiarization and
understanding that
is either acquired
through Education
or Experience.
 KNOWLEDGE

• Does not only mean

theoretical or
speculative but
rather practical.
 WHAT DOES
THIS CONCEPT
IMPLY?
APPLICABILITY

• One doesn’t need

to know only the
rules but how to
live with it!
 WHAT ARE
METHODS TO
USE FOR
KNOWLEDGE?
 INDUCTIVE
METHOD

• General Ideas are

formed from
examination of
particular facts.
 WHAT DOES
THIS METHOD
IMPLY?
SPECIFIC -> GENERAL
 Every time you eat Shrimp, you started to
have rashes, then you are allergic to Shrimp!
Every cat that you’ve observed purrs.
Therefore, all cats purrs.
 EMPIRICISM

• That knowledge can

be attained through
sense experience
 WHAT DOES
THIS CONCEPT
IMPLY?
 OBSERVATION
BASED

• We gained
knowledge based
from our experience
through our senses
 DEDUCTIVE
METHOD
• Find a generalization
to which facts can be
understood and
judged.
 WHAT DOES
THIS METHOD
IMPLY?
GENERAL -> SPECIFIC
 It’s dangerous to drive on icy streets. The
streets are icy now, so it would be dangerous
to drive!
Red meat has iron in it and beef is red
meat. Therefore, beef has iron in it.
BUT THERE IS
A PROBLEM!
 Opposed by
Rationalists

• To arrive at certain
knowledge, using
the mind’s rational
abilities.
RATIONALISM
• Real knowledge is
based on the
logic, laws and the
methods that
reason develops.
 WHAT DOES
RATIONALISTS
TRYING
ASSERT?
INTELLECT BASED
• Through Logic and
Intuition, knowledge
is understood through
contemplation.
 4. LOGIC

• The study of
reasoning. Examines
truth or validity of
arguments
 INTUITION

• Understand
immediately without
need for conscious
reasoning
 INTUITION

• Designed to account
kinds of knowledge
that other sources
cannot provide.
Many people think that the
progress of the human race is
based on experiences of an
empirical, critical nature, but I
say that true knowledge is to
be had only through a
philosophy of deduction . . .
Intuition makes us look at
unrelated facts and then think
about them until they can all
be brought under one law.
- Albert Einstein
 PRAGMATISM

• The meaning and truth

of an idea are tested
through its practical
consequences.
 Tingi-Tingi
Phenomenon

• Trend of ‘downsizing’
for practical and low-
income Filipinos.
 5. AESTHETICS
• Dealing with the nature
of beauty, art, taste and
the creation and
appreciation of beauty.
 5. AESTHETICS

• Having seen something

useful, planning on how
to make it beautiful
shall begin soon.
APPRECIATION

• Product of the
Critical Reflection
on art, culture, and
nature.
SO WHAT MAKES
AESTHETICS
SIGNIFICANT?
ENHANCES OUR
KNOWLEDGE

• Reshaping our world

to become a better
place to live in
MAKES US MORE
INTEGRATIVE

• The Holistic nourishment

of a person to be able to
relate with everything.
PROVIDES A SENSE
OF IDENTITY

• It tries to reconnect
us to our cultural
heritage.