Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Situation: Mrs. Cruz, the Personnel Officer of Digital Consulting, Inc. administered a managerial
Skills test to the section heads and supervisors after the seminar or management concept and skills. The
examination was conducted to determine how much the participants have learned in terms of concepts and skills
on management. The test had 70 items and the passing score was set at 75 percent performance. The 64
participants obtained a mean score of 57.4 with a standard deviation of 11.2. Test the hypothesis that the
participants have come with the expected performance target and find out their level of performance in the
examination at 0.05 level of significance.
Problem Statement (Only need to provide one): What is the performance of the section heads and supervisors in
the examination on management concepts and skills?
Conclusion: They have achieved more than the expected 75% performance target.
Situation: At the university word processing computer literacy class, the instructor claims that students who
regularly attend a half-semester class (from start of classes to midterm period) can type on the average about
1,200 words an hour. A random sample of 25 students, who attended the literacy class revealed that on the
average, they can type 1,125 words with SD= 85 words. Assuming that the typing speed for all students who
attended the word processing computer literacy class have an approximately normal distribution, can you
conclude that the claim of the instructor is true at 0.05 level of significance?
Situation: The Dean of College of Arts and Sciences of the university was amazed to find out that there were more
female students majoring in mathematics. Their choice of majors was based on an aptitude test. Because of this
observation, he wanted to find out if gender has an influence on the achievement of the mathematics among the
math major students. He got hold of the test results in basic math and compared the mean scores between male
and female students. Test the hypothesis of no significant difference between the male and female score
(achievement) in mathematics at ?=0.05 using the data below.
Problem Statement: Is there a significant difference in the basic math achievement between male and female
students majoring in mathematics?
Conclusion: Gender had no influence on the mathematics achievement of the students. It can be said that males
achieve as much as female students in mathematics.
Situation: A certain Music Teacher of City Central School wanted to find out if her method of teaching music was
effective. She administered a test in music in June and administered the same test at the end of the first grading
period. The new method called Kudali approach is teaching music using indigenous musical instruments made
from bamboos or wood. Music concepts were introduced using indigenous concepts of music from our ancestors
or from several ethnic groups. Fifteen pupils were selected at random. Test the hypothesis of no significant
improvement in the pupils’ scores from the pre-test to the post-test.
Problem Statement: Is there a significant improvement of the students’ music scores from the pre-test to the
post-test?
Conclusion: The Kudali approach was an effective approach in the teaching of music among the grade six pupils.
Problem Statement: Is there a significant difference between the observed frequency and expected frequency of
the teachers’ job satisfaction groups? Different medications for the same ailments. The data below show the
number of average days it took the patients to recover from the start of ailment. Is there enough evidence to
conclude that there was significant difference (α= 0.01) in the number of recovery days (hence significant
difference in the effect of medications?)
Conclusion: On the average, the teachers’ ratings were on the satisfied level. In other words, based on the findings
considering all of teachers’ rating, they were satisfied with their job.
6. CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE
Relationship between two variables with nominal data is determined using the chi-square test of independence.
Significant chi-square value means a presence of relationship.
Problem Statement: Is there a significant relationship between status of drinking and college disposition?
Conclusion: College disposition has no relationship with the status of drinking. There is theoretically the same
proportion of drinkers and non-drinkers alike who are college and non-college bound.
Situation: Before a seminar-workshop on management, 40 of the 60 participants said “needs assessment” was
not necessary for program planning. At the end of the seminar course, 46 said “needs assessment” was necessary.
Eight participants answered not necessary before and after the seminar-workshop. On the basis of this data, can
you say with 95% confidence level that the seminar course effected a significant change in the attitude of the
participants? Is there a difference between those who changed their opinion about assessment from not
necessary to necessary and those who changed from necessary to not necessary? Test at 0.01 level of
significance.
Problem Statement: To determine if the seminar workshop on management effected a significant change in the
attitude of the participants.
Conclusion: The seminar-workshop on management was effective in changing the attitude of the participants.
There was a large proportion of participants who changed their opinion from “not necessary” to necessary” in
terms of “needs assessment”.
Situation: A researcher wants to examine if work environment is related to the work efficiency among CNU clerical
employees. 20 clerks were chosen at random to become the respondents of the study. Their assessment of the
work environment ratings was obtained as indicated below.
Problem Statement: Does relationship exits between the work environment and efficiency ratings of the clerks in
CNU?
Conclusion: A good working environment could not guarantee efficiency of work.
The F-Distribution
This probability distribution is used to test whether two (or more) samples are from the same populations having
equal variances. It is also applied when you want to compare several population means simultaneously. This
simultaneous comparison of several population means is called analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA, as a
hypothesis-testing technique is used to test the equality of two or more population (or treatment) means by
examining the variances of samples that are taken. The treatment is used t.
Identify the different populations being examined. ANOVA is based on comparing the variance (or variation)
between the data samples to variation within each particular sample. If the between variation is much larger than
the within variation, the means of different samples will not be equal. If the between and within variations are
approximately the same size, then there will be no significant difference between sample means. It then allows
one to determine whether the difference between the samples are simply due to random error (sampling errors)
or whether there are systematic treatment effects that cause the mean in one group to differ from the mean in
another.
Situation: Seven children who qualified for honors on their class were selected. They were ranked in both
academic and extra-curricular activities. Find out if the two variables are correlated using the data below.
Problem Statement: Is rx a significant rank correlation between the children’s academic and extra-curricular
activities?
Conclusion: Cognitive and social developments of children do not go hand in hand always. Academically, does not
necessarily warrant one’s interest in extra-curricular activities.
Situation: four groups of Cebu Medical Center (CCMC) patients (3 persons in each group) were rated with different
medications for the same ailments. The data below show the number of average days it took the patients to
recover from the start of ailment. Is there enough evidence to conclude that there was significant difference (α=
0.01) in the number of recovery days (hence significant difference in the effect of medications)?
Problem Statement: Is there a significant difference in the mean number of recovery days among patient groups?
Conclusion: There is enough evidence to conclude that there were differences in the number of recovery days as
affected by the treatment medications. The type of paracetamol has effect on the number of recovery days of
patients. Biogesic is the most effective paracetamol with regard to its effect on the patients’ recovery from the
ailments.