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 Spectrum – Summary Notes

 Light: It is an invisible form of energy in the form of electromagnetic wave which

produces in us the sensation of sight or vision. Light having single wavelength is called
monochromatic light, whereas light having several wavelengths is called polychromatic
light.
 Dispersion: It is the phenomenon due to which white light splits into its seven component
colours, when passed through a prism. The seven colours in the order of increasing
wavelength are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red which can be
remembered by the word ‘VIBGYOR’. For each colour, the wavelength is different. The
red colour is deviated least and the violet colour is deviated the most.
 Spectrum: The seven colours in the increasing order with respect to their frequencies are
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet.
 The band of colours obtained on a screen when a beam of white light is passed through a
glass prism is called spectrum. A spectrum in which various bands of colours overlap with
each other and produce no sharp spectrum is called an impure spectrum. A spectrum in
which various bands of colours occupy distinct and separate positions is called a pure
spectrum. An instrument used to obtain a pure spectrum is called a spectrometer.
 A spectrum which is not visible to us is called invisible spectrum’.
 The portion of the invisible spectrum beyond the red end of the visible spectrum is called
infrared spectrum.
 The portion of invisible spectrum beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum is called
ultraviolet spectrum.
 Properties of Infrared Radiations
 Infrared radiations are not affected by an electric or a magnetic field.
 They do not affect an ordinary photographic film.
 They have comparatively longer wavelengths between
8, 000 1010 m to 4, 00, 000 1010 m .
 They travel in a straight line with the speed of light, i.e., 3 108 ms 1 in vacuum or air.
 They obey the laws of reflection and refraction.
 They give heating effect.
 They can be detected easily by using a blackened bulb thermometer, or a thermopile,
because of their heating effect.
 They are scattered less by the atmosphere because of their long wavelength.
 They are absorbed by glass, but they are not absorbed by rock-salt.

 Uses of Infrared Radiations

 Infrared radiations are used for therapeutic purpose by doctors.
 During war, infrared radiations are used as signals.
 They are used in photography at night or in mist or fog because they are not much
scattered by mist or fog.

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 Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
NEET Previous Year Question Paper

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  They are used during war for tracing enemy planes as they are not visible and are not
absorbed much in the medium.
 They are used in remote controls of TVs.
 Effects of Infrared Radiations
 Small doses of infrared radiations are useful as they produce therapeutic effect on the
human body.
 Heavy doses of infrared radiations are harmful as they burn skin and the living tissues
of the human body.
 Properties of Ultraviolet Radiations
 Ultraviolet radiations can pass through quartz but ordinary glass can absorb them’.
 They travel in a straight line with the speed of light, i.e., 3 108 ms 1 in air or vacuum.
 They obey the laws of reflection and refraction.
 They strongly affect a photographic plate because of their short wavelength.
 They produce fluorescence.
 They are usually scattered by the dust particles present in the atmosphere.
 Uses of Ultraviolet Radiations
 Ultraviolet radiations are used for sterilizing purposes.
 They are used for detecting the purity of gems, eggs, ghee, etc., due to their property
of fluorescence.
 They are used in producing vitamin D in plants and animal’s food.
 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiations
 Ultraviolet radiations provide us with vitamin D
o
 Ultraviolet radiations of wavelength shorter than 2800 A are harmful to our body as
their overdoses cause skin diseases.
 All the forms of radiations such as X-rays,  -rays, ultraviolet radiations, microwaves,
radio waves, visible light, etc., make up continuous spectrum, called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Approximate
Name of Frequency in Method of
range of Sources
wave Hz detection
wavelength
More than o Radioactive By their large
Gamma rays 19 Less than 0.1A
10 substances penetrating
When highly By the fluorescence
o o
energetic electrons are produced on a zinc
X-rays 1019 to 1016 0.1A to 100 A stopped by a heavy sulphide screen.
metal target of high Affect the
melting point photographic film
o
By the fluorescence
Ultraviolet 1016 to 100 A to Sunlight, arc-lamp or
produced on
rays 8 1014 4000 A
o spark
photographic plates

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 o
Sunlight, light from
8 1014 to 4000 A to Other objects can be
Visible light electric bulb, flame,
4 1013 8000 A
o
white hot bodies
seen in its presence.

Heating effect is
o more. Mercury rises
All heated bodies
Infrared 4 1013 to 8000 A to rapidly when a
such as flame, fire,
waves 1011 o blackened
3 107 A and a heated iron ball
thermometer is kept
in these radiations.
o
3  107 A to Electronic devices Oscillatory
Microwaves 1011 to 107 o such as klystron tubes electrical circuit
1011 A
7 o TV and radio Aerials of radio and
Radio waves Less than 10 More than 1011 A transmitters TV receiver

 Common properties of Electromagnetic Waves

 All electromagnetic waves travel with the speed of light, i.e., 3 108 ms 1 in air or
vacuum.
 They obey the laws of reflection and refraction.
 They are not affected by electric or magnetic waves.
 They are transverse waves.
 Scattering of Light
 The phenomenon in which a part of light incident on a particle is redirected in
different directions is called the scattering of light.
 The scattering of light changes the properties of light.
 The scattered light may have different wavelength (colour), intensity or direction.

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