Communication

-proces of impartinf or exchanging of information or news.

-is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages
through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek
information, to give information or to express emotions.
-is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one
person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures
(McCornack, 2014). There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which
communication can be manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter correspondence,
a class recitation, and many others.

___________________________________________________________

Nature of Communication

1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions
(nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

________________________________________________________________________________

Elements of Communication

Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its

mechanics or process. These elements are the following:

1. Speaker � the source of information or message

2. Message � the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words
or in actions
3. Encoding � the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other
forms that the speaker understands
4. Channel � the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding � the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver
6. Receiver � the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback � the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
8. Context � the environment where communication takes place 9. Barrier � the
factors that affect the flow of communication

________________________________________________________________________

Models of Communication:

1. David Kenneth Berlo was an American communications theorist. He taught at

Michigan State University and later served as president of Illinois State
University. He was raised in St. Louis, Missouri, and studied psychology at the
University of Illinois at Urbana�Champaign.

1A.SMCR
-Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication represents the process of
communication in its simplest form. The acronym SMCR stands for Sender, Message,
Channel, and Receiver. Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication describes the different
components that form the basic process of communication.

2. Frank E. X. Dance is an American communication professor. In 1994�1995, he was

John Evans Professor at University of Denver. Wikipedia
 2A.Dance's
-Frank Dance proposed a communication model inspired by a helix in
1967, known as Helical Model of Communication. A helix is a three dimensional
spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone. Helix is compared with
evolution of communication of a human since birth to existence or existing moment.

3. Albert Mehrabian UCLA, has become known best by his publications on the relative
importance of verbal and nonverbal messages.

3A.7-35-58/ Mehrabians
-Communication model, in which he demonstrated that only 7% of what we
communicate consists of the literal content of the message. The use of one's voice,
such as tone, intonation and volume, take up 38% and as much as 55% of
communication consists of body language.

4. Harold Dwight Lasswell was a leading American political scientist and

communications theorist. He was a PhD student at the University of Chicago, and he
was a professor of law at Yale University.

4A. Linear Model

-Lasswell Communication Model describes verbal communication and
consists of five elements. Who says What, in Which channel, to Whom, with What
effect? This model is also called a 'linear model of communication', 'uni-
directional process' or 'action model, because it describes a one-way process
within communication.

5.Aristotle was a Greek philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece,
the founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school of philosophy and Aristotelian
tradition. Along with his teacher Plato, he has been called the "Father of Western
Philosophy".

5A. Aristotle
-Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be
broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and
Effect. The Aristotle's communication model is a speaker centered model as the
speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active.

6. Claude Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Warren

Weaver was an American scientist both of them join together to write an article in
�Bell System Technical Journal� called �A Mathematical Theory of Communication� and
also called as �Shannon-Weaver model of communication�.

6A. Shannon-Weaver/ Mathematical Theory

-This model is specially designed to develop the effective
communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting
the communication process called �Noise�. At first the model was developed to
improve the Technical communication. Later it�s widely applied in the field of
Communication. The model deals with various concepts like Information source,
transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination,
encode and decode.

7. Wilbur Schramm was an American scholar of mass communications who played an

important role in founding and shaping the discipline of communication studies.

7A. Schramm (Osgood-Schramm)

-The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is a circular, rather than
linear, experience that involves a sender, who encodes a message, and a recipient,
who decodes it. The sender and the receiver hold both roles in the model.
8A. Transactional model of communication
-is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver where each
take turns to send or receive messages. Here, both sender and receiver are known as
communicators and their role reverses each time in the communication process as
both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same time. The communicators
can be humans or machines but humans are taken as communicators in this article to
analyze general communication between humans. The model is mostly used for
interpersonal communication and is also called circular model of communication.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Process of Communication:

The speaker generates an idea.

The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions.
The speaker transmits or sends out a message.
The receiver gets the message.
The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context.
The receiver sends or provides feedback

Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend.

She thinks of how to tell him using their native language.
She tells him, �Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan.�
Rico hears what Daphne says.
He tries to analyze what she means based on the content and their relationship,
and he is heartbroken.
He frowns and does not say something, because he is in pain.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey

and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in
words are classified as nonverbal communication. Examples of nonverbal
communication are stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners of walking,
standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude towards time and space,
personality, gestures, and others. Mastery of nonverbal communication is important
for several reasons: 1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus
making it more meaningful, truthful, and relevant. 2. It can communicate feelings,
attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a word. 3. It can sustain the
attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech. 4. It gives the
audience a preview to the type of speaker you are. 5. It makes you appear more
dynamic and animated in your delivery. 6. It serves as a channel to release tension
and nervousness. 7. It helps make your speech more dramatic. 8. It can build a
connection with listeners. 9. It makes you a credible speaker. 10. It helps you
vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.
__________________________________________________________________________________

FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION:

The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.

Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their
emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo. Taboo or
difficult topics may include, but are not limited to, politics, religion,
disabilities (mental and physical), sexuality and sex, racism and any opinion that
may be seen as unpopular.

Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. (See our

page Barriers to Effective Listening for more information).

Differences in perception and viewpoint.

Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.

Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal
cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less
effective. Phone calls, text messages and other communication methods that rely on
technology are often less effective than face-to-face communication.

Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.

Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping.

People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and
jump to incorrect conclusions. Our page
The Ladder of Inference explains this in more detail.

Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different

cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept
of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings.
See our page on Intercultural Awareness for more information.

___________________________________________________________________________

Intercultural Communication:

It refers to making people aware and able to adopt others� cultures when they
communicate with them and thus have a meaningful communication.

________________________________________________________________________________-

Ethnocentrism:
Ethnocentrism is the idea that the cultural group that you personally belong to is
objectively superior to other cultural groups.

__________________________________________________________________________

Stereotyping
Fixed�general�image or set of characteristics that a�lot�of people�believe�
represent�a particular
type of group/people
___________________________________________________________________________________

FROM COMMUNICATION THEORY:

1. Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass communication model

called �Aristotle�s Model of Communication�. He proposed model before 300 B.C who
found the importance of audience role in communication chain in his communication
model. This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal
communication.

Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 5 basic elements

(i) Speaker, (ii) Speech, (iii) Occasion, (iv) Audience and (v) Effect.

Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audience on different time
(occasion) and for different effects.

Speaker plays an important role in Public speaking. The speaker must prepare his
speech and analysis audience needs before he enters into the stage. His words
should influence in audience mind and persuade their thoughts towards him.

Example:

Alexander gave brave speech to his soldiers in the war field to defeat Persian
Empire.

Speaker � Alexander

Speech � about his invasion

Occasion � War field

Audience � Soldiers

Effect � To defeat Persia

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver

was an American scientist both of them join together to write an article in �Bell
System Technical Journal� called �A Mathematical Theory of Communication� and also
called as �Shannon-Weaver model of communication�.

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between

sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication
process called �Noise�. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical
communication. Later it�s widely applied in the field of Communication.

The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise,
channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode.

Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire

message

Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals

Note: The sender�s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which
is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example:
In telephone the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through
cables

Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A
reverse process of encode

Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is
comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can�t receive the
exact message and it will affect the effective communication between sender and
receiver

Receiver : The destination of the message from sender

Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender.
If the message distracted by noise it will affect the communication flow between
sender and receiver

Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel.
During this process the messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like
horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel
during the transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver
may not receive the correct message

Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the
messages or signals from external sources. For example: If there is any problems
occur in network which directly affect the mobile phone communication or distract
the messages

Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication :

Thomson made call to his assistant �come here I want to see you�. During his call,
noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received �I want� only. Again
Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) �what do you want Thomson�.

Sender : Thomson

Encoder : Telephone (Thomson)

Channel : Cable

Noise : Distraction in voice

Reception : Telephone (Assistant)

Receiver : Assistant.

Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can�t able to understand Thomson�s

messages.

*The noise which affect the communication flow between them.