08/23/2018

Etymology
“Psychology is the


Psyche – soul/mind
Logos – study scientific study of
 Since we cannot
study what we behavior and mental
processes.”
cannot observe, we
deal with what can
be observed

Goals of Psychology For instance, we seek to find the

answers to such questions…

 Describe  What part of the brain is responsible

 Explain for language?
 Predict  What crises do adolescents
 Control experience?
 Why do forget?
behavior and mental processes  How can we control aggression?

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Psychology has a
long past but a
short history.
~H. Ebbinghaus

Psychology is rooted in many disciplines,

Nativist View
back to the views of early Greek 17th Century
Philosophers (i.e. Socrates, Plato, Rene Descartes
Aristotle) (philosopher)
Nature of mind, soul, body, and human
Our ideas are
experience (Myers, 1986)
innate

Empiricist View Nativist vs Empiricist

 John Locke  Nature and Nurture debate

 Knowledge is acquired
through experiences and
interactions in the world
 “tabula rasa”

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Wilhelm Wundt
 First psychological laboratory
 1879
 University of Leipzig,
Germany
 Research experiments
concerned with senses:
vision, attention, emotion,
and memory

 G. Stanley Hall (studied with

Wundt); James McKeen
Cattell

STRUCTURALISM FUNCTIONALISM
 Edward Bradford
Titchener
 Specified mental  William James
structures and analyzed
the basic elements of  Functions of the mind
life and behavior to the
 INTROSPECTION: environment to adapt
examination of one’s  “why do people think
own emotional states and why they do it?”
and mental processes
(major data collection
of structuralists)
 Example…

BEHAVIORISM Gestalt Psychology  Max Wertheimer

 John B. Watson  Organization of mental

processes
 Only observable behaviors can  The whole is greater
be studied than the sum of its
 Stimulus-Response (S-R) units
Psychology  Experiences cannot be
 Classical Conditioning of Ivan broken down into
Pavlov smaller units
 Operant Conditioning of B.F.
Skinner

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Recent Developments
Psychoanalysis  Herbert Simon: humans as
 Sigmund Freud information processing systems

 Noam Chomsky: modern linguistics

 Behavior is deeply – how mental structures are
influenced by required to comprehend and speak
unconscious thoughts, language
impulses, and desires:
especially those of sex  Neuropsychology – neurobiological
and aggression events and mental processes

17th Century

 University of Santo Tomas

 University of San Carlos

Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP)

20th Century  Sinforoso Padilla, Jaime Bulatao,
Alfredo Lagmay, Estefania
 FirstPsychology Aldaba-Lim
Department: University of  Goals:
 1) to advance learning, teaching,
the Philippines and research in psychology as a
science
 Bachelor’s; Master’s;
 2) to advance the practice of
Doctorate: University of psychology as an independent ,
scientifically oriented, and ethically
Santo Tomas conscious profession
 3)to promote human welfare

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Virgilio Enriquez: Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Psych Practice in PH
 Testing  Indigenization of
Philippine Psychology
 Counseling
 Pambansang Samahan
 Clinical Psychology sa Sikolohiyang
Pilipino (PSSP)
 Need to localize the
discipline

Professionalization In Saint Louis

University…
 2009:

1967
 R.A. No. 10029 “Philippine Psychology Act of 2009”
 An act professionalizing Psychology
Fr. Evarist
 2014: Verlinden
 First Board Examinations
 RPm = Registered Psychometrician
 Rpsy = Registered Psychologist

Perspectives in Psychology
 Psychologists explain behavior and mental
processes by using different approaches or
perspectives that need not be mutually
exclusive
 Focus on different aspects of the same
complex
 Use of more than one approach: better
understanding

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Psychodynamic
approach
 Behavior stems from UNCONSCIOUS
processes, conflict between biological
instincts and society’s demands, and early
family experiences
 We maybe unaware of our fear and desires
but they influence us
 When we forbid our influences we force
them out of awareness into the unconscious so
that they affect our dreams, slips of the
tongue, and may even manifest in emotional
problems
Behavioral
approach
 Behaviors are activities of people or other
organisms that can be observed by others
 According to John B. Watson (father of
behaviorism): only by studying what
people do could psychology be considered
a science
 Observable behaviors & environmental
determinants
 STIMULUS-RESPONSE (S-R) Psychology:
studies relevant stimuli in the
environment, responses elicited by these
stimuli, rewards & punishments following
these responses
 Individual’s mental processes (nor what is
between S & R) cannot be studied because
they are not observable
Biological or Behavioral
Neuroscience Approach
 Brain and Nervous System underlie
behavior and mental processes
 Relate behavior to chemical and
electrical events taking place in the
body
 NERVOUS SYSTEM & ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
 SENSORY ORGANS
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Psychodynamic Approach (continued…)
 Psychodynamic theory was the basis for Freud’s
psychotherapeutic approach: PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Other Significant People: CARL JUNG, ALFRED ADLER
Cognitive Approach
 A reaction to the narrowness of behaviorism
 Mental processes: perceiving, remembering, reasoning, deciding, and
problem solving; person’s behavior are controlled through: memories,
perceptions, images, and thinking
 Only through studying mental processes can we understand what people
do
 Focus on specific behaviors and understand them in terms of underlying
mental processes
 Example: FUNDAMENTAL
ATTRIBUTION ERROR (
people tend to attribute an
event to the trait of a
person instead of the
situation. Reasoning is
biased in the sense that
traits are favored over
situational pressures as the
causes of behavior)
Phenomenological or
Humanistic
 Subjective and personal experience of events
(individual’s phenomenology)
 Need for personal growth
 A reaction to the overly mechanistic quality of
the other approaches
 Inner life and experiences of people
 Humanistic: focus on traits that distinguish us
from animals
 Carl Rogers and _________
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Sociocultural Evolutionary Approach

Approach
 Adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the
 Social and cultural
environments influence
fittest
behavior
Understand social and cultural

 Uses _______’s framework
contexts in understanding
behavior
Comparing behaviors across
 Focuson conditions that allow people to fail or

countries as well as cultures
within a country survive

A need to conduct
research on behavior
and mental processes
Research  Must be unbiased,
Methods of objective, as well as
reliable so that
Psychology another researcher
may be able to
replicate the results

Experimental Method
Quasi-Experimental Method
 Discover the effect of an IV to a DV
 ____ - manipulated ; _____ - measured  Similar to experimental method but random
assignment of participants is not possible
 EV?
 An experiment follows a DESIGN  Addresses the problems of the experimental method:
 Randomized group designs (2 levels of IV, 1 inherent IVs and ethical implications
level of DV)
 Factorial experiments  EX POST FACTO (after the fact) – preexisting
differences are employed as the basis for forming the
 Inferential Statistics different groups in the study
 Statistical significance  Effect of Gender on Intelligence
 Effect of Sexual Abuse on Self-Esteem

 Disadvantage: lack of EXTERNAL VALIDITY; IV

cannot be altered because it is inherent; or  ADVANTAGE: allows us to study variables that cannot
altering the IV would be UNETHICAL be manipulated; high external validity

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Whether two or more variables are


associated or related with one another
Naturalistic
 RELATIONSHIPS Observation Method
 Range of correlation coefficient  Observe naturally: human and
(e.g.Pearson r) is from 0 to 1 (strength animal behavior
& direction)  High external validity
Correlational  Near to 0: weak to no relationship  Realism and descriptive
Method  Near to 1: moderate to high information
relationship  DISADVANTAGE:
 prone to bias & perceptual
 Positive Rel vs Negative Rel
distortion: experimenter must be
 Correlation does not necessarily trained to be objective
imply causation  Reactivity/ Hawthorne Effect (unless
observation is unobtrusive)

Standardized Tests
The Survey Method
 ADMINISTRATION and SCORING of standardized
tests
 Questionnaire or interview schedule  Meaning of scores
 Asks to talk about behavior, attitudes, or  Score is compared with those of the others who
took the test
opinions
 Rigorous validity and reliability testing
 Ex: political stance, product preference  Some tests may not be culturally-fair
 Instrument and Sampling Design  E.g. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory, Stanford-Binet 5, Panukat ng
 ADVANTAGES? DISADVANTAGES? Pagkatao ng Pilipino, Panukat ng Ugali at
Pagkatao, Philippine Indigenized Preschool and
 **SOCIAL DESIRABILITY Primary Intelligence Test

Descriptive record of Written records, statistical archives,

individual’s experiences,
behavior physical traces of human beings are
studied in lieu of actual behaviors

Case Case history of person being Archival Letters, diaries, paintings, pictures,
text messages, tweets, Facebook
studied
Studies Research posts

ADVANTAGE: wide range: of time and

Clinical purposes: Anamnesis societies

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Indigenous Research Indigenous Research Methods (continued…)

Methods
 Aforementioned methods are  Choice of topics: most of the topics answer the
western: these may not be
appropriate in understanding
problem of the researcher, NOT THE
the Filipino Personality (“Tungo RESPONDENTS
sa Makapilipinong Pananaliksik”  WESTERN APPROACHES may not be applicable
by Santiago & Enriquez)
 TWO SCALES USED:
 Who possess the true soul of the
Filipinos?  Iskala ng Mananaliksik (researcher/method scale)
 Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok (researcher-
participant relationship scale)

Indigenous Research Methods (continued…)

 Iskala ng Mananaliksik:

 UNOBSTRUSIVE METHODS:
 Pagmamasid, Pakikiramdam, Pagtatanong-tanong (low), Pagsubok,
Pagdadalaw-dalaw pakikisangkot (high)

 Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok:

 Based on the Filipino view of EQUALITY between researcher and
respondent:
 Pakikitungo, Pakikisalimuha, Pakikilahok, Pakikibagay, Pakikisama,
Pakikisangkot, Pakikiisa

 Iba pang metodo:

 Pakikipagkuwentuhan, panunuluyan, ginabayang talakayan

Fields in Psychology Clinical Psychology

 In the US, 58% do clinical and counseling work  Diagnosis and

 In the Ph, focus is on APPLICATION than on RESEARCH treatment of
emotional and
 CLINICAL (most prominent), INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL behavioral problems
(second most popular) (mental illness, drug
addiction, etc.)
 Psychiatrist vs
Psychologist?

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Counseling Psychology Industrial – Organizational Psychology

 Academic, social,  Psych principles and research methods

vocational
problems
in the workplace
 Counselors vs  Improve productivity and quality of
Psychologists? worklife
 Selection, Hiring, Training

Developmental Psychology Experimental Psychology

 Physiological,  Behavioral and cognitive
Cognitive, and perspectives, experimental
Social Dev’t across method in studying how people
the person’s react to sensory stimuli,
lifespan perception, learning and memory

Social Psychology
 How people, think, School / Educational Psychology
influence, and relate with  Evaluation of learning
one another and emotional
problems of
 Group behavior, leadership, individuals in schools
social influence, attraction,
aggression

Engineering Psychology / Human Factors

Cognitive

Psychology
Human thinking and information-processing abilities Engineering Psychology
 How people and machines are
related and how to improve
this relationship

Consumer Psychology Environmental Psychology

 Selecting, obtaining, and using  Relationship between humans
products, services, and ideas to satisfy and environment
needs Forensic Psychology
 Law and legal proceeding →
behavior
Health Psychology
Cross-Cultural Psychology  Cognition, affect, behavior → Health
 Culture’s role in studying behavior

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Neuropsychology Physiological/Biological Psychology

 Diagnosis and rehabilitation of brain disorders  Biological processes and behavior
Peace Psychology Political Psychology
 Psych’al aspects  Political System’s effect on
of violence, thoughts, feelings, motives,
social behaviors
inequalities, Psychology of Women
peacemaking,
 Importance of promoting
pursuit of social Sports Psychology
Personality Psychology justice research on women
 Individual differences, personality theories and  Theories and Knowledge on Psychology
tests in assessing personality to enhance performance of athletes
and coaches

“It is in Psychology where we create a safe

place for those who feel unsafe -– where we
help those stuck in the waters swim and not
just keep them afloat –- and where we heal the
wounds the eyes, nor microscopes and electron
microscopes can see.”
~e.

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