EXPERIMENT # 4

TheAni
malTi
ssues

I
. ANSWER TO QUESTI
ONS

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

I. Simple Epithelial Tissue

A. Simple
Simple squamo
squamous us epithe
epithelium
lium
1. How do the the cells
cells look like?
like?
 The cells appear as thin, fat plates having a horizontal and
elliptical nuclei because o the thin fattened or! o the cell"
2. Are the
these
se ucle
ucleate
ated?
d?
 es,
 es, the cells are nucleated because there is a presence presence o a
nucleus"
!. Simple
Simple columa
columar r epithel
epithelium
ium
1. "here
"here is the ucleu
ucleus s o# the cell
cell located?
located?
 The nucleus o the cell is located near thethe base o the cells"
cells"
2. "h$ are these
these called
called %o&le
%o&lett cells?
cells?
 These are called goblet cells because the$ are specialized
specialized cells that
provide !ucus or lubrication"
'. "hat
"hat is is muc
mucusus #or?
#or?
Mucus is or lubricating
lubricating and protecting
protecting the lining o the intestine"

II. Strati(ed Epithelium

A. Strati(ed
Strati(ed squam
squamous ous epithe
epithelium
lium
1. How would
would $ou compar
compare e the ier
ier ad the outer
outer sur#aces
sur#aces o# 
the huma ski? )o the$ ha*e the same um&er o# la$ers?
 The inner surace o the hu!an s%in is un%eratinized
un%eratinized &hile the
outer surace
surace is %eratin
%eratinized
ized,, !eaning
!eaning it beco!es
beco!es hardene
hardened d &ith
%eratin and !a%es a tough, dr$, protective covering' No, the$ don(t
have the sa!e nu!ber o la$ers"
!. Trasitio
rasitioalal epitheli
epithelium
um
1. How ma$
ma$ la$ers
la$ers o#
o# cell
cell are *isi&
*isi&le?
le?
 T&o
 T&o la$ers o cell are visible' it rese!bles
rese!bles both strati)ed
cuboidal and strati)ed s*ua!ous"
2. Are the
the cells
cells i each
each la$er
la$er simila
similar?
r?
No, the cells in each la$er are not si!ilar because it can appear
to be stra
strati
ti)e
)ed
d cubo
cuboid
idal
al &hen
&hen the
the tiss
tissue
ue is not
not str
stretch
etched
ed or
strati)ed s*ua!ous &hen the organ is distended"
'. "hat could
could &e thethe reaso
reaso #or#or this?
this?
 Its stretchable nature could be the reason or this' it or!s a
barrier that prevents the contents o the urinar$ tract ro! di+using
bac% into the bod$ fuids"
+. "h$ is this epithelial tissue called trasitioal?
 This epithelial tissue is called transitional because the cells
are rounded and can slide across one another to allo&
stretching' it stretches readil$ and per!its distension o 
urinar$ organ b$ contained urine"

III. Speciali,ed Epithelia

A. E-ocrie %lad
1. "hat do secretor$ cells o# the islets o# La%erhas secrete?
 The secretor$ cells o the islets o angerhans secrete hor!ones'
beta cells secrete insulin and a!$lin, alpha cells secrete glucagon,
delta cells secrete so!atostatin, and ga!!a cells secrete
pancreatic pol$peptide"
2. "hat are other e-amples o# epithelial tissues that are
secretor$ i #uctio?
-ther e.a!ples o epithelial tissues that are secretor$ in
unction are th$roid gland, salivar$ gland and pancreas"
'. i*e e-amples o# edocrie ad e-ocrie %lads i the
huma &od$.
Endocrine glands/ pituitar$ gland, pineal gland, th$roid gland,
adrenal gland, testes gland and ovar$ gland
E.ocrine glands/ salivar$ gland, sto!ach gland, !a!!ar$ gland,
anal gland, s&eat gland and tear gland

/0E/TIE TISSUE
1. "here are deposits o# adipose tissues usuall$ #oud?
 The deposits o adipose tissues are usuall$ ound beneath the s%in
0subcutaneous at1, around internal organs 0visceral at1, bone !arro&, and
inter!uscular 0!uscular s$ste! and breast tissue1"
2. "h$ are the cells o# coecti*e tissues arra%ed #ar apart #rom each
other?
 The cells o connective tissues are arranged ar apart ro! each other
because the$ are separated b$ an abundant a!ount o e.tracellular !aterial,
also called e.tracellular !atri. co!posed o collagenous, elastic and reticular
)bers"
'. How do #ro% ad huma &lood smears di3er?
2rog er$throc$tes are oval/shaped and have a nucleus but do not have
platelets &hile hu!an er$throc$tes are biconcave discs, have platelets but
does not have a nucleus"
4US/ULA5 TISSUE

1. How do the three t$pes o# muscles di3er &ased o their structures?

3%eletal !uscle is striated 0has light/colored bands crossing it1, and
!ultiple nuclei" The !uscle loo%s ver$ highl$ organized &hen co!paring it to
s!ooth or cardiac !uscle"
ardiac !uscle also !a$ appear striated, but &ith onl$ a single band
crossing each bundle, the intercalated disc" Each cell possesses onl$ one or
t&o, large, round nuclei, &hich t$picall$ stain airl$ dar%"
3!ooth !uscle is not striated and each cell has onl$ a single nucleus"
 The nuclei are t$picall$ ver$ elongated and dar%/staining and the cells are
less organized than other or!s o !uscle"
2. "h$ do muscle cells ha*e more mitochodria tha other cells like
the ski cells?
Muscle cells have !ore !itochondria because !itochondria are the
po&erhouses o the cell, and !uscle cells need !ore energ$ than s%in cells"
Mitochondria is the part o cells that generate energ$ b$ turning nutrients
and o.$gen into uel or the bod$" 3ince Mitochondria !anuacture 5TP
0adenosine triphosphate1 &hich is the !ain source o *uic% energ$ and
provide the energ$ a cell needs in order to unction   or the !uscles, thus
!uscles have ar !ore o these"

E50US TISSUE
1. "hat are the characteristics ad #uctios o# the #our kids o# 
tissues #oud i aimal s$stems?
 There our %inds o tissues ound in ani!al s$ste!s6
 Epitheliu! / Tissues co!posed o la$ers o cells that cover organ
suraces such as surace o the s%in and inner lining o digestive tract6
the tissues that serve or protection, secretion, and absorption"
 onnective tissue / connective tissue holds ever$thing together"
onnective tissue is characterized b$ the separation o the cells b$
non/living !aterial, &hich is called e.tracellular !atri." 7one and
blood are connective tissues"
 Muscle tissue / Muscle cells are the contractile tissue o the bod$" Its
unction is to produce orce and cause !otion, either loco!otion or
!ove!ent &ithin internal organs" Muscle tissue is separated into three
distinct categories6 visceral or s!ooth !uscle, &hich is ound in the
inner linings o organs' s%eletal !uscle, &hich is ound attached to
bone in order or !obilit$ to ta%e place' and cardiac !uscle &hich is
ound in the heart"
 Nervous tissue / ells or!ing the brain, spinal cord and peripheral
nervous s$ste!" Its unction is to react to sti!uli and to conduct
 i!pulses to various organs in the bod$ &hich bring about a response to
the sti!ulus"
2. How do er*e cells look like?
Nerve cells loo% li%e branches or spi%es e.tending out ro! the cell
bod$" The cell bod$ has a nucleus &ithin it, the nerves have several points
&here it branches into dendrites, the head then e.tends into a narro&
e.tension &hich is coated &ith M$elin sheath, and the narro& e.tension then
branches out into dendrites &hich is a !ode o contact to another neuron"
'. How are er*e (&ers similar to electric ca&les?
Nerve )bers are si!ilar to electric cables both conduct po&er through
i!pulses or burst o ions8charges and have insulation 0the cable has plastic
coating, the !uscle has !$elin sheath1, &or% in bundle or!at" The a.ons in
a nerve are si!ilar to the individual &ires bundled together in a large
electrical cable" The$ co!e ro! di+erent sources, get bound together in one
pac%age or !ost o their 9ourne$, then branch apart at the end to reach their
individual targets"
+. "hat are the #eatures o# a er*e cell that could hardl$ &e #oud i
other cells or tissues?
Nerve cells have a distinctive appearance" E.tending out ro! each
nerve cell bod$ are long c$toplas!ic processes, one a.on and several
dendrites" 5 t$pical nerve cell bod$ contains onl$ a s!all raction o the total
cell volu!e' the rest is contained in the a.on and dendrites" The spaces
bet&een nerve cell bodies &ith a elt &or% o these a.onal and dendritic
processes, called neuropil"
 The cell bod$ o a nerve cell 0also called a so!a, plural so!ata1 is basicall$ a
cell nucleus surrounded b$ c$toplas!"
Nuclei o nerve cells are large, round and euchro!atic &ith a single
pro!inent nucleolus"
$toplas! o nerve cell bodies is abundantl$ supplied &ith !asses o rough
endoplas!ic reticulu! 0traditionall$ called Nissl bodies1, nu!erous :olgi
bodies, lots o s!ooth endoplas!ic reticulu!, !an$ !itochondria, and
e.tensive c$tos%eletal ele!ents 0!icrotubules and various )la!ents1"
 The a.on is a process &hich is specialized or conducting signals ro! one
nerve cell to another"
;endrites are processes &hich are specialized or receiving and integrating
signals ro! other nerve cells"
3$napses are points o contact bet&een nerve cells 0usuall$ bet&een a.on
ter!inals and dendrites1, &here signals are trans!itted ro! one cell to
another"