Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FACULTY OF ARTS
GROUP TWO
BY:
September, 2017
The subject of paramount is European phenomenon while focus is to be expend on, among
other phenomena evolving from Europe “the global unions and international organizations’’.
Based on this, the very importance of these unions and organizations would not but be
adequately address. Bearing in mind, the rippling effect or impacts it has been able to
dispense (be it positive or negative) on existentialities of the world’s continents. However,
the case study happens to be Europe, so discussing the relevant and influence of global
unions and international organizations that has their root or foothold in Europe without
identifying the countries found within the geographical scape of European continent would
make the whole discourse a fiction just like the mythology of creation stories (cosmological
accounts e.g. Yoruba cosmology, Edo cosmology, Nupe cosmology etc). Thus, Europe
comprise of many countries such as Britain, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal,
Austria, Russia, Prussia, Hungaria, Belgium, Croatia, Netherland or Holland,
Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Uruguay, Poland, Ukraine, Serbia,
Montenegro, Sweden, Norway, Turkey, Greece, Ireland, Romania, Luxembourg,
Denmark, ,Yugoslavia, just to mention but few. All of which have in one way or the other
input into the establishment of the global unions and organizations as well as in their
functionalities bearing in mind the purposefulness of such an organization.
Specifically, Europe as a continent comprised of many countries that are more or less
pronounced of the powers of those years e.g. Portugal, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Russia and Britain, dominates the scene even when issues were of the less powerful
countries. Interestingly, the environmental situation in Europe then (hostility) led to some
kind of frictions between and among various powers who assumed superiority over others as
a result of some levels of advancement visible and conceivable of those states that found
themselves below competing level in terms of technological strength, economic buoyancy,
military ability and capability thus, clash of the titans. The international organisation and
global union however, have positive and negatives impacts on the African countries which
seek for aid and support from the various international organisations available to them at the
point of needs. Such organisation includes, IMF, WHO, UN, UNESCO, WTO, WORLD
GLOBAL UNION
The word “global” from the Oxford dictionary means something relating to the whole world
(worldwide) or including the whole of a group of things1 while “union” simply means a
society or association formed by people with common interest or purpose, especially a trade
union.2 Based on this, a global union could justly be said to be formal association of people
of common interest across the world continents with definite structure, define purpose, rules
and regulations, aim, goals and objectives as well as democratically elected head. Also, the
Global Union could means an association of statesmen or representatives (government or
non-governmental organization) that stands.......................................to improve the working
and living conditions for workers and support the equitable distribution of wealth, decent
jobs for all and sustainable economic growth.3 The organization works with global or
transnational companies and international institutions such as the International Labour
Organization (ILO), United Nations (UN), International Monetary Funds (IMF), European
Union (EU), World Bank, Multinational corporations and other regional international
organizations so as to be able to hold corporations accountable in other to ensure
maintenance of workers human rights globally.4
More so, the fifth resolution of the global union, craves for global economy where there
would be an inclusive growth. An economic system geared around the welfare of the many,
not the few, in which the aim is no longer profit for the top one per cent, but for security,
dignity, justice, equality, cohesion and fairness for the majority of people. It is an economy
that recognises, for women and men, the right to a permanent, secure, fulltime job, which has
decent and safe working conditions, and guarantees a living wage.5 The activities of the
unions ball down to the founding of World Trade Organization in 1995 which shows the
evolvement or maturity of organizations such as the World Bank and the international
Monetary Fund’s acquisition of new capacities to direct the international economic order and
— EI – Education International
The global unions represent industrial sectors, and combinations of sector workforces
worldwide. They are associated with the ICFTU but are independent organizations in their
own right. While they set their own program and rules, determine their own policies,
structure, requirements for admittance, they work with the ICFTU, to promote and defend
human and trade union rights as well as independent trade union activity. 9 As we have said
earlier Global Union is working in conjunction with various trade, labour and financial
institutions as well as regulatory bodies all over the world even though the partnering bodies
were spread across continents, their headquarters remains in Europe. These include, Global
Union Federations (GUFs); the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU);
the International Labour Organization (ILO); World Trade Organization (WTO);
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); Trade Union Advisory
Committee to the OECD; Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD and
International Chamber of Commerce; Institute of Applied Social Science – Norway (FAFO);
European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC); European Public Services Union (EPSU);
European Mining Chemical and Energy Workers Federation –(EMCEF); European
Metalworkers Federation – (EMF); European Regional Organization of the International
Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation –(ERO-ITGLWF); EI-Asia Pacific; PSI-
Asia Pacific; ICEM-Asia Pacific; Asian and Pacific Regional Organization of the
International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation – (TWARO-ITGLWF);
Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations – (SOMO); Norwegian Confederation of
Trade Unions (LO-Norway); Pakistan Confederation of Traded Unions and Federatie
Nederlands Vakbeweging – (FNV).10
Thus, without error of omission or commission the evidence above alone is sufficient to say
that no global union or international organization works in isolation of the other and the
visible overlapping functions and leaning of one against the other (be it governmental or
inter-governmental, non-governmental or international non-governmental organizations) for
clarity better functionality and success could not be under but over-estimated. In other words,
most of the aim and objectives of them all directly or indirectly were towards the same ends
Perhaps the most difficult question to answers, which, in some ways is a preliminary
question, is: what exactly is an international organization? The short answer is, quite simply,
that we do not know. We may, in most cases, be able to recognize an international
organization when we see one, but it has so far appeared impossible to actually define such
organizations in a comprehensive way.
The origin and development of international organizations has been, in the main, a response
to the evident need arising from international intercourse rather than to the philosophical or
ideological appeal of the notion of world government. The growth of international
intercourse, in the sense of the development of relations between different peoples, was a
constant feature of maturing civilizations; advances in the mechanics of communications
combined with the desire for trade to produce a degree of intercourse which ultimately called
for regulation by institutional means.15 There has been an unfinished enterprise to the origin
and dating of international organization but in the words of Hodges it “…is akin to the origin
of modern states itself” which was a product of every major European conflicts since and
even before the celebrated Westphalian peace treaty or system or accord that serves as
precursor of modern state which gave birth to rationale that peace could be achieved or
secured through cooperation of existing states though, LeRoy in 1995 opined that evidences
had shown of similitude or replica or an international organization in the classical and
medieval era.16 However, Clive Archer defines international organization as “formal
The point presented above is that the contemporary international organizations (universal or
regional) hold their antecedent to nineteenth century Europe when a system of regular
meeting was arranged by the European powers to tackle problems of common concern within
their evolving international system (popularly) known as or called “Concert of Europe or
Concert System” which started with Vienna Congress in 1815 (designed to re-arrange the
map of Europe) after Napoleonic Wars. Subsequent meetings were held in complimentary of
Vienna Congress such as the “Congress of Paris” in 1856, the “London Congress” of 1871,
1912 and 1913 respectively. Apart from all these, there was the famous Berlin and Brussel
Conferences of 1878 and 1884 to 1885 which led to the partition of Africa among the
European Powers.22
Also, Innovations associated with the rise of industrialism and the introduction of new
methods of transport and communication stimulated the creation of special-purpose agencies,
usually called public international unions, designed to facilitate the collaboration of
governments in dealing with economic, social, and technical problems. Notable among these
were the International Telegraphic Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874),
which survived to become specialized agencies of the United Nations system (the former
under the title International Telecommunication Union) after World War II. In the political
field, an effort to institutionalize the dominant role of the great powers of Europe was
undertaken at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. While the resultant Concert of Europe did not
assume the character of a standing political organization, the same pattern functioned until
World War I as the framework for a system of occasional great-power conferences which
lent some substance to the idea that the European family of states constituted an organized
The common features of all these meetings that eventually led to creation of United Nation
organization of the eventual years were called to discuss and address the problems that were
of common interest to all the European States. They hoped that through the congresses, the
European powers would be able to make peaceful adjustments to their systems, avoid war
and maintain some measures of equilibrium in the European international system. The
concert system gave some growing sense of interdependence among the states of Europe,
though rudimentarily.25
After the watershed Westphalian peace of 1648, international so-called congresses’ had
become a regular mode of diplomacy: whenever a problem arose, a conference was convened
to discuss it and, if possible at all takes steps towards a solution. After the defeat of
Napoleon, a new development took place.26
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 had seen the initiation of the “concert system” which, for
the purposes of any study of international organization, constituted a significant
development. As sponsored by the Czar Alexander I, what was envisaged was an alliance of
In spite of these early successes, the League of Nations did not manage to prevent neither the
invasion of Manchuria by Japan, nor the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy in 1936, nor that of
Austria by Hitler in 1938. The powerlessness of the League of Nations to prevent further
world conflict, the alienation of part of its Member States and the generation of the war itself,
added to its demise from 1940.
The failure, politically, of the mission of collective security of the League of Nations must
nevertheless not make one overlook its success in, what was from the beginning to be a
Edmond Taylor’s quote is an excellent description of one of the most terrible and bloody
conflicts humanity has ever encountered. Europe was devastated and, because of the many
colonies that European countries had, the war left its mark on almost every corner of the
world. The economies of once powerful empires such as Russia, Germany, and Austria were
exhausted, which resulted in a deep and continuous social crisis throughout the post-war
world. People were therefore desperate to find a way to avoid any future conflicts that may
escalate and reach similar scales.
One possible solution for achieving just that was brought up by US President Woodrow
Wilson. Based on his internationalist ideas, Wilson believed that, if united towards a
common goal (international peace and security), states would never again have to suffer from
another destructive conflict such as the First World War. Wilson and his idealist philosophy
altered the aims of the allies […] Wilson saw the need to take definitive actions to make war
obsolete.36
Wilson’s foreign policy advisor, Colonel Edward House, shared the president’s conviction,
and together they drafted an official resolution for the League of Nations – an international
organization, the aim of which was to impose disarmament and collective security
A very interesting question might arise here: Why was the League of Nations considered so
important by many states, especially such as Great Britain and France? Until the outbreak of
World War I, there was an organization (known as the Old Congress System, which
originated from the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna in 1815), which was supposed to
ensure peace and security in Europe, guaranteed by the superpowers of the time (Prussia,
Austria, Russia, and Great Britain, later joined by France). There were problems with that
system, which could not have been foreseen in the early 1800’s – in 1871, Prussia ceased to
exist, replaced by the German empire, which, however, suffered defeat in World War I and
could, therefore, along with Austria, not take any decisions regarding the shaping of the post-
war world.
In addition, the Russian empire was brought down, and by 1919 the state had an entirely
different governing body. In other words, three of the five superpowers of 1815 were no
longer maintaining the Old Congress System, and the other two were exhausted by World
War I, barely managing to ensure their own survival. It became clear that a handful of
powerful states could not guarantee continuous peace – all countries had to work together in
order to achieve international stability. The spirit of the times, however … pushed towards
the creation of a more comprehensive global organization.38
Economic equality among member states was also considered important by the League of
Nations member states. The covenant included (but was not limited to) laws regarding the
regulation of tariffs in international trade and norms about existing and future professional
arrangements between countries (including Custom Unions).48 The primary concern here was
Another objective of the League of Nations’ policy was to impose arms regulation treaties in
order to limit countries’ opportunities to go to war. The desired outcome was to change the
role of a state’s army, limiting its function to a domestic defensive force only. Protection and
integration of minorities was also important, as revolts can sometimes escalate and thus
endanger international security.
In its first five years, the League of Nations served as a true instrument of diplomacy:
Nations were willing to sit down together and negotiate their way out of any crisis that
threatened international security. Nevertheless, some countries (such as Italy and Japan) were
able to recover more quickly from the war than others (at least presumably) and started to
look for means other than diplomacy to extend their influence in the world. These countries,
however, were not the only for the League and its members.
EUROPEAN UNION
The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic partnership that currently
consists of 28 member states. Built through a series of binding treaties, the Union is the latest
stage in a process of integration that began after World War II to promote peace and
economic recovery in Europe. Its founders hoped that by creating specified areas in which
member states agreed to share sovereignty—initially in coal and steel production, trade, and
nuclear energy—it would promote interdependence and make another war in Europe
The EU is generally considered a cornerstone of European stability and prosperity, but the
union currently faces a number of serious internal and external crises. Most notable is
“Brexit”—the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) looming exit from the EU following the June 2016
public referendum in which British voters favored leaving the bloc by 52% to 48%. The UK
remains a full member of the EU until it completes withdrawal negotiations, a process that
has not yet begun and is expected to take at least two years. Although Brexit may have
significant political, economic, and institutional implications for the EU, this report largely
addresses the EU and its institutions as they currently exist.50
The United Nations Organization (UNO) is the global international organization of sovereign
independent states. It was established on 24 October 1945. The destruction caused by the
Second World War compelled the people to establish an international organization for
keeping the world away from war and in favour of friendship and cooperation among all the
nations. The UNO was designed to save the future generations from the scourge of war by
promoting International peace and security.51
The name “United Nations” was suggested by US President Franklin Roosevelt. It was first
used in the Declaration of the United Nations made on January 1, 1942 during the war when
representatives of 16 nations pledged their government to continue fighting together against
the axis powers. At San Francisco Conference the name was unanimously adopted as the
name of the new international organization as a tribute to the late President of the United
States. India had not achieved its independence by then and yet it became one of the founder
members of the United Nations.
In 1941, the American President Roosevelt made some declarations which emphasized that,
every nationality had the right to have a separate state. He gave the suggestion of an
International Organization which could protect freedom of the people e.g. Freedom of
Speech and Expression; Freedom of Religion and Worship; Freedom from Fear and
Insecurity; and Freedom from Want.
Other declarations were also made such as the “London Declaration” but the “Atlantic
Charter” of August 15, 1941 was of more importance as the allied nations made declaration
in this sitting, stating the objectives of war. In this Charter, emphasis was laid on the
following:
(ii) The changes in different areas shall be made according to the wishes of the people
living there.
(iv)Efforts by Allied Nations should be dispense for all nations to have equal share in trade.
(viii) And that, every nation should resist the use of force among many others were made.
Other declarations that service the foundation of UN includes United Nations Declaration of
1942; Five (5) Moscow Declaration of 1943; and the 1944, Six (6) Dumbarton Oraks
Proposals.
The United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) share the same fundamental values
and goals, namely the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of
friendly relations on the basis of a due regard for the principles of equal rights and the self-
determination of peoples, the promotion of international cooperation in the solution of
economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems, and the promotion and consolidation
of the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people. The European
Security Strategy has said “In a world of global threats, global markets and global media, our
security and prosperity increasingly depend on an effective multilateral system.
Strengthening the United Nations, equipping it to fulfill its responsibilities and to act
effectively, is a European priority”. In recent years, the EU has become a significant actor in
the international community and plays an important role within the UN. The 27 EU Member
States together command more than one eighth of the votes in the UN General Assembly, in
which each of the 192 UN Member States has an equal vote. The EU – meaning both the
European Community and the Member States – is the UN’s largest financial contributor.
This applies not only to the regular budget, but also to the funding of official development
assistance and peace-keeping missions.
All EU countries are independent members of the UN; some of them are founding members
of the global organization. Shaping the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
requires greater coordination between the EU Member States, the Council and the
Other members of the organization includes the followings from 1945: Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom 1946: Sweden
1955: Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain 1960:
Cyprus 1964: Malta 1973: Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic
(reunified Germany since 1990) 1974: European Community granted status of permanent
observer 1991: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1992: Czech Republic and Slovenia 1993 etc.
As only states can become members of the UN, the EU is represented by whichever state
holds the Presidency of the Council of the EU at any given time. The Presidency is
particularly important to the day-to-day work of the EU, represents it in talks with other UN
Member States, regional groups and organizations and makes declarations in the name of the
Union. In open sessions of the Security Council, the EU Presidency puts forward the
previously agreed EU position on the issues in question. The Council Secretariat of the EU
has established liaison offices in New York and Geneva to ensure continuity in this work.
The EU plays a very active role in the work of the new UN Human Rights Council, which
replaces the former Commission on Human Rights, and the Third Committee of the UN
General Assembly, which is responsible for human rights. It proposes resolutions and makes
declarations on the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Moreover, the EU was instrumental in establishing and developing the system of UN Special
Rapporteurs on human rights issues, supporting the democratization process of July, 2006
elections in Congo.52
Development Assistance
The EU is by far the largest donor in the area of development assistance. More than half of
the funds made available for development aid worldwide come from EU Member States. The
EU is also one of the most important financial contributors to UN programs, special
organizations and funds.
The Millennium Development Goals have the active support of the EU. In September
2000, the heads of state and government of 149 states met at the UN Millennium Summit in
New York. This meeting resulted in the adoption of the Millennium Declaration, which
outlines the global challenges and the agenda for international politics at the beginning of the
21st century. A list of eight internationally agreed goals, the so-called Millennium
Development Goals, was compiled from the chapter on development and the environment
and concrete parameters were established for each. The international community seeks to
achieve these goals by means of its combined efforts by 2015. The UN is monitoring the
implementation of the Millennium Declaration. The UN Secretary General reports to the
General Assembly in September every year on what progress has been made. In its efforts to
combat poverty, the EU lays particular emphasis on the necessity to halt hunger and
Halve the proportion of the world’s population suffering from extreme poverty
and hunger.
Ensure primary education for all children.
Promote gender equality and the political, economic and social empowerment of
women, especially in education.
Reduce child mortality.
Improve maternal health.
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases.
Ensure environmental sustainability. And
To develop a global partnership for development.
In addition, Climate change is one of the most urgent international challenges. The EU is on
the front line in the fight against climate change and has made an unequivocal commitment
to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. All EU Member States have ratified it, and the
Also, on “Humanitarian Aid,” European Community and the Member States – are the
largest donor of humanitarian assistance worldwide. The Commission’s Humanitarian Aid
Office (ECHO) plays a special role here. ECHO’s main task is to provide relief supplies and
services through intermediary organizations in crisis regions. These goods and services
include not only food, medicines and fuel but also medical teams, water treatment experts
and logistics staff. Since its foundation in 1992, ECHO has funded and coordinated
humanitarian missions in more than 100 countries outside the EU. More than 500 million
euro is spent each year. Almost a third of this sum goes to UN humanitarian programmes
such as the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the World
Health Organization (WHO), the UN International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) or
the World Food Programme (WFP). Through ECHO, every one of these UN organizations
receives millions in financial support from the EU. Financed by ECHO: landmine clearance
in Kosovo © EC/ECHO/HI © Grossmann/laif Supported by UNICEF: Al Salam refugee
camp in Sudan
On “Combating Terrorism and Crime”, it did not take the attacks of 11 September 2001 to
make it clear that terrorism is a global challenge and that worldwide action is required to
combat it. This fight is a top priority for the EU and is bound to remain so. Particularly the
worldwide implementation of Resolution 1373 (in 2001), along with other Security Council
resolutions to combat terrorism, is among the EU’s most urgent concerns. EU Member States
are front runners in the ratification and practical implementation of UN conventions,
protocols and Security Council resolutions aiming to combat terrorism e.g. Res. 1373.
The EU furthermore, strongly supports the work of the UN Security Council’s Counter
Terrorism Committee and al-Qaida/Taliban Sanctions Committee. In addition, the EU and
the UN are active in the fight against drug trafficking and organized crime. The first
international convention against corruption came into force in December 2005 and has been
signed by 140 Member States.
Other international organizations whose place in the world arena could not be under-
estimated includes: Amnesty International founded in July, 1961; Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC); Asia Pacific Economic Forum (APEC); Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN); Commonwealth of Nations; Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO); International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO); International Court of Justice (ICJ); International Labor
Organization (ILO); International Maritime Organization (IMO); International Monetary
Fund (IMF); International Standards Organizations (ISO); Non Aligned Movement (NAM);
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD); Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC); South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC); Kathmandu Transparency
The period of 1970 witness a surge in the number of International Organizations in Africa.
Many regional international organizations have also sprung up as states seek to strengthen
their ability to deal with the emerging challenges of the international system. The impacts of
international organization in Africa are impacts on environment, law and justice, interactions
with governments, policy impacts, international relations as well as international law.
International organizations, on the question of human impacts may not have been given
much attention as it should but their influence at abridging the causes of conflict or crisis
around the globe and especially Nigeria in the wake of her Civil wars could not be dust-
binned. These organizations have availed themselves of responsibilities in several ways. For
instance, in areas of aides giving, political and moral supports for war tored regions in Africa
like Somalia, Nigeria, and DR Congo to mention but few.54
A different angle of International Organizations impact in Africa is seen vide the foreign
direct investment against the state membership in an international organizations.(Mutiria, 14)
Central to these claims is the perception that such states in International organizations posses
CONCLUSION
The above discourse has taken us on a varying degree of missions and visions that served and
still serves as the bedrock of the formations of an international organization. Of any
international organizations, sovereign status of the member countries is a vital feature,
mutual or similitude of interest, and desire to work with and respect the laws and regulations
of the organization became paramount.
However, all the foremost organizations and unions happens to be product of regional or
continental uprising, crisis, problems and fear embedded in the then European environment
as well as the complimentary meetings or congresses that continuously yielded favourable
results. Notwithstanding, the organizations that became a phenomena of Europe today,
More so, the major interest of all the international organization and global unions is but to
maintain, sustain, retain and ascertain global peace and security. Peace in this discourse goes
beyond the normal mutual understanding/relationship, and operation of interractions between
and among the inhabitants of a section of or the world.
Meanwhile, peace in this context means the totality of peace intrinsically and extrinsically,
mentally, psychologically, educationally, morally, socially, economically, politically,
environmentally, interactively, and religiously and so on.
Security also, just like peace entails the wholistic nature of being secure away from the
micro-conceptional meaning which means free of oppression, aggression, calamity, war,
internal or external threat, to life of human person but not too far away from it. Its usability
here simply means a broader meaning from any form of infringement on sustainability. In
other words, it cut across political, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, mental,
physically, emotionally and rationally to mention but few.
And the above, results have no doubt assisted in unveiling those reasons for the evolution of
series of international, regional, inter-governmental, non-governmental organizations across
the globe with all, filing behind the efforts of the past leaders in Europe whose efforts
without doubt has engraved (and still engraving) their marks on the contemporary as well as
future inhabitant of the world.
1
. S. Catherine, H. Sara, and E. Julia. Oxford Dictionary of Current English: Fourth Ed.
Win Union Growth: UNI Global Union’s Breaking through Action Plan, 2014-2018.
Fourth UNI World Indaba, Cape Town, South Africa, 7-10th December, 2014. Pg. 9, Par. 1.
4
. Resolutions Adopted By the 4th World Congress of UNI Global Union. Including You To
Win Union Growth: UNI Global Union’s Breaking through Action Plan, 2014-2018. P. 13.
5
. Resolutions Adopted By the 4th World Congress of UNI Global Union. Including You To
Win Union Growth: UNI Global Union’s Breaking through Action Plan, 2014-2018. P. 22.
6
. P. Fairbrother and N. Hammer. Global Unions: Past Efforts and Future Prospects.
Par. 3.
8
. P. Fairbrother and N. Hammer. P. 4-5.
9
. P. Fairbrother and N. Hammer. P. 5, Par. 2.
10
. P. Fairbrother and N. Hammer. P. 5, Par. 3.
11
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. International Organizations: Teaching Material.
Prepared under the Sponsorship of the Justice and Legal System Research Institute. 2009.
organizations.pdf
12
. K. Abbott, D. Snidal. Why States Act through Formal International Organizations. The
https://www.unric.org/html/english/pdf/Leporello_EU-VN_e.pdf
13
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. International Organizations: Teaching Material. P. 2,
Par. 3.
14
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. International Organizations: Teaching Material. P. 2-3.
15
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 6, Par. 2.
16
. F. A. Aremu. International Organizations: Introduction to International Relations.
Published for African Center for Peace Research, Empowerment and Documentation
(ACPRED), Ilorin, Nigeria. College press and Publishers Limited, Ibadan. 2013. Pg. 114,
Par. 3.
17
. O. Ojo and A. Sesay (1988). International Organization: Concepts in International
115, Par. 1.
20
. F. A. Aremu. P. 115, Par. 2.
21
. League of Nations – New World Encyclopedia. Assessed on (15/06/2017) at
https://www.google.com/search?q=league+of+nation&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-
www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/League_of_Nations
22
. O. Ojo and A. Sesay. International Organization: Concepts in International Relations. P.
156, Par. 2.
23
. Encyclopedia: International Organizations. Assessed on (15/06/2017) at
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-
government/international-organizations/international
24
. O. Ojo and A. Sesay (1988). International Organization: Concepts in International
156, Par. 2.
26
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 7, Par. 3.
27
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 7, Par. 4.
28
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 8, Par. 1.
29
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 10, Par. 2.
30
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. Pg. 10, Par. 3.
31
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 11, Par. 3.
32
. ibid. Pg. 11-12.
33
. ibid. Pg. 15-16.
34
. S. Crockett. The Role of International Organizations in World Politics. Essay
3.
on (05/6/2017) at www.mattliden.fi/media/kunena/attachments/100/LONusefulstuff.doc
39
. H. Kissinger. Diplomacy. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 1994. N.P. Assessed and
School, 2008.
47
. C. Townshend. The League of Nations.
48
. E. House. Proposal for a League of Nations. Draft of Colonel House, July 16, 1918. P.
512.
1000 to the Present). Revised and Enlarged. 1984. Pp. 250-253. Print
52
. E. O. Ola. “International Organizations.” Pp. 253-255.
53
. A. Mazanie and T. Alemayehu. P. 48-132.
54
. A. M. Mutiria. “An Assessment of the Impact of International Organizations In Africa.”
Pp. 70-83.