A.C.

CIRCUIT

R. C. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, AHMEDABAD

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Subject Name &Code : A.C. CIRCUIT (3330901)

INDEX

SR. NAME OF EXPERIMENT PAGE DATE SIGN

NO. NO

1 Use CRO to measure voltage and frequency.

2 Measurement active power through resistor.

3 Measurement of Inductance and Resistance of choke coil.

4 To measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RL

series circuit and also draw relevant phasor diagram.

5 To measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RC

series circuit and also draw relevant phasor diagram.

6 Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC

series circuit and also draw relevant phasor diagram.

7 Identify of electrical components (R, L, C) using high

frequency generator.

8 Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC

parallel circuit and also draw relevant phasor diagram.

9 Test Voltage and Current relation for 3-phase star – delta

connections.

10 To study Active and Reactive Power in Polyphase circuit.

11 To study about resonance frequency and resonant impedance

in R-L-C series circuit.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: -1

AIM: - Use CRO to measure voltage and frequency.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

1) To know the function of C.R.O.
2) To measure A.C. & D.C. voltage without voltmeter.
3) To measure frequency without frequency meter.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is an important and useful device in electrical and

electronics laboratory. Technique of measurement of voltage and frequency using
C.R.O. is taught here.

THEORY: -
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is an important tool for R & D department, testing
laboratory & electronics lab. C.R.O. is a testing as well as measuring equipment. With
the help of C.R.O., we can measure A.C. / D.C. voltage, frequency, resistance, phase
difference, hysteresis loop, etc. It is also used to see the actual shape of waveforms.
The main function of C.R.O. is to convert non visual signals into visual signals.
Before performing this experiment we should acquire the knowledge how to
handle carefully the C.R.O. using controls on the front panel. Also be aware with the
maximum measurement range of C.R.O.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

While measuring A.C. voltage, the C.R.O. measure EMaxvoltage, hence convert it
in R.M.S. value using the formula ERMS = EMax/ √2, to know the actual value of applied
voltage to C.R.O.
Similarly frequency can be measured by measuring time period to complete one
cycle & then using the formula f = 1/T. we should aware how to use the two main
controls (1) voltage/ division and (2) time/division.
We should also know the function of auto transformer & D.C. regulated power
supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: -

-
- A.C. Voltage Measurement

- Frequency Measurement

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipment / Apparatus Specifications Quantity

No. Required
1. C.R.O. operated 5 or 30 MHz, 230 1 No.
V
2. Auto Transformer 5A, 230 V, 50 Hz 1 No.
3. R.F. Signal Generator 10 MHz, 20 V 1 No.
5. M.I. type Voltmeter 0-50 V 1 No.
6. M.C. type Voltmeter 0-30 V 1 No.
7. Flexible Wire L.S.

PRECAUTIONS: -
1) When measuring A.C. voltage, see that auto transformer is at zero volt output.
2) Do not apply more than 50 to 60 volt to C.R.O.
3) Main switch should be OFF while connecting the circuit.

PROCEDURE: -
(A) For A.C. Voltage Measurement: -
1) Connect the required equipment & materials as per circuit diagram.
2) Set the straight line on C.R.O. screen using proper control.
3) Connect the output of auto transformer to input of C.R.O. with proper cord
/ wire.
4) Connect the auto transformer with the main keeping. Its output voltage is
zero.
5) Increases slowly the output voltage of auto transformer say 10 to 15 volts.
6) Obtain A.C. wave (max) on C.R.O.
7) Measure the peak value (Em) in terms of division on C.R.O. screen.
8) Seeing the range of volt/division control on C.R.O. calculate the total value
of Emusing Em= (No. of div.) × (V/D scale) formula.
9) Convert Eminto R.M.S. value using the formulas ERMS = Em/√2 volts.
10) Measure the output voltage of auto transformer using M.I. type voltmeter
and record it.
11) Slowly increase the voltage from auto transformer, in steps of 5 to 10
volts.
(B) For frequency Measurement: -
1) Connect the output of R.F. signal generator to the input of C.R.O. with
proper B.N.C. to B.N.C. cord.
2) Adjust the waveform of a.c. voltage input so as that it is visible on C.R.O.
3) Measure the number of time/division control on C.R.O. Calculate the total
time for one cycle of voltage (T)= (No. of div.) × (time / div. scale)
4) Calculate the frequency in Hz = 1/ Time for one cycle(T).
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 4
A.C.CIRCUIT

5) Increasing the frequency from R.F. generator (up to 1 MHz) in 3 to 4

steps, repeat the above step 1 to 4 and record the observations.

OBSRVATION TABLE: -
(A) For A.C. Voltage Measurement: -

Sr. Input Emin V/ Div. Em = B × C ERMS= Em/√2 Differenc

No Voltage division Scale (D) e (A-D)
. from (B) (C) Volts.
Auto
Transformr
(A)
1.
2.
3.
4.

(B) For Frequency Measurement: -

Sr. Applied Time Time/ Time Frequency Difference

No. frequeny period in Div. T=BxC measure (A-E) Hz.
from R.F. division Scale (Sec) by C.R.O.
generator (B) (C) F = 1/T (E)
(A)
1.
2.
3.
4.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: -

CONCLUSION: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: -2
AIM: - Measurement active power through resistor.

OBJECTIVES: -
After completing this experiment, we will be able to:
1) Connect the circuit as per diagram.
2) Measure voltage and current of circuit.
3) Measure the how the resistor consume power.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -
In practice in electrical engineering in many occasions it is required to know the
resistor. Hence this will be very important exercise where we will be able to know the
active power consume resistor.. Hence by this experience we will be able to measure
the active power.

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipment / Specifications Quantity

No. Apparatus Required
1. Ammeter 1 No.
2. Voltmeters 1 Nos.
3. resistor 1 No.
4. wire 1 No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

PECAUTIONS: -
1) Before connecting the circuit, see that supply is OFF.
2) Before switching ON the supply, see that switches of lamp load is OFF.
3) Once circuit is switched ON, do not touch any metal parts or live wire in the
circuit.

PROCEDURE: -
1) Connecting the circuit as per Circuit diagram and connect ammeter in series and
voltmeter across supply, .
2) Switch ON the supply.
3) Take different readings of ammeter and voltmeter keeping fixed position of and
varying the resistance of resistor.
4) Note down about 3 to 4 different readings.
5) Now switch OFF the supply and disconnect the circuit.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. Current Supply Resistance Power

No. I (Amp) Voltage Ω (ohm) P=I x V (Watt)
V (Volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: -

P=I x V watt

CONCLUSION: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: -3
AIM: - Measurement of Inductance and Resistance of choke coil.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

4) Connect the circuit as per diagram.
5) Measure voltage and current of circuit.
6) Draw vector diagram from the readings observed.
7) Measure the value of inductance and resistance of choke coil.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -

In practice in electrical engineering in many occasions it is required to know the

resistance and inductance of a coil. Hence this will be very important exercise where we
will be able to know the method of finding of inductance and resistance of a coil. Ratio
of inductance to resistance is a deciding factor for the quality of any coil. Hence by this
experience we will be able to decide the quality of a choke coil.

RATIONALE: -

If single phase A.C. supply is applied to R – L circuit where L is choke coil having
inductance as well as resistance in it.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

Following vector diagram can be drawn for the above circuit.

Where,
OA = VR, AB = VXL, OB = V
If we know VR, V and VXL, triangle OAB can be drawn. Draw BC perpendicular to OA
than AC = voltage drop across the resistance of choke and BC is voltage drop across
inductance of choke coil.
AC = Ir
r = resistance of choke = AC / I
Inductive reactance XL of choke = BC / I
As we know XL = 2πfL or XL = XL f / 2π

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipment / Specifications Quantity

No. Apparatus Required
1. Ammeter 0 – 10 Amp. M.I. 1 No.
2. Voltmeters 0 – 300 V, M.I. 3 Nos.
3. Lamp Load 1 kW 1 No.
4. Choke Coil 230 V variable 1 No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

PRECAUTIONS: -
4) Before connecting the circuit, see that supply is OFF.
5) Before switching ON the supply, see that switches of lamp load is OFF.
6) Once circuit is switched ON, do not touch any metal parts or live wire in the
circuit.

PROCEDURE: -
6) Connecting the circuit as per Circuit diagram and connect ammeter in series and
voltmeter across supply, the lamp load across the choke coil.
7) Switch ON the supply.
8) Take different readings of ammeter and voltmeter keeping fixed position of choke
coil and varying the lamp load. Lamp load can vary by switching ON different
number of switches one after another.
9) Note down about five different readings.
10) Now switch OFF the supply and disconnect the circuit.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. Current Supply Voltage Voltage

No. I (Amp) Voltage across across
V (Volts) Lamp load Choke coil
V(Volts) VL (Volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: -

a) Draw the vector diagram for reading No. _______ . Take suitable scale for
drawing vector diagram. After drawing vector diagram measure length of AC and
BC.
b) Measured value of AC = ______________ cms.
c) Measured value of voltage across L.B. = __________ volts.
d) Measured value of BC = ______________ cms.
e) Measured value of voltage across choke coil = _________ volts.
f) Resistance of choke = AC (Volts) / I.
g) Inductive reactance of choke, XL = BC (Volts)/ I
So, L =

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A.C.CIRCUIT

COMPUTATION TABLE: -

Sr. AC Resistance of Choke Coil, BC XL = BC / I L=

No. (Volts) R = AC / I (Ohm) (Volts) (Ohm)
(Henry)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RESULT: -

Average Value of R = ______________ Ohm.

Average Value of L = ______________ H.

CONCLUSION: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: -4
AIM: -To measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RL series circuit and
also draw relevant phasor diagram.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

a) Measure the power consumed in R-L circuit.
b) Select various meters properly.
c) Calculate the Inductance (L) and Resistance (R) of the choke coil.

SIGNIFICANCE: -

The power consumed by a transformer or any rotating electrical machine loaded

is substantially less as these circuits are highly inductive. This calls for proper selection
and use of the various meters of different ranges to be used during the measurement of
various parameters of any circuit. It should be noted that choke coil is not absolutely a
pure inductance as the coil has a little amount of resistance. After performing this
experiment we will be able to know which types of load have unity power factor and
lagging power factor also.

THEORY: -

Before performing this experiment one should be aware with the properties and
characteristics of resistor and inductor against A.C. applied across them.

Whenever a.c. supply is given to pure resistive circuit, current flowing through the
circuit will be in phase with applied voltage. So the phase difference angle (Ø) is zero,
and the power factor (COS Ø) is unity.

Whenever a.c. supply is given to pure inductive circuit, current flowing through the
circuit will be LAGGING behind to applied voltage. So the phase difference angle (Ø) is
90° and the power factor (COS Ø) is zero.

Whenever a.c. supply is given to R-L series circuit, current flowing through the
circuit will be LAGGING behind to applied voltage. So the phase difference angle (Ø)can
take value between 0° and 90°, and the power factor (COS Ø) is between 0 & 1.
In R-L series circuit the sum of voltage drop across them is not equal to the total
voltage applied across them. But it will be the vector sum of individual voltage drop.
The current is in the same phase with voltage in case of resistor where as in case
of inductor, current lags by voltage by an angle Ø. The total power consumed in R–L
series circuit is also depends upon this lagging angle i.e. P = VI COS Ø.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EQUIPMENTS/ MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Name of the Apparatus Quantity

No. Required
1. Single phase variac 1
2. Lamp load 1
3. Choke Coil 1
4. Ammeter 0-5 / 10 A 1
5. Voltmeter 0-150 / 300 V 1
6. Wattmeter 0-5 / 10 A, 0-150 / 1
300V
7. Wires L.S.

PRECAUTIONS: -

1) Before connecting the circuits see that the main switch is OFF.
2) Please observe safety precautions as you are working on “LIVE WIRE”.
3) Before disconnecting the circuits see that the main switch is OFF.

PROCEDURE: -

1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Switch ON the supply.
3) Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter reading for different loads.
4) Take 4 to 5 readings by repeating above steps.
5) Draw the vector and phasor diagram taking proper scale.
6) Calculate the total impedance of the circuit.
7) Calculate the total power consumed in the circuit.
8) Compare it with the measured power.
9) Also calculate the power factor of the circuit for each reading.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. Current Supply Voltage Voltage Wattmeter

No. I (Amp) Voltage across across Readings
(Vs R L (W watts)
volts) (VR volts) (VL volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

COMPUTATION TABLE: -

Sr. R = V R / XL = V L Z = V S / I COS Ø = R L = XL / Total Total

No. I /I Ω /Z 2πf power power
Ω Ω Henry (analytical (Graphical
method) method)
W = VS I
COS Ø
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: -
a) R = VR / I =__________ Ω
b) XL = VL / I =__________ Ω
c) Z = VS / I = __________ Ω
d) Power factor COS Ø = R/Z = W/VI = __________
e) Inductance of coil, L = XL / 2πf = _____________ Henry

CONCLUSION: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: -5
AIM: -To measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RC series circuit and
also draw relevant phasor diagram.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

d) Measure the power consumed in R-C circuit.
e) Select various meters properly.
f) Calculate the Capacitance (C) and Resistance (R)

SIGNIFICANCE: -

Capacitance is the property of a capacitor to store electric charge required to raise

its potential through unity. when a charge of Q coulombs is given to a conductor and if its
potential rises from 0 to V volts then the capacitance of the conductor will be given by
C=Q/V.

THEORY: -

Before performing this experiment one should be aware with the properties and
characteristics of resistor and Capacitor against A.C. applied across them.

Whenever a.c. supply is given to pure resistive circuit, current flowing through the
circuit will be in phase with applied voltage. So the phase difference angle (Ø) is zero,
and the power factor (COS Ø) is unity.

Whenever a.c. supply is given to pure capacitive circuit, current flowing through
the circuit will be Leading to applied voltage. So the phase difference angle (Ø) is -90°
and the power factor (COS Ø) is zero.

In R-C series circuit the sum of voltage drop across them is not equal to the total
voltage applied across them. But it will be the vector sum of individual voltage drop.

The current is in the same phase with voltage in case of resistor where as in case
of capacitor, current lead by voltage by an angle Ø. The total power consumed in R–C
series circuit is also depends upon this Leading angle i.e. P = VI COS Ø.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

RC CIRCUIT

EQUIPMENTS/ MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Name of the Apparatus Quantity

No. Required
1. Capacitor 1
2. Lamp load 1
3. Ammeter 0-5 / 10 A 1
4. Voltmeter 0-150 / 300 V 1
5. Wattmeter 0-5 / 10 A, 0-150 / 1
300V
6. Wires L.S.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

PRECAUTIONS: -

4) Before connecting the circuits see that the main switch is OFF.
5) Please observe safety precautions as you are working on “LIVE WIRE”.
6) Before disconnecting the circuits see that the main switch is OFF.

PROCEDURE: -

10) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

11) Switch ON the supply.
12) Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter reading for different loads.
13) Take 3 to 4 readings by repeating above steps.
14) Draw the phasor diagram taking proper scale.
15) Calculate the total impedance of the circuit.
16) Calculate the total power consumed in the circuit.
17) Compare it with the measured power.
18) Also calculate the power factor of the circuit for each reading.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. Current Supply Voltage Voltage Wattmeter

No. I (Amp) Voltage across across Readings
(Vs R C (W watts)
volts) (VR volts) (VC volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

COMPUTATION TABLE: -

Sr. R = V R / XC = V C Z = V S / I COS Ø = R C = 1 / 2πf Total Total

No. I /I Ω /Z XC power power
Ω Ω (analytical (Graphical
method) method)
W = VS I
COS Ø
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: -
f) R = VR / I =__________ Ω
g) XC = VC / I =__________ Ω
h) Z = VS / I = __________ Ω
i) Power factor COS Ø = R/Z = W/VI = __________
j) Inductance of coil, C = 1 / 2πf XC = _____________

CONCLUSION: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO. : -6
AIM: - Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC series circuit and also
draw relevant phasor diagram.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

1) Measure the voltage drop across resistance, inductance and capacitance when
connected in series.
2) Draw the phasor diagram of series R-L-C circuit and compare the experimental
and theoretical results.
3) Find out value of resistance, inductance and capacitance.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -

The response of electric circuits to sinusoidal excitation is of great importance as

all the electrical energy generated today is in the form of sinusoidal wave form even a
non sinusoidal periodic waveform can be represented as series of sinusoidal.
We considered the case of an a.c. voltage source across a series R-L-C circuit.
The current considered as the reference phase. The applied voltage required to
overcome the drop across the resistor is in phase with the current and it ties along the
current phasor. The voltage across an inductance must lead the current by 90°. After
performing this experiment we will be able to know the change in power and power factor
by changing R and L.

RATIONALE: -
Before performing this experiment we should have additional knowledge about the
characteristics and properties of resistor, inductor and capacitor. In R –L-C series circuit
the sum of voltage drop across elements is not equal to the supplied voltage but it is the
vector sum of all voltage drops. Voltage drop across resistance is given by I R., voltage
drop across capacitor I XC, where XC = 1/2πfC and across inductor I XL, where XL =
2πfL. It shows that inductive reactance is directly proportional to supply frequency and
capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency. Current leads the voltage by
90° in case of capacitor.
Here the total power consumed in R-L-C circuit is given by,
P = V I COS Ø

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipment / Specifications Quantity
No. Apparatus Required
1. Lamp board 10 Lamps, 100 W 1 No.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

2. Choke coil 0-10 A, variable inductance 1 No.

3. Capacitor 4kVAR / 400 V A.C. , 50 Hz 1 No.
4. Voltmeters 0-250 – 500 V M.I. type 4 No.
5. Ammeter 0-10 A M. I. type 1 No.
6. Watt meter 2.5 kW range dynamometer 1 No.
type
7. Variac 1-Ø, 10 A, 250 Volts variable 1 No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

- Series R-L-C Circuit

POWER TRIANGLE: -

In AC series circuits the opposition to current flow is impedance, Z which has two
components, resistance R and reactance X and from these two components we can
construct an impedance triangle.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

- Individual Voltage Vectors

PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT: -

The phasor diagram for a series RLC circuit is produced by combining together
the three individual phasor above and adding these voltages vectorially. Since the
current flowing through the circuit is common to all three circuit elements we can use this
as the reference vector with the three voltage vectors drawn relative to this at their
corresponding angles. The resulting vector VS is obtained by adding together two of the
vectors, VL and VC and then adding this sum to the remaining vector VR. The resulting
angle obtained between VS and i will be the circuits phase angle as shown below.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

PRECAUTIONS: -

1) Before connecting the circuit, see that the main switch is OFF.
2) Be careful as you are working on ‘LIVE LINE’.
3) Check that all connections are proper & tight.
4) Check that switch is OFF before disconnecting circuit.
5) Discharge the capacitor before disconnecting it to avoid electric shock.
6) The component value should be so chosen that:
a) The current through the resistance and the choke are with the rated values.
b) The voltage across the condenser does not exceed the rated values.
c) When VL = VC sufficient resistance should be kept in the circuit.
7) Use a higher range voltmeter than rated voltage across inductance and
capacitance under resonance condition.

PROCEDURE: -

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2) Switch ON the supply and measure voltage across resistance, inductance and
capacitance and total voltage. Also note VS, I and wattmeter readings.
3) Change the resistance and inductance and take 4 to 5 sets of readings.
4) Note down the reading in observation table.
5) Compare it with actual readings of VS.
6) Find the component values R, L, C and P.F. using formulas and note down in
computation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. Current Supply Voltage Voltage Voltage Power

No. I (Amp) Voltage across across across W
VS Inductance Resistance Capacitance (Watt)
(Volt) VL (Volt) VR (Volt) VC (Volt)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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COMPUTATION TABLE: -
Sr. R = XL = V L Xc = V c / I Z = VS / I L = XL / C = COS Ø Total
No. VR / I /I Ω Ω 2πf 1/2πfXc = R/Z Power
Ω Ω Henry Farad W = VS I
COS Ø
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: -
a) R = VR / I =__________ Ω
b) XL = VL / I =__________ Ω
c) XC = VC / I =__________ Ω
d) Z = VS / I = __________ Ω
e) Power factor COS Ø = R/Z = W/VI = __________
f) Inductance of coil, L = XL / 2πf = _____________ Henry
g) Capacitance of coil, C = I /2πfXc =____________ Farad

CONCLUSION: -

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A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO. : - 7

AIM: - Identify of electrical components (R, L, C) using high frequency generator.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

1) Vary and read/ measure the frequency of the voltage being applied to the circuit.
2) Calculate the magnitude of R, XL and XC at different frequency from the voltmeter,
ammeter readings.
3) Identify the types of the given circuit parameters.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -

In actual practice, sometimes we required to identify the nature of circuit

parameters when they are not physically visible. The present experience tries to simulate
this condition.
We know that the value of the pure resistance is not affected by the variation of
frequency but the value of inductive reactance (XL = 2πfL) increases with increased in
frequency while the value of capacitive reactance (XC =1/ 2πfC) decreases with increase
in frequency. It is the properly which can be made use of in identifying the nature of
circuit elements.

RATIONALE: -

Before performing this experiment, we should know the properties, characteristics

and nature of working of three basic elements: Resistance, Inductor and Capacitor for
electrical engineering. What happens when A.C. voltage of variable frequency applied
across them? In case of inductance as XL = 2πfL, hence as frequency changes XL
changes and hence current increases and vice versa. In case of capacitor X C =1/ 2πfC
i.e. as frequency increases XC decreases and hence current also decreases and vice
versa. Identification of components can be made on this basis.

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. No. Equipment / Apparatus Specifications Quantity

Required
1. Sine wave signal Audit frequency 1 No.
generator range
2. Audio frequency 0- 100 mA range 1 No.
ammeter
3. A.C. Voltmeter 0-15 V range 1 No.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 25

A.C.CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipment / Apparatus Specifications Quantity

No. Required
1. Lamp board 10 Lamps, 100 W 1 No.
2. Choke coil 0-10 A, variable inductance 1 No.
3. Capacitor 4kVAR / 400 V A.C. , 50 Hz 1 No.
4. Voltmeters 0-250 – 500 V M.I. type 4 No.
5. Ammeter 0-10 A M. I. type 1 No.
6. Watt meter 2.5 kW range dynamometer 1 No.
type
7. Variac 1-Ø, 10 A, 250 Volts variable 1 No.

PRECAUTIONS: -

1) Check that connections are proper & tight.

2) Use proper values of R, L and C for this experiment.

PROCEDURE: -

1) Connect the circuit and ammeter and voltmeter as shown in circuit diagram
making use of terminals 1 & 2.
2) Set the oscillator output 10 V of a particular frequency and note down the
readings of ammeter & voltmeter.
3) Keeping the oscillator output voltage fixed at 10 V, change the frequency to
different values and find the value of circuit elements from A & V reading. Take 3
to 4 such readings at different frequencies.
4) Calculate the value of resistance / reactance of the circuit element from the
reading of Ammeter and Voltmeter.
5) Note down the value of the frequencies in each case.
6) Repeat the above steps taking terminals 3 and 4 and then terminals 5 and 6,
keeping same set of frequency values in the first case.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 26

A.C.CIRCUIT

OBSERVATION / CALCULATION TABLE: -

TABLE - A

Sr. Terminal Oscillator Frequency Current Ratio of Type of

No. No. Output (f) (I) (V/I) Components
Voltage (V)
1. 1&2
2.
TABLE – B

Sr. Terminal Oscillator Frequency Current Ratio of Type of

No. No. Output (f) (I) (V/I) Components
Voltage (V)
1. 3&4
2.

TABLE – C

Sr. Terminal Oscillator Frequency Current Ratio of Type of

No. No. Output (f) (I) (V/I) Components
Voltage (V)
1. 5&6
2.

CONCLUSION: -

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 27

A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO. : - 8

AIM: - Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC parallel circuit and
also draw relevant phasor diagram.

OBJECTIVES: -

After completing this experiment, we will be able to:

4) Measure the voltage drop across resistance, inductance and capacitance when
connected in parallel.
5) Draw the phasor diagram of parallel R-L-C circuit and compare the experimental
and theoretical results.
6) Find out value of resistance, inductance and capacitance.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -

The response of electric circuits to sinusoidal excitation is of great importance as

all the electrical energy generated today is in the form of sinusoidal wave form even a
non sinusoidal periodic waveform can be represented as series of sinusoidal.
We considered the case of an a.c. voltage source across a parallel R-L-C circuit.
The current considered as the reference phase. n the above parallel RLC circuit, we can
see that the supply voltage, VS is common to all three components whilst the supply
current IS consists of three parts. The current flowing through the resistor IR, current
flowing through the inductor IL and the current flowing through the capacitor IC.

RATIONALE: -

Before performing this experiment we should have additional knowledge about the
characteristics and properties of resistor, inductor and capacitor. In R –L-C parallel circuit
the sum of voltage drop across elements is not equal to the supplied voltage but it is the
vector sum of all voltage drops. Voltage drop across resistance is given by I R., voltage
drop across capacitor I XC, where XC = 1/2πfC and across inductor I XL, where XL =
2πfL. It shows that inductive reactance is directly proportional to supply frequency and
capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency. Current leads the voltage by
90° in case of capacitor. Current lags the voltage by 90° in case of Inductor.
Here the total power consumed in R-L-C circuit is given by,
P = V I COS Ø.

EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipment / Specifications Quantity
No. Apparatus Required

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 28

A.C.CIRCUIT

1. Lamp board 10 Lamps, 100 W 1 No.

2. Choke coil 0-10 A, variable inductance 1 No.
3. Capacitor 4kVAR / 400 V A.C. , 50 Hz 1 No.
4. Voltmeters 0-250 – 500 V M.I. type 4 No.
5. Ammeter 0-10 A M. I. type 1 No.
6. Watt meter 2.5 kW range dynamometer 1 No.
type
7. Variac 1-Ø, 10 A, 250 Volts variable 1 No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

- Parallel R-L-C Circuit

POWER TRIANGLE: -
In a parallel RLC circuit, admittance, Y also has two components:
conductance, G and susceptance, B this makes it possible to construct an admittance
triangle that has a horizontal conductance axis, G and a vertical susceptance axis, jB as
shown.

PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR A PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

Since the voltage across the circuit is common to all three circuit elements we can
use this as the reference vector with the three current vectors drawn relative to this at
their corresponding angles. The resulting vector IS is obtained by adding together two of

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 29

A.C.CIRCUIT

the vectors, IL and IC and then adding this sum to the remaining vector IR. The resulting
angle obtained between V and IS will be the circuits phase angle as shown below.

PRECAUTIONS: -

1) Before connecting the circuit, see that the main switch is OFF.
2) Be careful as you are working on ‘LIVE LINE’.
3) Check that all connections are proper & tight.
4) Check that switch is OFF before disconnecting circuit.
5) Discharge the capacitor before disconnecting it to avoid electric shock.
6) The component value should be so chosen that:
d) The current through the resistance and the choke are with the rated values.
e) The voltage across the condenser does not exceed the rated values.
f) When VL = VC sufficient resistance should be kept in the circuit.
7) Use a higher range voltmeter than rated voltage across inductance and
capacitance under resonance condition.

PROCEDURE: -

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2) Switch ON the supply and measure voltage across resistance, inductance and
capacitance and total voltage. Also note VS, I and wattmeter readings.
3) Change the resistance and inductance and take 4 to 5 sets of readings.
4) Note down the reading in observation table.
5) Compare it with actual readings of VS.
6) Find the component values R, L, C and P.F. using formulas and note down in
computation table.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

OBSERVATION TABLE: -
Sr. Current Supply Current in Current in Voltage
No. I (Amp) Voltage Inductance Resistance across
VS IL(Amp) IR (Amp) Capacitance
(Volt) IC (Amp)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

COMPUTATION TABLE: -
Sr. R = VS / XL = VS / XC = VS / Z = VS / L = XL / C = COS Ø Total
No. IR IL IC IS 2πf 1/2πfXc = R/Z Power
Ω Ω Ω Ω Henry Farad W = V S IS
COS Ø
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SAMPLE CALCULATION: -
a) R = VS / IR =__________ Ω
b) XL = VS / IL =__________ Ω
c) XC = VS / IC =__________ Ω
d) Z = VS / IS = __________ Ω
e) Power factor COS Ø = R/Z = W/VI = __________
f) Inductance of coil, L = XL / 2πf = _____________ Henry
g) Capacitance of coil, C = I /2πfXc =____________ Farad

CONCLUSION: -

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 31

A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: - 9
AIM: - Test Voltage and Current relation for 3-phase star – delta connections.
OBJECTIVES: -
After completing this experiment, we will be able to:
1) Understand 3- phase star inter connection and 3 – phase delta connection.
2) Establish relations between line voltage and phase voltage and the line current
and phase current in STAR and DELTA connections.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: -

A Poly phase system consists of two or more equal voltage with fixed phase
differences which supply power to different types of loads. Connection of ends A, B and
C results in a star connected as shown in Fig., while connections of A and B, B and C, C
and A results in a delta connection as shown in Fig.
In the star connection the phase and line currents are equal and line to line
voltage is √3 times of the phase voltage.
The delta connection results in equal line and phase voltage but phase current are
√3 times the line current.
In balanced DELTA connected resistive loads,
VL = VPh and IL = √3 IPh and
P = √3 VL IL COS Ø.
In balanced STAR connected resistive loads,
VL = √3 VPh and IL = IPh and
P = √3 VL IL COS Ø.

RATIONALE: -

Before performing this experiment we should have an idea of poly phase

generation and its advantages. Also we should know the relations between line voltage
and phase voltage and line currents and phase current in star and delta connections.
In star connection line current IL is equal to phase current IPh and line voltage VL is
equal to √3 VPh (phase voltage) where as in case of Delta connection line current I L is
equal to √3 IPh (phase current) and line voltage VL is equal to phase voltage VPh . The
total power consumed in load is given by P = √3 VL IL COS Ø in both the cases.

EQUIPMENTS / MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

Sr. Equipments / Apparatus Specifications Quantity required
No.
1. Lamp Loads 10 Lamps of 100W 3 Nos.
2. Ammeter 0-5 A, M.I. type 6 Nos.
3. Voltmeter 0-250 V/ 500 V MI type 2 Nos.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 32

A.C.CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
(A) STAR CONNECTION: -

(B) DELTA CONNECTION: -

PRECAUTIONS: -
1) Care should be taken to see that the resistive loads are balanced.
2) Care should be taken to see that two phase are not short circuited.
3) Check that all connections are properly tight.
4) If lamp load is used with 415 V, 3 phase supply, two lamps must be connected
in series.

PROCEDURE: -
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. A.
2) Measure the line voltage (VL), Line current (IL), Phase voltage (VPh) and Phase
current (IPh) for balanced STAR connection.
3) Note down the readings in observation table.
4) Take 3 to 4 sets of readings by increasing equal load in each phase.
5) Establish the relationship between VL and VPh and IL and IPh for star connections
and compare with theoretical values.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 33

A.C.CIRCUIT

6) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. B.

7) Measure the line voltage (VL), Line current (IL), Phase voltage (VPh) and Phase
current (IPh) for balanced DELTA connection.
8) Take 3 to 4 sets of readings by increasing equal load in each phase.
9) Establish the relationship between VL and VPh and IL and IPh for delta connections
and compare with theoretical values.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -
(A) STAR CONNECTION
Sr. VL IL VPh IPh
No. (Volts) (Amp) (Volts) (Amp)
1.
2.
3.
4.

(B) DELTA CONNECTIONS

Sr. VL IL VPh IPh
No. (Volts) (Amp) (Volts) (Amp)
1.
2.
3.
4.

RESULT: -
A) For STAR connection
VL = _________ VPh, IL = _________ IPh
B) For DELTA connection
VL = _________ VPh, IL = _________ IPh

CONCLUSION: -

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 34

A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: - 10
AIM: - To study Active and Reactive Power in Polyphase circuit.

THEORY: -

In ac circuits, power is measured with the help of wattmeter. A watt meter

principally consists of two coils: one is called the current coil, and the other the pressure
or voltage coil. A diagrammatic representation of a wattmeter connected to measure
power in a single phase circuit is shown in Fig.

The coil represented with less number of turns between M and L is the current
coil, which is connected in series with the load and has very low resistance. The coil with
more number of turns between common terminal (C) and the terminal V is the pressure
coil, which is connected across the load and has high resistance. The load voltage is
impressed across the pressure coil. The terminal M denotes mains side (supply side), L
denotes load side, C denotes the common point of current coil and pressure coil, and V
denotes second terminal of the pressure coil. When the current flows through the two
coils, they set up magnetic fields in space. An electromagnetic torque is produced by the
interaction of the magnetic fields. Under the influence of the torque, one of the coils
(which is movable) moves on a calibrated scale against the action of spring. The
instantaneous torque produced by electromagnetic action is proportional to the product
of the instantaneous values of the currents in the two coils. The small current in the
pressure coil is equal to the input voltage divided by the impedance of the pressure coil.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 35

A.C.CIRCUIT

The inertia of the moving system does not permit it to follow the instantaneous fluctuation
in torque. The watt meter deflection is therefore proportional to average power (V I COS
Ø) delivered to the circuit. Sometime a wattmeter connected in the circuit to measure
power gives downscale reading or backward deflection. This is due to improper
connection of the current coil and pressure coil. To obtain upscale reading, the terminal
marked as C of the pressure coil is connected to one of the terminals of the current coil.
Even with proper connections, sometimes the watt meter will give down scale through
the current coil is more than 90°. In such a case connections of either the current coil or
the pressure coil must be reversed.

The instantaneous power in each phase is the product of instantaneous voltage

and current in that phase. The instantaneous power for all the three phases are plotted
in Fig.

(I) APPARENT POWER:

The apparent power or volt – amperes in a single phase circuit is given by the
expression,
S 1-Ø = VI VA (Volt Amperes) ………….. (i)
The total volt amperes consumed by a three phase whether balanced or
unbalanced is given by the sum of the volt- amperes in each phase. If the load is
balanced, the total volt amperes will be three tomes the volt amperes per phase i.e.
S 3-Ø = 3S 1-Ø = 3 VPh IPh …………… (ii)
Where, VPh and IPh are the RMS value of phase voltage and phase current.
The total volt amperes can also be calculated in terms of line values of voltage
and current.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 36

A.C.CIRCUIT

For a STAR connection:

VL = √3 VPh and IL = IPh
Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get
S 3-Ø = 3S 1-Ø = 3× × IL
= √3 VL IL …………… (iii)

For a DELTA connection:

VL = VPh and IL = √3 IPh
Substituting these values in equation (ii), we have
S 3-Ø = 3S 1-Ø = 3× × VL
= √3 VL IL …………… (iv)
Hence, for both star and delta connections (balanced)
S 3-Ø = √3 VL IL ……………. (v)

(II) ACTIVE POWER (P) :

Power in a single phase circuit is given by

P 1-Ø = VI COS Ø ……………. (vi)
Power consumed by a 3-phase load whether balanced or unbalanced, is equal
to the sum of power of each phase. For a balanced load, the total power is equal
to three times the power per phase because the power consumed is the same in
each phase due to balanced system. Thus,
P 3-Ø = 3P 1-Ø ……………. (vii)
= 3 VPh IPh COS Ø W ……………. (viii)
Where, Ø is the phase angle between VPh and IPh . it is also the phase angle
of the load. If R is the resistance, X the reactance and Z the impedance of the
load, then
Z = √ (R2 + X2) and ……………. (ix)
COS Ø = R / Z ……………. (x)

The total active power can be calculated in terms of line values.

For a STAR connection:

VL = √3 VPh and IL = IPh
Substituting these values in equation (viii), we get
P 3-Ø = 3P 1-Ø = 3× × IL × COS Ø
= √3 VL IL COS Ø …………… (xi)

For a DELTA connection:

VL = VPh and IL = √3 IPh

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 37

A.C.CIRCUIT

Substituting these values in equation (ii), we have

P 3-Ø = 3P 1-Ø = 3× × VL COS Ø
= √3 VL IL COS Ø …………… (xii)

(III) REACTIVE POWER (Q):

Reactive volt-amperes in a single-phase circuit is given by

Q 1-Ø = VI Sin Ø VAR …………… (xiii)

Reactive volt-amperes of a three – phase load, either balanced or unbalanced

are equal to the sum of the reactive volt-amperes of each phase. For the balanced
load or the system, the total volt- amperes are equal to three times the volt-
amperes per phase, that is
Q 3-Ø = 3 Q 1-Ø
= 3 VPh IPh Sin Ø VAR ……………
(xiv)
In terms of line values for both delta and star connections,
Q 3-Ø = √ 3 VPh IPh Sin Ø VAR …………… (xv)

For measuring power in a polyphase system more than one wattmeter is required
or more than one reading are made by one wattmeter. The first method is more
convenient and the number of watt meters required to measure power in a given poly
phase system is determined by Blondel’s theorem.
According to Blondel, a French engineer.
When power is supplied by K- wire ac system, the number of watt meters required
to measure power is one less than the number of wires i.e. (K - 1), regardless the load is
balanced or unbalanced.
Hence, three watt meters are required to measure power in three phase, four wire
system, whereas, only two watt meters are required in 3-phase, 3-wire system.

MEASUREMENT OF REACTIVE POWER: -

Using two wattmeter method, power consumed is √3 VL IL COS Ø which is the

actual power consumed in a three –phase balanced load.
The connection diagram for a three phase balanced load connected in star is
shown in Fig. (a).

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 38

A.C.CIRCUIT

The difference between higher reading wattmeter W 1 and lower reading wattmeter
W2 yields VL IL Sin Ø.
So, W 1 – W 2 = VL IL Sin Ø ……………. (a)
We know that total reactive power,
Q = √3 VL IL Sin Ø
= √3 (W 1 – W 2) ……………. (b)
Thus, total reactive power is equal to √ 3 times the difference of wattmeter
readings.
Reactive power in a balanced three phase load can be calculated by using a single
wattmeter.
As shown in Fig. (a), the current coil of the watt meters is connected any one line
(R in this case) and the pressure coil across the other two lines (between R and Y in this
case). Assuming phase sequence RYB and the inductive load of phase angle Ø, the
phasor diagram for the circuit in Fig. (a) is shown in Fig. (b).

- Fig. (b) Phasor Diagram for a measurement of Reactive power

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 39

A.C.CIRCUIT

From Fig. (a), it is clear that the wattmeter power is proportional to the product of
current through its current coil, IR, voltage across the pressure coil VYB and cosine of the
angle between
VYB and IR
Or
VYB = VYN – VBN = VL
From the phasor diagram, the angle between VYB and IR is (90 - Ø) °
So, Wattmeter reading, W = VYB IR Cos (90 - Ø) °
= VL IL Sin Ø ……………. (c)
If the above expression is multiplied by √3, we get the total reactive power in the load.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 40

A.C.CIRCUIT

EXPERIMENT NO.: - 11
AIM: - To study about resonance frequency and resonant impedance in R-L-C series
circuit.

SERIES RESONANCE IN R-L-C CIRCUIT: -

Consider a series R-L-C circuit connected to a variable frequency sinusoidal
voltage source as shown in Fig. (i)... In a series R-L-C circuit, the current lags behind or
leads the applied voltage depending upon the values of XL and XC. XL causes the total
current to lag behind the applied voltage, while XC causes the total current to lead the
applied voltage. When XL > XC, the circuit is predominantly Inductive and when XC > XL,
the circuit is predominantly capacitive. However, if one of the parameters of the R-L-C
circuit is varied in such a way that the current in the circuit is in phase with the applied
voltage, then the circuit is said to be in Resonance.

Referring the above Fig. (i)

The total impedance of the circuit,
Z = R + j XL - j XC ……………… (i)
= R + j (XL - XC) ……………… (ii)
= R + j (ωL - ) ……………… (iii)
The current in the circuit is given by

Fig. (ii) Shows the variation of inductive and capacitive reactance as the
frequency f of the voltage source is varied.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 41

A.C.CIRCUIT

-
Fig (I)

When f = 0, the inductive reactance XL (= 2πfL) is zero and the capacitive

reactance XC (= ) in infinite. As the frequency increases and capacitive reactance
decreases till at a frequency f r, the two reactance become equal. With further increase in
frequency, the inductive reactance becomes more than the capacitive reactance. The net
reactance X = XL + XC of the circuit is also plotted in Fig. (ii). at the frequency f r, the net
reactance of the circuit is zero. At the frequency (f r), the impedance of the circuit is equal
to the resistance R and the current in the circuit is equal to . This frequency is known as
resonance frequency and the circuit under this condition is said to be in Resonance. The
resonance frequency is calculated by equating the inductive and capacitive reactance.
Thus, at resonance,
XL = ωr L = 2 π fr L
And XC = 1/ ωr C = π
Since for Resonance,
2 π fr L = π Or fr = π
Here, fr is the frequency of resonance i.e. if the circuit has fixed values of R, L and
C, resonance will take place if the supply frequency is equal to f r (= π ) when the
impedance of the circuit is purely resistive. From the above expression, it is obvious that
the value of resonance frequency depends on the parameters of the two energy –
storing elements.

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A.C.CIRCUIT

- Vector Diagram

- Fig. (ii) Phasor Diagram

Phasor diagrams for the series R-L-C circuit shown in Fig. (iii) At three different
frequencies i.e. (a) f < fr, (b) f = fr and (c) f > fr with L and C kept constants are shown in
Fig. (ii)(a),(b) and (c) respectively.
For any frequency lower than resonance frequency fr, inductive reactance XL is
less than the capacitive reactance XC and so the circuit behave as a capacitive circuit
with leading power factor. Similarly, for any frequency higher than resonance frequency,
inductive reactance is larger than the capacitive reactance and so the circuit behaves as
an inductive circuit. When frequency to the applied voltage is equal to the resonance
frequency, the inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance, the voltage drop
across inductor is equal to the voltage drop across capacitor in magnitude but opposite
in phase, and therefore the circuit current I is in phase with the applied voltage i.e. the
circuit behaves as a purely resistive circuit.
When the circuit is in resonance, the impedance of the circuit is minimum and
hence the current is maximum possible for a given value of R. this current at resonance,

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 43

A.C.CIRCUIT

will produce large voltage drop across inductance and capacitance, which will be equal
in magnitude but opposite in phase and each may be several times greater than the
applied voltage. If resistance R would have not been present in the circuit, such a circuit
would act like a short circuit to currents of frequency to which it resonates.
Since in this resonance condition, the voltage is maximum so it is called the
voltage resonance. The series resonance is also called as an acceptor circuit because
such a circuit accepts currents at one particular frequency but rejects currents of other
frequencies. Such circuits are used in radio – receivers.

The current at resonance is and is independent of the magnitudes of XL and XC.

If the values of XL and XC at resonance frequency are large, VL and VC may assume very
high values. It has been found that at resonance V L and VC can many times greater than
the supply voltage.

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT R.C.T.I. SOLA AHMEDABAD 44