EX.

NO: CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE USING

DATE: DEAD WEIGHT TESTER

AIM:

To calibrate a pressure gauge using a dead weight tester

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

a) Dead weight tester.

b) Pressure gauge

FORMULA USED:

Absolute Error= (Standard value –Measured value)

%Accuracy or %Error = ((Standard value-Measured Value)/ Standard Value)) *100

PRE-REQUISITES:

a) Ensure that the oil level in the dead weight tester reservoir is sufficient.
b) Fix the pressure gauge in the dead weight tester; ensure that there should be no
leakage. Use Teflon tape to avoid leakage.

THEORY:

The measurement and control of pressure is very important in almost all chemical
and petro chemical industries, power plants and other industries. Many of the processes in
these industries use liquids, gases, steam, etc.,

PRESSURE

Pressure is defined as force applied for unit area, mathematically, pressure is expressed as
P=F/A where, p=Pressure, F=force, A=area.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

C-TYPE BOURDON TUBE:

TYPES OF PRESSURE:

a) Gauge pressure
b) Absolute pressure
c) Atmospheric pressure
d) Vacuum pressure
e) Differential pressure

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CALIBRATION:

1) Before calibrating the instrument, check for any physical damage to the instrument.
2) Check whether the instrument is working or not in the following manner
a) For digital instruments, switch on power
b) for analog instruments, set pointer deflection.
3) Clean the switch contacts, potentiometer if any by cleaning agent.
4) Give at least half an hour warm up time for all power on instrument and for regulated
power supply before starting calibration.

PROCEDURE:

1. Read and note the pressure gauge range.

2. Check the oil in dead weight pressure tester.
3. Check the gauge connection, type of thread and size.
4. Fix the gauge in the dead weight tester.
5. Close the releasing valve and open the priming value.
6. Ensure there is no leak of oil.
7. Ensure zero and full scale range.
8. On the weight piston, place the maximum weight equal to the range of the gauge for
example, if the range of the range is (0-10) kg/cm2, a weight equivalent 10 kg/cm2 is
chosen.
9. Then check whether the meter shows the equal measurement that is, 10kg/cm2.
10. If not, adjust the span adjustment.
11. Similarly, try doing for the minimum weight also that is 2 kg/cm2. If not, adjust the zero
adjustment.
12. So that in two to three iterations, of step 8 to 11, the initial and the final values become
proper.
Thus the instrument is calibrated.
 MODEL GRAPH:

HYSTERISIS GRAPH

WITH HYSTERISIS: WITHOUT HYSTERISIS:

upscale

Measured
pressure Measured
downscale pressure

Applied pressure Applied pressure

CALIBRATION GRAPH

UPSCALE: DOWNSCALE:

Correct slope Correct Slope

(After Calibration) (After Calibration)

Measured
pressure Measured
Incorrect Slope pressure Incorrect Slope
(Before Calibration) (Before Calibration)

Applied pressure Applied pressure

BEFORE CALIBRATION: (As Found)

UP SCALE :

APPLIED MEASURED PRESSURE ABSOLUTE %ACCURACY

PRESSURE (Kg/cm2) UP SCALE ERROR Or
(Kg/cm2) %ERROR

DOWN SCALE:

APPLIED MEASURED PRESSURE ABSOLUTE % ACCURACY

PRESSURE (Kg/cm2) DOWN SCALE ERROR OR
(Kg/cm2) % ERROR
AFTER CALIBRATION: (As Left)

UP SCALE :

APPLIED MEASURED PRESSURE ABSOLUTE % ACCURACY

PRESSURE (Kg/cm2) UP SCALE ERROR Or
%ERROR
(Kg/cm2)

DOWN SCALE:

APPLIED MEASURED ABSOLUTE % ACCURACY

PRESSURE PRESSURE (Kg/cm2) ERROR Or
(Kg/cm2) DOWN SCALE %ERROR
Model calculation :

BEFORE CALIBRATION

READING NO:

AFTER CALIBRATION

READING NO:

RESULT

Thus the pressure gauge is calibrated using Dead Weight Tester.

EX. NO:
DATE: CALIBRATION OF MERCURY MANOMETER USING
WATER COLUMN MANOMETER

AIM:

To calibrate mercury manometer using water column manometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Manometer.
2. Pressure gauge.

FORMULA USED :

mm of Hg = 0.0735*mm of H2O

Absolute Error = (Standard value –Measured value)

%Accuracy or %error = ((Standard value –Measured value) /Standard Value)* 100

PREREQUISTES:

1. Ensure proper pneumatic air condition connection.

2. Before starting the equipment convert the equivalent mm of Hg reading using the
conversion table.

GENERAL INSTRUMENTS FOR CALIBRATION:

Before calibration of the instruments check for any physical change to instrument
Check whether the instrument is working or not in the following manner.

1. For digital instruments, switch on power.

2. For analog instruments, set points deflection.
3. Clean the switch contacts, potentiometer if any by cleaning agent.
4. Give at least half an hour warm up time for all power on instruments and for
regulated power supply before starting calibration.
5. Analog instrument ensure zero before starting the calibration.
6. Parallel error is to be avoided.

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure proper pneumatic conditions

2. Apply the pressure to the water column manometer.
3. Accordingly note down the readings in the mercury column manometer.
4. Calculate the standard values by using the given conversion tabular column.
5. Calculate the percentage of accuracy and absolute error.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fine regulator
output

H2O
Hg manometer
manometer
input
input

CONVERSION TABULAR COLUMN:

MODEL GRAPH:

mm of standard
Hg

Practical

mm of H2O
CALIBRATION POINTS:

1. Instrument used as master for calibration from government approved laboratory. Many of the
process in these industries use liquids, gases, steam etc.., which requires highly accurate
measurements and control of pressure for trouble free and safe operation. The instruments to be
calibrated for all ranges.
2. Range which cannot be calibrated or for which accuracy of the instrument is not as per
requirement must be indicated on the instruments itself as well as in records.
3. For analog instruments calibration of an instrument should be performing at
25%,50%,75%,100% of the range being calibrated. Reading should be recorded at the same
point while increasing and decreasing for hysteresis(if any).
4. For digital instruments calibration should be performed at 25%,50%,75%,90% of the range
being calibrated.

MANOMETER:

Manometer is also called a liquid column manometer and is used for low differential pressure
measurement. The usual range of pressure that falls for this device is around 0.2 MPa or 2 Kg/cm2.
This device is used for most cases as it is very simple in construction and highly accurate of all the
types.
There are basically two types of manometers.

1. U-Tube Manometer
2. Well Type Manometer

Liquid manometers measure differential pressure by balancing the weight of a liquid between two
pressures. Light liquids such as water can measure small pressure differences; mercury or other
heavy liquids are used for large pressure differences. For an indicating fluid 3 times heavier than
water, the pressure measurement range is 3 times greater, but the resolution is reduced.

Indicating fluids can be colored water, oil, benzenes, bromides, and pure mercury. When selecting
an indicating fluid, check the specifications for specific gravity, operating temperature range,
vapor pressure, and flash point. Corrosive properties, solubility, and toxicity are also
considerations.
 CALIBRATION USING WATER COLUMN MANOMETER:

Water Column Accuracy(%)

Manometer Or
(mm of H2O) Hg column manometer(mm of Hg) Absolute Error = Error(%)

Standard Value –

Practical Reading

Standard Value Practical Reading

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
Thus the mercury manometer is calibrated using water column manometer.
EX.NO:
DATE: STUDY OF VACUUM MEASUREMENT

AIM:

The basic idea of experiment is how vacuum is being created and measured

1. Vacuum pump to create vacuum.

2. Vacuum gauge to measure vacuum.

PRE-REQUISTIES:

1. 230V AC supply for vacuum supplypump.

2. Proper tubing connection.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on power supply to vacuum pump and wait for 1min so that pump can
develop full vacuum.
2. After 1min see reading in vacuum gauge.

THEORY:
The vacuum level is determined by the pressure differential between the evacuated volume and
the surrounding atmosphere. Several units of measure can be used. Most refer to the height of a
column of mercury, usually inches of mercury (in. of Hg) or millimeters of mercury (mm of
Hg). The common metric unit for vacuum measurement is the millibar, or mbar.

Other pressure units sometimes used to express vacuum include the interrelated units of
atmospheres, torr and microns. One standard atmosphere equals 14.7 psi (29.92 in. of Hg). Any
fraction of an atmosphere is a partial vacuum and equates with negative gauge pressure. A torr is
defined as 1/760 of an atmosphere and can also be thought of as 1 mm of Hg, where 760 mm of
Hg equals 29.92 in. of Hg. Even smaller is the micron, defined as 0.001 torr.

However, these units are used most often when dealing with near-perfect vacuums, usually
under laboratory conditions, and seldom in fluid power applications.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Vacuum Pump
Outlet

Hg manometer
Vacuum
Gauge (Vacuum)

CALIBERATION FOR VACCUM MEASUREMENT:

Meter reading(mm of Hg)

Vacuum measurement
Using manometer Upscale Downscale
(mm of Hg)
MODEL GRAPH:

WITH HYSTERISIS: WITHOUT HYSTERISIS:

Using manometer( mm of Hg) Using manometer( mm of Hg)

Using meter
downscale Using meter reading ( mm of
reading ( mm of Hg)
Hg)

upscale

RESULT:

Thus the vacuum measurement is done using mercury manometer.