Wave Guides

Lecture 34-35

Dr. Navneet Gupta

A waveguide is a hollow pipe, usually rectangular, of
specific dimensions, used as a transmission medium for
guiding microwaves.

WAVEGUIDES TRANSMISION LINES

Give larger BW and lower signal At microwave frequencies ;T-line

attenuation become inefficient as a result of
skin effect and dielectric losses
Waveguide can operate only
above a certain frequency
(called cut-off frequency).

Act as a high-pass filter

Dr. Navneet Gupta 2
General Wave Behaviour along Uniform Guiding Structure

 
 Ek E 0
2 2

and
 
 H k H 0
2 2

where
k   

Dr. Navneet Gupta 3

 TEM

Same as the propagation constant of a

uniform plane wave in an unbounded medium

Phase velocity and impedance of

TEM wave are independent of the
frequency of the waves.

TEM waves cannot exist in a single-

conductor hollow (or dielectric filled)
waveguide of any shape.

Dr. Navneet Gupta 4

Dr. Navneet Gupta 5
 c
c

f  fc f  fc

 fc 
2 kc f2
Z TM   1    ZTM j 1 2
 fc
 f 
Purely resistive and ZTM < η Purely reactive. No power flow
Dr. Navneet Gupta 6
 f  fc

Z TE 
2
f 
1   c 
 f 

Purely resistive and ZTE > η

Dr. Navneet Gupta 7

Lecture 35 Infinite Parallel Plate Waveguide
TM waves between parallel plates: • Assumptions:
– Wave is propagating in +z-direction (For
TM waves; Hz =0)
– Plates are infinite in extent in the x-
direction.
– Field do not vary in x-direction and edge
effects are negligible.
– We write the phasor Ez(y,z) as Ez(y)e -γz

The mode having the lowest cut-off

frequency is called the dominant mode.

d 2 Ez ( y)
 c Ez ( y)  0
2
2
k
dy
zero
 ny  Non-zero field
E z ( y )  An sin   component
 b 
zero
Amplitude (depend on the excitation
of the particular TM wave)
Cut-off Frequency: TM0 mode is the TEM mode, for
which fc =0
n n
c  ; or; f c  ( Hz) Dr. Navneet Gupta 8
b  2b 
 TE waves between parallel plates:

For n = 0 both Hy and Ex vanish.

Hence TE0 mode does not exist
in a parallel-plate waveguide.
d 2 H z ( y)
 c H z ( y)  0
2
k n
dy 2
c 
b 
or
 ny 
H z ( y )  Bn cos  n
 b  fc  ( Hz)
2b 
Dr. Navneet Gupta 9
 Assume perfectly conducting walls and
perfect dielectric filling the wave guide

E z  0 at y  0,b
E z  0 at x  0,a

Ez   A1 cos k x x  A2 sin k x x  A3 cos k y y  A4 sin k y y ez
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of sin kxx,
where kx=m/a, m=1,2,3,…
Y(y) is in the form of sin kyy,
where ky=n/b, n=1,2,3,…
So the solution for Ez(x,y,z) is Ez  A2 A4 sin k x x sin k y y e jz 10
Other Field  m   n   jz
Components E z  Eo sin  x  sin  y e
 a   b 
Hz  0
 Ez   m   m x   n y   z
Ex   Ex   2   Eo cos  sin  e
kc 2 x kc  a   a   b 
 Ez   n   m x   n y   z
Ey   Ey   2   Eo sin  cos  e
kc 2 y kc  b   a   b 
j Ez j  n   m x   n y   z
Hx  2 Hx  2   o
E sin  cos
 e
kc y kc  b   a   b 
j Ez j  m   m x   n y   z
Hy   2 Hy   2   Eo cos  sin  e
kc x kc  a   a   b 
The m and n represent the mode of propagation and indicates the
number of variations of the field in the x and y directions
Note that for the TM mode, if n or m is zero, all fields are zero. 11
TM Cutoff  k 2
x  k y2  k 2
 m   n 
2 2

  
     2

 a   b 
• The cutoff frequency occurs when

 m   n 
2 2

When c       then     j  0
2

 a   b 
 m   n 
2 2
1 1
or f c     
• Evanescent: 2   a   b 

 m   n 
2 2

When  2          and   0
 a   b 
– Means no propagation, everything is attenuated

 m   n 
2 2
• Propagation:
When    
2
     j and   0
 a   b 
– This is the case we are interested since is when the wave is allowed to
travel through the guide.
 TE Mode

H z  B1 cos k x x  B2 sin k x x B3 cos k y y  B4 sin k y y ez

• Boundary E x  0 at y  0,b
conditions: E y  0 at x  0,a
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of cos kxx,
where kx=m/a, m=0,1,2,3,…
Y(y) is in the form of cos kyy,
where ky=n/b, n=0,1,2,3,…
So the solution for Ez(x,y,z) is

H z  B1B3 cos k x x cos k y y e jz  m   n 

H z ( x, y )  H 0 cos x  cos y
 a   b 
  m   n   jz
TEmn H z  H o cos x  cos y e
 a   b 
Ez  0
• Other components are
j H z j  n   m x   n y   z
Ex   2 Ex  2   H o cos   sin  e
kc y kc  b   a   b 
j H z j  m   m x   n y   z
Ey   Ey   2   H o sin   cos  e
kc 2 x kc  a   a   b 
 H z j   m   m x   n y   z
Hx   Hx  2   o
H sin   cos  e
kc 2 x kc  a   a   b 
 H z j   n   m x   n y   z
Hy   Hy  2 
kc 2 y  H o cos   sin  e
kc  b   a   b 
•For TE modes, either m or n (but not both) can be zero.
• If a > b, the cutoff frequency is the lowest when m =1 and n = 0.
• TE10 mode is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide with a > b
  m x   n   j  z
H z  H o cos   cos  ye
 a   b 
where again
 m   n 
2 2

kc 2     
 a   b 

• γ has the same expression as for TM waves.

• Cut-off frequency is also same.
•

Dr. Navneet Gupta 15

• The accelerating charge radiate energy i.e
they throw energy in their surrounding medium

RADIATION

Radiation is a phenomenon related to time-varying

currents.

Dr. Navneet Gupta 16

• Case I: d << λ
No net radiation.

[Note: In electromagnetics: (physical closeness) measured in terms of λ. If d <<

λ radiation is negligible]

• Case II: d ≈ λ
Radiation
d≈λ
TEM Line

antenna

Dr. Navneet Gupta 17

Dr. Navneet Gupta 18
EEEC433 Dr. Navneet Gupta 19