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Japan’s Society 5.0: Going Beyond Industry 4.0

Őzgür Őnday1

The rapid evolution of information and communications technology (ICT) is bringing drastic
changes to society and industry. Digital transformation will create new values and is
becoming a pillar of industrial policy in many countries. In anticipation of such global trends,
“Society 5.0” was presented as a core concept in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan,
adopted by the Japanese Cabinet in January 2016. It was identified as one growth strategy for
Japan. Society 5.0 is also a core part of “The Investment for the Future Strategy 2017: Reform
for Achieving Society 5.0” As part of its Fifth Science and Technology Basic Plan (FY16 to
FY20), announced in April 2016, the government of Japan aims to realize what it calls
“Society 5.0,” or “Super Smart Society.” Society 5.0 provides a common societal
infrastructure for prosperity based on an advanced service platform. The idea of progress has
often been associated with modernity and social theory itself (Mouzakitis, 2017, Chavarro,
2018). In the bibliographical research carried out, as a curiosity the Wikipedia itself (in a
consultation held on April 14, 2018) has referred to the concept of Industry 4.0 (Wikipedia,
2018), which raises interest worldwide in several, but it still does not have the concept of
Society 5.0 (Wikipedia, 2018a). In this paper, we can see that there is a lack of knowledge
about the concept of Society 5.0 (Wikipedia, 2018a). From a longitudinal perspective, for
Harayama (2017, p. 10): “So, just what is Society 5.0? Taking a long view of history, I think
we can define Society 1.0 as groups of people hunting and gathering in harmonious
coexistence with nature, Society 2.0 as forming groups based on agricultural cultivation,
increasing organization and nation-building, Society 3.0 is a society that promotes
industrialization through the Industrial Revolution, making mass production possible, and
Society 4.0 as an information society that realizes increasing added value by connecting
intangible assets as information networks. Society 5.0 is an information society built upon
Society 4.0, aiming for a prosperous human-centered society.” Society 5.0 achieves a high
degree of convergence between cyberspace (virtual space) and physical space (real space). In
the past information society (Society 4.0), people would access a cloud service (databases) in
cyberspace via the Internet and search for, retrieve, and analyze information or data. In
Society 5.0, a huge amount of information from sensors in physical space is accumulated in
cyberspace. In cyberspace, this big data is analyzed by artificial intelligence (AI), and the
analysis results are fed back to humans in physical space in various forms. In the past
information society, the common practice was to collect information via the network and have
it analyzed by humans. In Society 5.0, however, people, things, and systems are all connected
in cyberspace and optimal results obtained by AI exceeding the capabilities of humans are fed
back to physical space. This process brings new value to industry and society in ways not
previously possible. It is a presentation that is based on very recent publications, but which
also has a prospective component, which always generates some indetermination and
uncertainty. Also, for this reason, it is a contribution that seeks above all else to contribute to
this very urgent and necessary discussion.

1
PhD student, Yeditepe University Department of Business Administration, ozgur.onday@std.yeditepe.edu.tr
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INTRODUCTION

Society 5.0 alludes to the new monetary society following the seeker gatherer, peaceful
agrarian, modern, and data social orders. Society 5.0 is both Japan's development system and
the outline for a general public that Japan expects to build up. It was drafted by the Council
for Science, Technology and Innovation and affirmed by a Cabinet choice in January 2016.
The objective of Society 5.0 is to make a human-driven society in which both financial
advancement and the goals of societal difficulties are accomplished, and where individuals
can appreciate a completely dynamic and agreeable high caliber of life (QoL). It is a general
public that will go to in detail to the different needs of individuals, paying little respect to
area, age, sex, dialect, or different elements, by giving important items and administrations.
The way to its acknowledgment is the combination of the internet and this present reality
(physical space) to produce quality information, and from that point, to make new qualities
and answers for determination challenges.

While Society 5.0 is Japan's development system, it isn't restricted to Japan, as its objectives
are equivalent to those of the UNDP (United Nations Development Program) Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). SDGs are overall improvement objectives, in spite of the fact
that the arrangements will vary contingent upon the financial circumstance or social
foundation of the nation or district. As it were, Society 5.0 is Japan's way to deal with
understanding a portion of the SDG characterized objectives. In the meantime, the societal
difficulties that Japan faces, for example, a maturing populace, declining birthrate,
diminishing populace, and maturing foundation are difficulties that numerous different
nations will in the end look also. From this point of view, Japan is one of the primary
countries to confront these difficulties. Through the early goals of these difficulties through
Society 5.0, and by offering those answers for the world, Japan can add to settling
comparative difficulties worldwide and accomplishing SDGs.
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The objective of Society 5.0 is to understand a general public where individuals can
appreciate life minus all potential limitations. Digital PC: Cyber-Proof-of-Concept, KPI: Key
Performance Indicators Simulate transportation frameworks. Approve framework practices.
Assess KPIs. Monetary development and innovation advancement exist for that reason and
not for the flourishing of a chose few. As per this idea declared by the legislature, different
exercises have been started in Japanese scholarly circles and in industry. The thoughts
presented in this handout are only one component of such endeavors, and there is much that is
as yet reasonable; be that as it may, through open discourse with a wide scope of individuals,
this methodology is developing day by day. Besides, despite the fact that Society 5.0 started
in Japan, its motivation isn't exclusively coordinated at the thriving of one nation. The
systems and innovation created here will no uncertainty add to settling societal difficulties
around the world.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The monetary improvement of Japan has been a generally examined theme among researchers
(there are around three million outcomes in Google Scholar) since Japan is the nation that
could rapidly recuperate after the World War II and turned into the primary East Asian
financial supernatural occurrence (Ozawa, 2001). The nation has experienced monetary
modernization from the old customary agrarian economy to an innovative one out of a solitary
age (Karan, 2010). Japan delighted in practically continuous development from the 1960s
until 1990s (Kingston, 2011). Not just the method for the improvement helped Japan to be
related with "all cutting edge of our occasions", however it likewise cultivated advancement
of immature neighboring East Asian nations of that time (Karan, 2010:1, Hart-Landsberg and
Burkett, 1998).

The financial improvement of Japan and in this way the neighboring nations is frequently
clarified through the flying geese hypothesis. This hypothesis was at that point presented in
1930 by Akamatsu (refered to in Ozawa, 2001) who recommends that the monetary
improvement can't be contemplated without thought of common cooperations between cutting
edge (educator) and in reverse countries (students). On account of East Asia, Japan is
considered as the main goose (educator) that different countries followed in the improvement
(Ozawa, 2001; HartLandsberg and Burkett, 1998). Notwithstanding, the nation was itself
following the modern way of the U.S. that had impacted the state conduct through its built up
provincial predominance (Haggard, 2004). Gaining from the West was a basic part of the
Japanese methodology (Ozawa, 2001). As Japan was ascending the formative stages as far as
propelling its businesses, it was moving the generation to nations with lower cost of creation.
The point of the strategy was to move from low-esteem added ventures to high-esteem
included with the state bolster (Ozawa, 2001). When the enterprises lost its aggressiveness
and ended up disadvantageous, Japan moved them to neighboring nations and concentrated
itself on exceedingly focused businesses locally. In this way the local yield and fare beat
import.

As per Ozawa (2001), the financial improvement of Japan can be separated into four phases
where every one of them is portrayed by various winning industry of that time, yet the
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enterprises covered. In the early post-war period between the 1960s (first stage), Japan
concentrated on fare situated development through light assembling (material and electronic
apparatuses segment) (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, 1998). Innovative know-how was
adjusted from the West so as to 'make up for lost time' inside the improvement (Takada 1999;
Karan, 2010). In 1968, Japan was the third biggest economy after the U.S. what's more,
Soviet Union (Kingston, 2011). Nonetheless, the ascent of wages and exchange gratings
caused the absence of global intensity of the light-modern items (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett,
1998). The creation was moved to neighboring nations so as to diminish the expense of the
generation. The local generation was in this way changed from light to overwhelming
assembling and synthetic compounds (second stage), which was subject to the import of crude
materials (Ozawa, 2001; Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, 1998). Because of the way that
worldwide exchange conditions were changing, Japanese economy was inspected amid the oil
emergency in 1973 (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, 1998). The financial downturn that was
caused by the oil emergency (Ikeda, 2004) pushed Japan to the second rebuilding (third stage)
towards large scale manufacturing of customer durables (autos and gadgets), which
guaranteed that the nation resuscitated fare and yield development (Hart-Landsberg and
Burkett, 1998). The accomplishment of Japan can be allocated to car and customer electronic
enterprises that were bolstered and coordinated by the state financial model (Haggard, 2004).
Japan was vigorously send out situated, which in blend with its protectionism crated exchange
strains with the U.S. (Kingston, 2011; HartLandsberg and Burkett, 1998). This brought about
1985 in swapping scale changes pushed by Group Five (G5) including the U.S. so as to adjust
the exchange – known as Plaza Accord (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett, 1998; Ozawa, 2001).
Japan had no other decision than to figure out how to keep up the development. In the time of
post-modern Japan (fourth stage), the center moved from items to administrations and along
these lines, the innovation and data ended up imperative components of generation (Karan,
2010). In the meantime, Japan's monetary arrangement rotated around remote direct venture
to its Asian neighbors, 'Keynesian medication' of cash supply (land and money related
markets) and government consumption (Ikeda, 2004).

Such advancement system helped Japan and East Asia to be perceived by the World Bank as
'phenomenal' (Haggard, 2004; Ozawa, 2001). All things considered, because of the
shortcomings in money related direction and corporate administration, the nation has been hit
by the emergency (Haggard, 2004). The legislature aligned with the private segment so as to
increase political power, which was later outperformed by the business control. Since the
1990s, Japanese economy has recorded poor execution, which was not caused by the 'make up
for lost time' model of mechanical updating yet rather by the arrangement of macroeconomic
stuns (Blomström, Gangnes and La 21 Croix, 2001). This is another motivation behind why
the advancement of Japan is among the most famous subjects as researchers have different
suppositions on what caused the Japanese supernatural occurrence just as the fiasco. One
normal position spins around the job of the state in the Japanese advancement.

Auxiliary institutionalist researchers are among the ones that underscore the significance of
state intercessions so as to clarify the market achievement (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett,
1998). Chalmers Johnson, as one of the significant backers of the achievement of state
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intercessions, characterized Japan as development situated formative state where the financial
development was advanced through legislative organizations that upheld development
arranged monetary strategies (Karan, 2010). He is an adherent to the positive job of the
mechanical arrangement on Japanese development (Haggard, 2004). In actuality, this view
isn't shared by Ozawa (2001) and HartLandsberg and Burkett (1998). These researchers
censure the flying geese hypothesis since it precludes the mandate job of the organizations
(particularly the budgetary perspective), which they trusted that developed the financial battle
of Japan.

According to Ozawa (2001), there are four institutional components that caused both wonder
and catastrophe of the Japanese economy. To start with, the state-based bank framework was
in charge of keeping loan costs low, controlling the promoting rivalry and the stream of
funding to chosen areas and activities. The banks were advancing bank advances and along
these lines supporting high-chance speculations. Second, the keiretsu framework made ties
between huge partnerships and the banks that were firmly tied with the administration. The
business condition has been characterized as iron triangle, which alludes to coordinated effort
between the state and enterprises through concentrated organization (Preston, 2000). The
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (from now on MITI), which controlled and
managed the 'external centered' division comprising of cars and hardware likewise assumed a
job in the improvement of the Japanese economy (Ozawa, 2001). Third, there was built up
exceedingly directed and secured dualistic industrialization. The less effective 'inward reliant'
division described by horticulture, administrations and assembling, was in the focal point of
the state consideration through whatever is left of Ministries. Because of the state
intercessions lined up with the decision Liberal Democratic Party in Japan that prompted
debasement, the area is known as 'pork-barrel' division (Ozawa, 2001; Haggard, 2004). In
addition, limitation of imports by means of settling conversion scale while vigorously sending
out to different nations bolstered development however later caused the exchange surplus and
along these lines pressures between the U.S and Japan (Ozawa, 2001; Haggard, 2004; Hart-
Landsberg and Burkett, 1998). In conclusion, the administrative framework in Japan that
depends on participation and steadfastness to gatherings and subordinates has made chiefs
hazard disinclined and uncertain because of their commitments. Ozawa (2001) recommends
that these four viewpoints are in charge of making Japan's favorable position yet it likewise
later brought about its greatest inconvenience.

Also, Ikeda's (2004) considerations about the reasons for the Japanese disaster are fairly lined
up with the ones from Ozawa. He contends that money related segment, mechanical part and
the Japanese government are in charge of the misinformed approaches that lead to over limit,
wiped out advances and decline of shopper request. By the by, he underlines that neoliberal
philosophy was the item implemented by the U.S and its universal offices, for example,
International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization. Along these lines, the U.S. is
seen as a hegemon that administers the worldwide financial framework including Japan. Japan
was subject to the U.S. through capital and innovation exchange (Ozawa, 2001; Ikeda, 2004).
23 On the other hand, the blend of outside innovation and residential advancement lead to
Japan's mechanical quality (Takada, 1999) and it could barely be envisioned that the nation
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would have the capacity to grow so quickly without it (Haggard, 2004). The U.S. was
dependably the pioneer in bringing new innovation and worldview however Japan could
change it into new well known items (Karan, 2010).

Innovation is characterized as a usage of new blends of existing assets. As indicated by

Schumpeter, it is tied in with making or thinking of new items, new innovations, new
association structures or new markets (Makino, 1987; refered to in Herbig, 1995). Doorman
(1990a) considers development as a basic wellspring of the upper hand since it permits being
in front of adversaries that don't react to a change. On the off chance that organizations and
countries cultivate advancement, all things considered, they will have the capacity to make
due in an exceedingly focused universal natural (Herbig, 1995). In this manner, advancement
should be an impetus for development (Herbig, 1995). Be that as it may, advancement needs
an uncommon situation. As indicated by Jorde and Teece (1990; refered to in Herbig, 1995),
the requirements for development to happen are as per the following:● Labour force with
technological skills;

● Economic structures allowing autonomy and entrepreneurship;

● Economic system that encourages new technological approaches and market opportunities;

● Easy access to venture capital;

● Connection between scientific and technological community,

● Good communication between users and developers of the technology;

● Strong protection of IP rights;

● Strategies and structures of firms to capture return on investment (ROI).

With regards to exchange in regards to the advancement in Japan, it spins around innovation
since it has a separate place in the improvement of the nation. As per Goto and Odagiri
(1997), innovation was a noteworthy wellspring of the accomplishment of the high-innovation
firms in Japan. As of now in 1956, there was built up Science and Technology Agency that
was controlled by MITI (Karan, 2010). Karan (2010) contends that by the mid-1980s, Japan
got up to speed to the U.S. as far as innovation level. The real changes were done in the
creation of vehicles and sound visuals, which expanded the efficiency that helped Japan to
manage a few emergencies (Karan, 2010). The wellspring of the expanded efficiency and
enhanced quality was concentrated R&D5 spending all through the 1980s and contribution of
innovation from the West (Goto and Odagiri, 1997). In any case, Japanese method for
development is viewed as gradual as opposed to radical that would upset the businesses (Goto
and Odagiri, 1997). Watchman (1990a) contends that one reason of Japan being effective in
mechanical improvement is that the determinants of the upper hand (factor conditions, request
conditions, firm methodology, structure and competition, related and supporting businesses)
functioned admirably as a framework in certain focused on enterprises. As it was referenced
before, a few researchers, (for example, Porter and Ozawa) concur that the state concentrated
just on the advancement in specific enterprises and in this manner, different businesses
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fizzled. In the season of monetary emergency, the blend of lacking political reactions and
disappointment of delivering radical advancement uncovered during the 1990s that the
framework in Japan can't adapt and bolster development in different territories and little firms
(Porter, 2000 refered to in Ibata-Arens, 2005).

However, Porter (1990a) gives another view on the achievement of Japan through his
hypothetical model of upper hand. He characterized the ventures with the upper hand
dependent on the offer of the world fare in 1985. Among the best ventures were gadgets
items, substantial hardware, and steel and transportation (Porter, 1990a). Regarding factor
conditions, Japan needed to manage a few impediments, for example, absence of normal
assets and restricted capital after the World War II (Porter, 1990a). Unexpectedly, the most
critical quality of Japan was HR (Porter, 1990a). Japan put an accentuation on science and
math in instruction, which helped the nation to have proficient, taught, exceedingly talented
just as restrained and persevering individuals. Organizations likewise centered around
preparing to create explicit aptitudes applicable to the business. The local contention was
upgraded on the grounds that organizations shared their financial data, which empowered
them to continually gauge against their rivals. In any case, none of these elements added to
development as much as issues that Japan needed to manage. For example, mechanization of
the generation occurred because of rising wages and lifetime work, which made the expense
of creation high. Likewise, advancements in coordinations, for example, Just-In-Time were
invigorated by the geology of Japan (remote island with constrained land for extra space for
capacity) (Porter, 1990a).

Thanks to the fact that Japan is one of the most populated countries, the domestic demand was
another engine for innovation (Porter, 1990a). The domestic buyers were sophisticated and
required high quality products; hence they were eager to buy domestic electronics, which also
signified their status. Homogeneity of the market helped the companies further in terms of
purchasing power but made other industries such as furniture or food incapable to penetrate to
international markets (Porter, 1990a).

Fruitful Japanese businesses were described by agreeable long haul connections inside
bunches. The providers have been situated in closeness, which made it simple to share data.
Henceforth, new businesses became out from the current ones, for example, semiconductors
from purchaser gadgets and cameras. As to organizations themselves, Porter (1990a)
characterized their structures as progressive, taught, steadfast inside participation and with
talented specialists at the best. This mirrors the accentuation on HR as factor conditions.

On the other hand, Porter (1990a) argues that the cooperative research directed by MITI was
focused on private research, which did not benefit the cluster participants. This also enhances
the domestic competition because companies did not want to share their best ideas. MITI
further stimulated the industry development by introducing standards. The role of the
government is evident even from Porter’s (1990a) work in which he emphasizes that the
government was not only the regulator but also the buyer in some industries.

This area talked about the financial advancement of Japan and what was behind the
accomplishment until the 1990s. By and large, the benefit of Japan was the 'trick up'
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industrialization demonstrate arranged towards development by means of fare. Japanese

government had mandate job so as to invigorate the mechanical improvement (Ozawa, 2010;
Ikeda, 2004). Be that as it may, because of the set up structures, the state meddled into the
advancement with wrong financial and money related strategies (Miyagawa, 2010), which has
spoken to impediments for Japanese economy to recoup from the emergency. In the wake of
illuminating existing talks with respect to the monetary improvement in Japan, the creator
moved to another edge concerning advancement and upper hand of best performing
businesses in Japan. This gives a decent premise to seeing how development in Japan was
examined. In view of Porter's (1990a) discoveries, Japan made the upper hand fundamentally
through HR, household contention and request weights. This added to upgrading advancement
together with a few weaknesses, for example, constrained land and separation from different
nations. In any case, Porter (1990a) likewise conceded to the impact of the administration. At
long last, it was stressed that Japan is losing the situation in current noteworthy parts, for
example, IT in spite of the presence of significant preconditions for increasing upper hand
there. In this manner, there is space for breaking down how focused Japan can be in the area
that is crucial for 'making due' in innovation advancement on the worldwide scale.

CHALLENGES FACING JAPAN

There are numerous societal difficulties that Japan should survive. Notwithstanding, there are
few main drivers of these issues. Or maybe, they are inescapable social changes that Japan
must acknowledge and are considered as specialists driving the societal issues. For instance,
"maturing of the populace" is one such operator that will prompt societal difficulties, for
example, rising standardized savings costs and decreased assessment income for the
administration. Such societal difficulties can be managed productively by recognizing the
operators and moderating their immediate impacts. This will along these lines abstain from
intensifying the issues or making extra ones.

The agents driving these societal challenges in Japan, i.e., the changes that Japanese society
will face, are a shrinking labor force, aging population, dispersed consumer population, aging
infrastructure, and environmental issues, all of which will influence each other and have a
detrimental effect on society.

1) Shrinking labor force

The current labor force comprises more than 77 million people but is expected to shrink to
about 70% of this number—53 million—by the year 2050. This decrease comes from an
aging population and may be further exacerbated by the increasing number of people who
may leave the workforce for reasons such as having to look after elderly relatives.

While the general work power will keep on contracting, the harmony between work free
market activity will create provincial differences and add to proceeding with precariousness.
With the past financial development show that depended on monozukuri (generation,
craftsmanship), common monetary development was accomplished by building up plants and
making work in remote areas, furnishing framework interfacing those locales with substantial
cities, and bringing down the expense of moving individuals and things. From that point
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forward, the structure of industry has moved from an assembling to an administration

economy. Moreover, because of migrating processing plants abroad, manufacturing plant
work in remote locales is diminishing, and the adolescent from those areas are moving to the
urban communities. The deluge of the work drive into urban areas, in any case, isn't adequate
for the interest of administration businesses. This is getting to be clear in the fields of retail
(e.g., comfort stores) and dispatch administrations, where issues, for example, long work
hours have turned into an issue, and the capacity to keep up the dimension of administration
itself is turning into an issue.

Computerization by man-made brainpower (AI) and mechanical technology is required to

reduce this work lack, yet in the event that radical robotization ought to happen as unmanned
comfort stores and mechanized driving, this thusly will result in further loss of business. This
will put weight on the adolescent in remote districts to acknowledge occupations with lower
compensation, making it progressively hard to get ready for a family, and accordingly further
fuel the populace decline. Urban communities can retain movement from remote locales
however won't have the capacity to add to expanding the populace. Subsequently, Japan will
compound the issue of a declining populace without having the capacity to determine the
present issue of progressively overpopulated urban communities.

Shrinking labor force 15-64 years old 65 years +

2015 77 million 34 million

2050 53 million 44 million

2) Aging population

On the off chance that profitability decays and the economy backs off, national and local
assessment incomes will decrease. Moreover, the expense of government disability will
increment because of the maturing populace. Natives should acknowledge diminished
administrations relating to the decline in expense income or face a more prominent taxation
rate to keep up the present dimension of social administrations. A decline in expense income
will likewise involve lost income to redress social inconsistencies or give alleviation to the
financially impeded, making a settled monetary divergence that will traverse ages. This won't
just deliver social agitation yet will likewise deny those caught in the lower financial strata
from satisfying their maximum capacity, diminishing Japan's aggressiveness and along these
lines further decreasing efficiency.

Increasing social security cost

2015 US$1.1 trillion

2020 US$1.2 trillion

2025 US$1.4 trillion

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3) Dispersal of consumer population and aging of infrastructure

While tax revenues decrease, the consumer population will become increasingly dispersed,
and infrastructure will deteriorate. The dispersal of the consumer population is one challenge
that will result from a declining birthrate and aging population, and it will lead to a reduction
in population density in regional cities and their suburbs. This will present a situation where
basic infrastructure services including energy, water, education, and medical services will
need to be provided to large, sparsely populated areas, which will also result in higher
infrastructure service costs.

Much of the basic infrastructure in Japan was established as part of large scale development
during the period of high economic growth from 1950 to 1970. Now, over fifty years later,
much of the infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and water pipes is deteriorating, and it is
expected that a total budget of over US$2.5 trillion will be necessary over the 50 years from
fiscal year (FY) 2011 to FY 2060 to replace it. However, it will be necessary to switch to an
infrastructure suitable for a smaller population rather than maintaining the existing
infrastructure as the population decreases.

4) Environmental issues

Having ratified the Paris Agreement at the United Nations Climate Change Conference COP
21, Japan will be making the transition to renewable energy. The challenges will be to lower
the price of renewables, increase energy conservation or control demand in the large
metropolises where consumption will be concentrated, and deliver low-cost energy to sparsely
populated regional cities and suburbs. If a stable supply of energy cannot be provided as it is
today at a reasonable price, this will not only inconvenience consumers but also rob industry
of its competitiveness, inhibit Japan’s economic growth, and lead to a further decline in
productivity.

CO2 emissions

2013 1.4 billion tons (100%)

2030 1.0 billion tons (26% emission cut)

2050 0.3 billion tons (80% emission cut)

CONCLUSION

The Society 5.0 is a proposition for human and social advancement with deference for
maintainability being a national structure in Japan (Keidanren, 2016). Despite the fact that we
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trust that this idea (or possibly the fundamental goals) will be reached out to different nations.
For the usage of Society 5.0 not exclusively be a political-ideological idea, it is by all
accounts important to coordinate a few measurements, for example, "1) Innovation Policy
(from government side), 2) Entrepreneurial soul (from Society Side) and 3) Entrepreneurial
Skills (from common society and organizations) “.

It is an issue with the future open (i-SCOOP, 2018):

“Whether such a vast societal change will work, and the wall of social acceptance will be
broken down is a question that will be answered in the future. Making predictions in this
regard would be Western arrogance from our part and a big mistake. So: who knows? And is
this a model we could envision in other parts of the world?”.
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