Beruflich Dokumente
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Chapter (5)
AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
Walls and Columns: b
Wall t
b > 3t
Column
b ≤ 3t h
h > 5t
2 EI
Pcr
(Kh) 2
My
Mf = Mp + Pf × δ
M P Cm
Mf Mx
Pf
(1 )
Pcr
Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 M1 / M2 ≥ 0.4
Single (+ve) Double (‐ve)
Where, M1 & M2 Lesser and Greater B.M.
Unreinforced Wall
Case II:
Kh
30 →→→Normal Design (Slender Wall),
t
Case III:
Kh
30 →→→ Special Design, Very Slender Member (Must
t
be Reinforced), Not allowed Without reinforcement.
Case I:
Pf Mf
m f m' Compression
Ae Sx
Pf Mf
m f t Tension
Ae Sx
EXAMPLE Case 1
Free Standing Plan Concrete Wall, Wind Load = 1.0 kN/m2,
h = 1.0 m , Type Mortar S.
Code Table 6
ft = 0.1
Φm ft = 0.55 (0.10) = 0.055 MPa
Sx = Mf / ft = 0.75 (10)6 / 0.055 = 13.6 (10)6 mm3 / m
200 mm wall is not good, use 300 mm block,
Kh / t = 1.0 (1000)/190 = 5.26
Case II:
Design Method →→→→Examples (3), (4)
Equation (1)
P δ Method →→→MP + P×δ
Ieff = 0.4 I0 ,
Pf = 1.25 D.L. + 1.5 L.L.
Primary Moment MP = 0.1 t × Pf
M f L2
8E I , Φe = 0.65
2 e Em I eff
Pcr
( Kh) 2 (1 0.5 d )
Equation (2)
Moment Magnification
Mf = Moment Magnifier
MP = Primary Moment
Cm = Coeff. Equivalent
Mf = MP + Pf δ
M P Cm
Mf
Pf
1
Pcr
EXAMPLE Case 2:
Design a 200 mm wall 4.0 m to carry axial service D.L load of 200 kN/m and L.L
of 50 kN/m. Design using 20 MPa units and mortar type S
Design a Wall, h = 4.0 m, k = 1.0, PD.L. = 200 kN/m, PL.L. = 50 KN/m , Type S,
Kh/t = 1.0 (4000)/190 / 21.1 > 20-3×e1/e2 <30.0
• Magnifier Method
Pf = 1.25 D.L. + 1.50 L.L. = 1.20 (200) + 1.5 (50) = 325 kN/m
Mp = 0.1 ×t ×Pf
Mp = 0.1 × (190) × (325) × (10)3
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1/M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 × (1.0) = 1.0
Try 200 Ungrouted & fm' = 13 MPa & Table 4.1
Bd = Pf / (Df +Lf) = 1.25 ×(200) / (325) = 0.764
Ae = 75.4×(10)3 mm2/m
Sx = 4.66×(10)6 mm3/m
Ix = 442×(10)6 mm4/m
Φe = 0.65 & Em = 850×(13) = 11050 MPa
Ieff = 0.4 ×I0 = 0.4 ×442× (10)6 = 176.8×(10)6 mm4/m
Pcr = 565.8 KN/m→→→→N.G
Try 200 Wall with One Grouted Core
Ae = 98.3×(10)3 mm2/m
Sx = 4.93×(10)6 mm3/m
Ix = 486×(10)6 mm4/m
fm' = 13 – 3(1/5) = 12.4 MPa OK
EXAMPLE Case 2
200 Ungrouted Wall units 20 MPa, Mortar Type S & Height =
4.00 m, Find the Max Factored Load & 50% D.L. & 50% L.L.
Kh/t = 1.0 (4000)/190 = 21.1 > 10 – 3.5 e1/ e2
≤ 30
Method A (P – δ Method)
e = 0.1 t = 0.1 × 190 = 19 mm h = 4.0 m
Primary Moment = MP = 0.1 t Pf
= 0.1×190×Pf
= 19 ×Pf
Ae = 75.4 (10)3 mm2/m & Sx = 4.66 (10)6 mm3/m
Form Table 5, S304.1, fm'= 13 MPa
Φm fm' = 0.55 (13.0) = 7.15 MPa
e Em I eff
EI
1 0.5 d
Φe = 0.65,
Em = 850 fm' = 11.05 (10)3 MPa
Ieff = 0.40 I0 = 0.4 ×442 × 106 = 176.8 × 106 mm4/m
Bd = Pf / (Df +Lf) = 0.5 / (0.5+0.5) = 0.5
EI = 0.65 × (11.05) × (10)3 × (176.8) × (10)6 /[1 + 0.5(0.5)]
= 1.016× 1012 N.mm2/m
Pf Mf Pf 19 Pf
7.15 MPa
Ae Sx 75.4 (10)3 4.66 (10) 6
m f m'
Mf = MP + Pf δ
Pf Mf
m f m'
Ae Sx
δ→Mf → Pf → Mf
Mf = Pf δ + MP
METHOD B
M P Cm
Mf
Pf
1
Pcr
Assume e = 0.1 t Pf = 0.1 (190) Pf
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1/M2 = 1.0
2 E I 2 (1.016) (10)12
Pcr 2
2
626.7 (10)3 N / m
( Kh) (4000)
M P Cm 412.3 (10) 3 (19)(1.0)
Mf 22.9 (10) 6
N .mm / m
Pf 1 [ 412.3(10) 3 / 626.7 (10) 3 ]
1
Pcr
Pf Mf
m f m'
Ae Sx
Pf 22.9 (10) 6
7.15 MPa
75.4 (10)3 466(10) 6
(1) (4)
P0
Axial Load KN
eb
(2)
(3)
M0 Moment kN.m
Point (1) P0
Pure Compression
Pr = 0.8×[ 0.85×Φm×fm'×(Ae - As) + Φs×As×fy)
Point (3) M0
Pure Bending
The Same as Doubly reinforced Section Chapter
Point (2) (e = eb)
εm = 0.003 & εs = εy
0.003 600
C d d
y 0.003 f y 600
a = β1C
∞
b
d'
d
εs
0.003
Tr
Cs' Cm
C d'
0.003
'
s
C
Cm = Φm×X×(0.85 fm' )b a →→ X = 1.0
Cs = Φs×As1×[fs' - Φm×(0.85 fm' )]≈ Φs× As1×fs'
Tr = Φs× As2×fy
Cr = Cm + Cs & Pr = Cr – Tr
Point 4
e = emin
emin = 0.1 t
Assume Compression failure
εs = 0.003
Taking Moment at Load Pf
Tr Pf
'
Cs Cm
e = ∞ (3)
e = eb (2)
emin (4)
0.003
e = 0.0 (1)
Pf C m C s' Tr
Axial Load and Biaxial Bending Moment:
Y
X
ey Pf
ex
M fx M fy
1.0
M rx M ry
Example will be given
Short Column
Reinforced Walls
CSA 5.2.1.2
5.2.3
(1) CSA 5.2.2.2
Av = 0.002 Ag × α
Av = 0.002 Ag × (1 – α)
α = Distribution Factor (From 0.33 →→ 0.67)
(2) CSA 5.2.1.2
Avmin = 0.0013 Ag & 1.33% out of 2%
Total Reinforcement = VL +HZ
(3) CSA 5.2.3
# 15, 20 and 25 are Normal used VL. Bar Spacing ≤ 2400 mm
Case (1) Kh/t < 10 – 3.5 e1/e2 (Ignore Slenderness)
Case (1) Kh/t < 30 (Normal Design Procedure , Cm moment
magnifier)
Case (1) Kh/t > 30 (Special Design)
120
240