Chapter-1

Framed Structures
5TH YEAR COTM STUDENTS
MODERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY (COTM5282)
 Introduction to

Modern Construction Technology

Modern

 Relating to the present or recent times.

 Characterized by using the most up-to-date

technique, equipment, etc.

 Denoting a recent style in art, architecture,

etc.

 Marked by a departure from traditional styles

and values.
Construction

 In the fields of civil engineering,

construction is a process that consists
of the building or assembling of
infrastructure.
Technology

 Technology is the using the knowledge of

tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or
methods of organization in order to solve a
problem or perform a specific function.

 It can also refer to the collection of such tools,

machinery, and procedures.

 The word technology comes from Greek

τεχνολογία (technología); originated from
τέχνη (téchnē), meaning "art, skill, or craft”.
Modern Construction Technology

building or assembling(Construction) of
infrastructure by making use of the most up to
date knowledge, tools, machines, techniques,
crafts(Technology), systems or methods in the
relating to the present or recent
times(Modern).
 State of the art techniques and
technology

 Looking for added values

 Involving new technology

 Learning from the past

Advanced Construction Technologies
Ancient tradition…
old knowledge
What is a structure?

A structure is a system of inter

connected elements to carry
loads safely and transfer the
same to earth.
Building Structure

 Basically in building structures there

are 2 types of structures:

(1) Framed structure

(2) Load bearing structure.
 Framed Structures
 A framed structure is a network of
beams and columns joined up to
form the skeleton framework of
the building.

 The structural frame carries the

total load of the building and
transfers it to the foundation.

 Cladding is fixed over the

framework, or infill panels are
placed between its members, to
totally enclose the space within
the building.
Components of framed
building structure

• The vertical
elements are the
columns.
• The horizontal bands
are the beams.
• The flat surface on
which you can stand
is the slab.
Components of framed
building structure

• Walls, windows are added later to give protection

to inhabitants.

• The loads such as human beings, furniture etc. is

carried by this frame.

• The walls have no role except protecting the

inhabitants from weather.
Components of framed
building structure

This is a completed
building as a framed
building.
Load Bearing Structure
 In load bearing structure walls take the load.

 Here the walls play a dual role of taking loads and

protecting the inhabitants.

 The walls are generally brick or stone.

 Since the walls take the load they cannot be

moved or removed.
Material used in
Framed Structures
 Wood
 Nails, Screws, other wooden joineries

 Steel
 Nuts and bolts, welding, Revit etc.

 Concrete
 Members are constructed as a single unit
Cont….

 Most of the framed buildings are constructed in

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC).

 RCC is a composite material that is it is made of

concrete and steel.

 Steel used is called reinforcement. They can be round

in shape, plain or twisted as per requirement.

 Reinforcement takes care of the weaknesses the

concrete has and hence results in economical
composite material.
Concrete Frame
 Concrete frame structures are a very
common type of modern building.
 It consists of a frame or skeleton of
concrete.
 the column is the most important part of
the frame, as it is the primary load-
carrying element of the building.
 If you damage a beam in a building, it
will usually affect only one floor, but
damage to a column could bring down
the entire building.
 When we say concrete in the building,
we actually mean Reinforced cement
concrete, or RCC.
 This combination works very well, as
concrete is very strong in compression,
easy to produce at site, and inexpensive,
and steel is very strong in tension
Steel Frame
 Most steel construction is done
with Mild steel. Mild steel is a
material that is immensely strong.
 The other important feature of
steel framing is its flexibility. It can
bend without cracking, which is
another great advantage, as a
steel building can flex when it is
pushed to one side by wind, or
an earthquake.
 when subjected to great force, it
will not suddenly but slowly bend
out of shape.
Steel construction is most often
used in
 High rise buildings because of its strength, low weight, and
speed of construction

 Industrial buildings because of its ability to create large

span spaces at low cost

 Warehouse buildings for the same reason

 Residential buildings in a technique called light gauge

steel construction

 Temporary Structures as these are quick to set up and

remove
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
 They are super-quick to build at site, as a lot of work can be
pre-fab at the factory.
 They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting
dynamic (changing) forces such as wind or earthquake
forces.
 A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available,
such as I, C, and angle sections.
 They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with
any type of material.
 A wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting,
welding, and riveting.
Wooden Frame
Light wooden framed construction is one of the most popular types
of building methods for homes.

It has the following characteristics:

 It is light, and allows quick construction with no heavy tools or
equipment. Every component can easily be carried by hand - a
house essentially becomes a large carpentry job. The main tool is
a handheld nail gun.
 It is able to adapt itself to any geometric shape, and can be clad
with a variety of materials.
 There are a huge variety of products and systems tailored to this
type of construction.

It has these Disadvantages:

 It is not highly fireproof, as it is made of wood.
 It is not strong enough to resist major wind events such as
tornadoes and hurricanes.
Types of Frames
FRAMES

Simple Multiple

Portal Braced Rigid Gabbled

Frames Frames Frames Frames

Fixed End Pin End

Frames Frames
Simple Frame Structure
 Frames are stronger against
vertical loads than post and
lintel system and are more
advantageous in resisting
lateral loads.
 A post loaded by horizontal
load acts as a single
cantilevered beam while in
frame structure horizontal
member transfer the lateral
load from wind ward column to
lee word column.
 By this way deflection and
bending stresses are reduced.
Multiple Frames
 The advantage of continuity can be
compounded by the use of multiple
frames in which a horizontal beam is
rigidly supported by 3 or more
columns. It is also called multiple bay
frame.
 Multiple frames are efficient in
absorbing lateral loads. The rigidity
of beams against compressive loads
makes the lateral deflection of all
columns identical; Hence the lateral
loads are beard by all columns of
the frame.
 The multiple frames are used to span
large areas as they areas and are
often used at he outer side of
building to resist lateral loads
Rigid Frames

 The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation.

 Rigid frame structures are built at the site which may or
may not be poured monolithically.
 Rigid frame structures provide more stability.
 Rigid frame structures resist rotations more effectively.
 This type of frame structures resists the shear, moment
and torsion more effectively than any other type of
frame structures.
 Rigid frame structures feature positive and negative
bending moments throughout the structure due to
interaction of walls, beams and slabs.
Rigid Frames
Braced Frames
 Braced frame structures resist lateral forces by the
bracing action of diagonal members.
 Braced frame structures are used to resist sideway
forces.
 Buildings are braced by inserting diagonal structural
members into the rectangular areas of a structural
frame.
 Advantages
 To stabilize the frame against earthquakes and strong
winds.
 Lateral forces are resisted by axial actions of bracing
and columns.
 More efficient than a rigid frame.
Braced Frames
Gabled Structural Frames
 Gable is generally a triangular portion on the edges of
the vertical members.
 Gabled Frames show a peak formation on the top.
Portal Structural Frames
 It resembles like a door. Multi-story, multi-bay
portal frames are commonly used for commercial
and industrial construction.
 The members are usually made up of curved
laminates and the members are thickened in the
region of the knee or eaves joint to allow for the
large moment.
Portal Structural Frames
Pin-ended Structural Frames
 A pinned frame has
members connected by
pins
 considered non rigid if it would
collapse when the supports are
removed.
 Considered rigid if it retains it’s
original shape when the
supports are removed.
Fix-ended Structural Frames
 The structure in which one or
more than one members
are fully constrained.
Monolithic Structures
Monolithic structures
 A structure in which all the components like walls,
slabs, staircases, sunshades etc are cast
monolithically at one time using one homogenous
material.
 Most basic form of a monolithic architecture is a
rock cut churches of Ethiopia

 Basic essential input for monolithic concrete

construction is –
 Highly workable concrete mix
 Pre-engineered formwork system
 Reinforcement
Monolithic Structures

 Buildings

 Dome – Igloo (old technique)

 Arch

 Aircraft Shed (Hanger)

Eg..???
Monolithic
Construction
in Ethiopia …
 Saint George Church
– Lalibela
 Monolithic rock cut
church
 Constructed during
12th century
Monolithic dome – Air Form
 A curve rotated about a central axis to form a

surface, creates a dome.

 A rounded building structure typically made of

concrete and rigid steel rods.

 This structure provides safe shelter for the people

with hurricanes and earthquakes.

 An effective alternative to conventional methods

What Is Monolithic Dome
 A form of monolithic architecture.
 Thin wall reinforced concrete shell structure.
 Structure which cast in one piece form.
 Energy efficient and designated as tornado
shelter.
 Three brothers David, Barry and Randy built and
patented first monolithic dome in 1975.
 Sizes range from 2.5m to 80m diameter dome.
A Monolithic Dome
Characteristics
 Latitude :-

Circle of each successive rings increase in

downward direction is latitude.

 Meridian circle :-

Circle drawn through two diametrical opposite

points on a horizontal diameter and crown is
meridian circle.
Stresses acting on dome
1. Meridian thrust along the meridian-
Compressive only and increase toward the base.
Thrust produced are directly proportional to the
weight of its materials.

2. Hoop stresses along latitudes-

Compression at top and tension at the base with
transition at an angle 51.8 degree from the top.
Material Used
 Air-form
 Polyurethane foam
 Reinforced steel
 Concrete
Steps of Construction

 A reinforced concrete foundation is constructed

defining the shape of the base.
 Air-form placed on the base is inflated through
blower fans so that it can take required shape.
 Approximately three inches of polyurethane is
applied to the interior surface of airform to stiffen
it.
 It is also the base for attaching reinforcing steel
bars.
 Steel reinforces rebar is attached to the foam.
 A spray mix of concrete is applied to interior of
the dome.
Profile and Shape

 Low profile spherical segment

 Hemisphere
 High profile spherical segment
 Oblate ellipsoid
 Prolate ellipsoid

Lower the profile , lesser the expenses.

Advantages and
Disadvantages
 Advantages –
 Monolithic dome building technique is an effective
alternative to conventional methods.
 Monolithic domes are energy efficient and cost
effective.
 Most safest building that can be built and designed
for many purposes.
 Monolithic ages better than the other types of
structures.

 Disadvantages –
Engineering
Social
Comparison With
Conventional
 Lower construction cost

 Faster construction

 Less maintenance

 Security/Safety during construction

 Energy efficient