There are many ways to define Globalization.

I will discuss the definition of “Globalization “ based on

Johan Lindell, Ph. D in Media and Communication Studies.

The uprooting of human activities – political, cultural, economic, and social.

The simple definition above talk about the human activities in a specific society and country wherein we
will displaced or move it a new environment and will to do it in global.

Example: The Fast-food McDonald’s they began to operate in US but now it can be seen on over 118
country and serving 50 millions costumer across the Globe.

Or

interconnectedness->interdependencies of many different parts in the world.

Example: The United Nations, this is an organization of many different countries that help each other to
solve crisis in the world.

From a communication studies perspective:

Why globalization? - because it is possible to communicate on global scale.

“It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the law of gravity.”

- Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General

This quotes caught my attention, it explains globalization is like an unstoppable force like gravity but it
doesn’t mean that we should accept the laws that allows only heavyweight to survive. On the contrary,
we must make it as an engine to lift people out of hardship and misery. Don’t hold them down.

Different Dimension of Globalization

• Cultural: It refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world. World
culture, value-spreading.

Ex. McDonald’s and Starbucks is an example of American cuisines and beverages that was often
cited as an example of globalization.

• Social: It refers to the impact of globalization on the life and work of people, on their families,
and their societies. Sense global of community.

Ex. The Harry Potter/ Twilight films and books have been successful all over the world, making
the characters featured globally recognizable.

• Political: It refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity.
Supra-national organizations, Cosmopolitanism.

Ex. The existence of United Nations.

• Economic: handles all economic output/externalities of the event firm and the individual event.
Global business.
 Ex. The World Trade Organization is the largest international economic organization in the
world.

Similarities: They all depend on Global Communication Infrastructure.

Communication

• The word itself is derived from the Latin verb communicare, which means "to share" or "to make
common“.

There are various definitions of communication based on Dr Gordon Coates

• Communication is the sharing of information

• Communication is the giving and receiving of messages

• Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or more other
people

Different types of Communication

• International Communication - is the communication practice that occurs

across international borders.

Ex. For instance, international communication might describe how government offices from the U.S.
communicate with government offices from Turkey.

• Interethnic Communication - is therefore a challenge and an opportunity to understand

and to improve relationships between ethnic groups.

Ex. A meeting between Hispanic and Asian college students.

• Interracial Communication - is a genre of communication study that embraces the

interactions between people representing different historical races.

Ex. Communication between African, Americans and European Americans.

• Intercultural Communication - is a discipline that studies communication across

different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication.

Ex. A conversation between a man who grew up in Nepal and a woman who grew up in Micronesia
would probably be an intercultural conversation because we could study how the different cultural
backgrounds of the two people affect their communication strategies towards each other.

Ex. A Teacher and a student, A mathematician and a Football player.

• Intra–cultural Communication - is the exchange of meaningful messages between

members of the same cultural group.

Ex. A conversation between two American citizens who both grew up on the farms of Georgia would be
intracultural because they will essentially have the same background and cultural orientations.
Track History of Globalization Communication

1. 1830’s the telegraph – electric communication via transaction underwater cables. No more
messengers.

Samuel Morse is the Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code.

1843 – Washington and Baltimore connected

Official use of telegraph, 'What hath God wrought?' was the first message sent.

1865 – Britain and India connected

28 minutes London to Calcutta.

1870 – Europe linked to large parts of the world

1924 – King George V sends a message to himself that circulated the globe in 80 seconds.

2. 19th century, Emergence of global news network . Significant in three ways

1. News over large territories

2. Global in scope

3. Reached big audiences

3. 1960 – Marshall Mclulan coined the term “ the global village”

The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) and Understanding Media (1964).

4. Electro – magnetic waves. The emergence of organization with the mission to disseminate radio
frequencies

Thompson, J. (1995). Media Modernity – ch.5 ‘The Globalization of Communication’

Expression of Globalization
How is the organization of our world different now (in the midst of the process of globalization)
compared before?

‘Expression 1’ : The Rise of Global Cities

• Mainly located and considered within the economy-dimension of globalization

• According to Castells’ ’trilogy’, in globalization cities have become increasinlgy

important nodes for all human activity.

• Globalization demands infrastructural nodes

Legends:

1. Alpha world cities - a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic
system. The largest cities in the world by land area, population and density.
 2. Beta world cities - are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy

3. Gamma world cities - are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy,

The Globalization and World Cities Research Network, commonly abbreviated to GaWC, is a think tank
that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization.

’Expression 2’ – Cosmopolitanism

The idea of cosmopolitanism goes back as far as the ancient Greeks (Holton, 2007). Coming from the
words ‘cosmos’ and ‘polis,’ cosmopolitanism encompasses the whole of humanity as citizens of the
world (Guibernau, 2007). The ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a
shared morality.

• Political cosmopolitanism: Supra-national governance, the lessening power of the nation and
the increasing power of supra-national power. E.g. The United Nations. The world as one nation,
world citizenship. (e.g Kant, 1795, Habermas, 1996)

The European Union and the World Trade Organization

• Socio-cultural cosmopolitanism: A global awareness. Openess towards diveristy and multi-

culturalism. Life-style. Travelling.
”A willingness to engage with the Other” (Hannerz, 1990; Rantanen, 2005)
 The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived in
similar circumstances during the first World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of
Versailles "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."

’Mediated Cosmopolitanism’

Mediated Cosmopolitanism illustrates that the same everyday stories about the world can take on
different meanings in different cultures. (Roberson,2010)

• We can access virtual spaces (internet forums) and engage with ’Others’ on anonymous basis –
collective efforts and common goals on a global scale.

• ’Pop-cosmopolitanism’ (Jenkins, 2005) – ’Softer’ cosmopolitanism e.g. fan-communities.

Watching anime (alternative cultural experience) -> learn about Japanese culture

on the other hand:

• What do we actually do online? Trolling, flaming -> irrationality and inhospitality on online
public spaces.
Same 10 websites over and over again. Not ”engaging with the Other”.

(Tomlinson, 2001): Technologies of the hearth: new technologies are merely new ways in which we
communicate with the same people

(Bauman, 2001): Compassion is still local, not global – we can see but cannot/will not act
 Interpersonal
Example. 2 person having communication
Intrapersonal
person may use self-talk to calm himself down in a stressful
situation, or a shy person may remind herself to smile during a
social event
Group
Communication
Impact of Communication to Globalization

Mass Communication
Broadcasting a news in a television.
How Does Communication affects the society and the world?

• It also promotes cultural exchange and conflict resolution.

• Modern communication tools, such as social media, promote the process of globalization.

• Communication also allows people to save time and money, leading to economic
empowerment.

• Another remarkable effect of communication on globalization is in the use of telephone and

television

• Communication technology improves visual skills but limits analysis and critical thinking abilities

• Communication also facilitates healthcare, leading to a high standard of living.

• It also makes delivery of news possible, which builds an informed society.

How Does Globalization affects the Communication?

• Increase business opportunity - Many companies today hire employees that are located in other
countries. Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the
world, and to streamline those relationship through improves ordering, shipment tracking and
so on.

• Remove cultural barriers - Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication
challenges. When people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they
speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other
person.

• Developed global villages - Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global
village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected
by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many
people across the world, especially those in developing countries.

• Virtual interactions - Globalization has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a

major part of workplace dynamics. Modern entrepreneurs need to understand the strengths
and limitations of different communications media, and how to use each medium to maximum
effect.

• Cultural awareness in speech - is a major impact of globalization on the required skillset of

effective communicators, resulting in the evolution of communication skills development
programs. Modern entrepreneurs and employees need the ability to catch subtle nuances of
people's manner of speech when communicating across cultures.

Cultural awareness in body languages - Modern training programs teach students to

understand acceptable speaking distances, conflict styles, eye contact and posture in
different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of their own culture are not
universally accepted.
Eye Contact

In most Western cultures, eye contact shows that you are being attentive and interested
in the speaker. Constant eye contact in Japan can make people feel incredibly
awkward.

In Spanish and Arabic cultures, strong visual contact is very common between people of
the same sex and not looking back is often considered disrespectful.

Nose Contact

Blowing your nose into a handkerchief is a typical action in Western cultures, but it’s
considered dirty and rude to the Japanese. Tapping your nose in Italy means “watch
out,” while it means that something is “confidential” in the UK.

Lips and Kisses

In the Filipino culture, the lips are used to point toward something, while Americans
would use their fingers. Kisses in public are a normal way to say hello or goodbye to a
loved one in some European cultures, but in Asian cultures, these gestures are
considered intimate and are often left for the privacy of one’s home.

Finger Signs

It’s important to be cautious when using finger gestures in other countries. Here are the
various meanings of joining the thumb and index finger to form a ring:

 This is positive sign in the US, meaning “OK.”

 In France and Germany, this signals “zero” or “nothing.”
 In Japan, this sign means “money” if you’re in a professional setting.
 In some Mediterranean, Arabic, and Latin American countries, this gesture is an
obscenity.

• Time differences The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to
communication skills -- the need to communicate and share information with people across
several time zones. When people collaborate with others on the other side of the globe, their
counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work.

Issues related in Globalization and Communication

Global information and policy

Financial resources. Many countries do not have the money to acquire the necessary
telecommunication systems.

Limited experience with the outside world and limited knowledge about other cultures.
 Language competencies.

• Standards. Standards do not exist (in all parts of the world) to accommodate new digital
formats. It also promotes cultural exchange and conflict resolution.

• Modern communication tools, such as social media, promote the process of globalization.

• Communication also allows people to save time and money, leading to economic
empowerment.

• Another remarkable effect of communication on globalization is in the use of telephone and

television

• Communication technology improves visual skills but limits analysis and critical thinking abilities

• Communication also facilitates healthcare, leading to a high standard of living.

• It also makes delivery of news possible, which builds an informed society.

• Democracy. Some countries do not enjoy the freedom to share information with other
countries. Privacy and security issues are becoming more complex and deserve resolution.
• Inoperability protocols. Currently some countries do not have the means for effectively
interconnecting with other telecommunications systems.
• Information infrastructure. Basically, the information infrastructure contains four components:
software, hardware, physical/human resources, and data/information/ knowledge.
Unfortunately, some developing countries lack one or more of these components.
• Global information and policy
• Copyright. In the United States alone, copyright is a complex issue that has been compounded
by online multimedia resources. The complexity intensifies when copyright laws from the
different countries are considered in light of library cooperation.
• Vision. There remains a lack of understanding about the importance/value of information. Thus,
there is some apprehension, is some parts of the world, about investing in the global
information infrastructure.
• Planning skills. There is evidence that the Global Information Infrastructure is in dire need of a
strategic plan. If the GII does not develop and follow strategic direction, it will obviously "back
into the future."
• Information policy. A comprehensive global information policy is necessary for setting the
direction for cooperation and collaboration in sharing library and other intellectual resources.

Intercultural interaction refers to the behavior (including, but not limited to, verbal and nonverbal
communication) that occurs when members of different cultural groups engage in joint activity.

The inability to communicate using a language is known aslanguage barrier to

communication. Language barriersare the most common communication barriers which cause
misunderstandings and misinterpretations between people.
Diversity in the work environment promotes acceptance, respect, and teamwork despite
differences in race, age, gender, native language, political beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, or
communication styles among employees.
T h e G l o b a l i za t i o n a n d Wo r l d C i t i e s Re s e a rc h N e t wo r k , co m
to GaWC, is a think tank that studies the relationships be
in the context of globalization.
 ETHNOCENTRISM is the belief that our own ethnic group is different from, and in some way
superior to, other ethnic groups.

Trends related in Globalization and Communication

• Branding fundamentals - Lebo Madiba, MD of PR Powerhouse says there has to be a mind shift
from traditional PR to learning branding fundamentals. "It's important to make the time and
understand (client) business so you are able to diversify your approach when selling their
company dynamics to the media."

• Better Contents and Content Creators - In the next two years, as brands and social platforms
alike push for more user-generated content, there will be more digital content creators than
ever before. And, thanks in part to advancements in technology, the content we see is only
going to get better. It’s no longer enough for communications professionals to improve upon
their own skill set; they must also find creative new ways to leverage the skills of the creators
around them. - Cameron Conaway, Solace

• Rise of Video Communication - Everything seems to be moving to video. It is imperative to

decide whether or not you want to invest in the equipment and time to do this internally or find
an agile partner to help ensure you are not behind the curve with using video to communicate
your company's message. - Caroline Lyle, TMW Systems

• Social media - Social media and the incorporation of a digital strategy into communications
strategies, as well as gaining the skills to include social media in the PR bouquet have come at a
high cost to PR agencies which have lost work to digital agencies. Walter Pike, social media
trainer and Pike marketing agency founder, says brands have found to their cost in recent years
that they no longer control the spread of information about them. "Every entity, big or small,
needs to accept that they are likely to be the epicenter of a social media crisis at some time,
probably sooner rather than later. Understanding how to manage these events is now an
absolutely essential part of the task of every brand manager, every public relations practitioner,
customer relationship and investor relations practitioner."

• Real-time marketing - AdWeek reports that the effectiveness of real-time marketing, or messaging
based on current events that can be disseminated quickly, is the result of increased social media
adoption. "It's also a great way to show brand personality. In 2015, this type of marketing will no longer
be a nice-to-have-it will be a necessary part of communications campaigns."

• Mobile will expand even further - Every year for the last three years has been pegged as the year of
mobile and mobile just continues to expand. From smartphones to the iPad, to snack able mobile
content, and now the smart watch, mobile will continue to dominate in our always-on society. According
to Pew Research, in 2014 58% of American adults had a smartphone. In 2011, that number was 44%.
Over 2 billion consumers will have a smartphone in 2016 - over half the world's population,
says eMarketer.
Communication and Industry

broadly defined, the business of conveying information. Although communication by means of

symbols and gestures dates to the beginning of human history, the term generally refers to mass
communications. As such, it covers television and radio broadcasting, telegraphs, publishing,
advertising, telecommunications, motion pictures, home videos, public relations, computer
databases, and other information industries.

• is best understood as a rapidly changing industrial sector that is engaged in the production and
distribution of content designed to inform and entertain. When characterized more generally as
the "core copyright industries," this industry is estimated to have contributed more than $457
billion to the U.S. economy in 1999.

• The origins of mass communications can be traced to the development of the printing press in
15th-century Europe; it allowed inexpensively produced newspapers and books to spread
information to large numbers of people.

• Between the 16th and 19th century , improved roads and faster ships allowed news to spread
farther and faster, linking Europe with Latin America and Asia.

• The instantaneous transmission of information became possible with the building of the first
telegraph system (1844) and the invention of the telephone (1876).

• Radio, which got its start when Guglielmo Marconi sent his first wireless message (1895),
allowed rapid communication during World War I.

• The establishment of the first commercial radio station in 1920 and the creation of national
radio networks allowed listeners all over a country to hear the same news, music, and
entertainment shows simultaneously.

• Following the invention of recorded sound in 1877, the popularity of phonographs in the early
20th cent. enabled listeners to enjoy musical performances at home, and the spread of popular
music on radio allowed regional musical styles, such as ragtime, to reach mass audiences.

• Photographs in the 1830s and motion pictures in the 1890s transmitted images around the
world, a development that played a key role in popularizing U.S. cultural values globally.

• Television, which was first demonstrated in the 1920s and developed commercially after World
War II, combined all of these technologies into a new medium that could shape mass culture by
delivering news, entertainment, and advertising to nearly all U.S. homes by the end of the 20th
cent.

• The Internet , which originated in the late 1960s and grew commercially in the 1990s, provided
another vehicle for such an interweaving of technologies.

• Satellites have been used for long-distance telephone communications since the 1950s, and
after the Olympics were broadcast live from Tokyo in 1964 via satellite, media scholars began
talking of a global electronic village.
 • Newer technologies have also motivated governments to loosen controls over the
communications industries. In the 1980s, many commercial and satellite television stations were
established in Europe, breaking the monopoly of government broadcasters, and in the 1990s the
flow of information over the Internet made it easier to bypass government restrictions and
censorship. Nonetheless, the enormous power of the communications industry remains
controversial. The mass media has been widely criticized for its superficial news coverage, its
power to affect public opinion, and the economic power it gives to advertisers and
governments.

• - Infoplease encyclopedia

Examples Communication Industry

motion pictures, television and radio broadcasting, publishing, telecommunications, telegraphic,

advertising, home videos, public relations, computer databases, and other information industries