Bennett Banting McMaster University

Ph.D. Thesis Dept. Civil Engineering

(b) The value of β specified in Clause Z shall be of masonry (0.15f’m) relative

taken as zero unless it is shown that the inelastic drift to concrete (0.25f’m).
demand on the wall, Δid, is less than 0.015. When Δid =
0.005, the value of shall not be taken greater than 0.16. For
inelastic rotational demands between these limits, linear This is reflective of a similar
interpolation may be used. clause in the A23.3, but with
the basic value of β reflective
(c) The value of θ in Clause Z shall be taken as 45° of masonry taken as 0.16.
unless the axial compression (Pf) acting on the wall is
greater than 0.1f’mAg. When (Pf) = 0.2f’mAg, the value of θ
shall not be taken more than 55°. For axial compressions
between these limits, linear interpolation may be used.
Limits established from
Y Boundary element reinforcement NSSSE and described in Cl.
Z.
requirements
Y.1 General
Boundary element reinforcement shall comply with Clauses Y.2 to
Y.5.

Y.2 Spirals for boundary elements

A.2.1
Spiral reinforcement for boundary elements shall be permitted for
use but may not be less than the value given by:

 Ag  f'
 s  0.45  1 m
 c
A  fy
Shedid et al. (2010b)
where indicated that spiral
Ag = the gross area of the boundary element reinforcement could be used.
and, with respect to construction and spacers, shall comply with
CSA A23.1.

Y.2.2
Spiral reinforcement shall have a minimum diameter of 6 mm.

Y.2.3
The pitch or distance between turns of the spirals shall not exceed
1/6 of the core diameter.

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Bennett Banting McMaster University
Ph.D. Thesis Dept. Civil Engineering

Y.2.4
The clear spacing between successive turns of a spiral shall not be
less than 25 mm or greater than 75 mm.

Y.3 Ties for compression members

Y.3.1
In boundary elements, all non-prestressed longitudinal bars shall be
enclosed by ties having a diameter of at least 30% of that of the
largest longitudinal bar. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of
equivalent area may be used.
Therefore, for standard bar
sizes, the following tie
diameters would apply:
10M = 3.4mm,
15M = 4.8mm,
20M = 5.9mm,
Y.3.2 25M = 7.6mm,
Tie spacing shall not exceed the smallest of 30M = 9.0 mm
(a) 16 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal
bar;
(b) 48 tie diameters; Requirements for ties for
(c) the least dimension of the compression member. typical bars
10M = 181mm,
Y.3.3 15M = 256mm,
Ties shall be located not more than one-half of a tie spacing above 20M = 312mm,
the slab or footing and shall be spaced to not more than one-half of 25M = 403mm,
a tie spacing below the lowest reinforcement in the slab or drop 30M = 478mm
panel above.

Y.3.4
Ties shall be arranged so that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of
a tie having an included angle of not more than 135°, and no bar
shall be farther than 150 mm clear on either side from such a
laterally supported bar.

Y.3.5
Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a
complete circular tie may be used, provided that the ends of the ties
are lap welded or bent at least 135° around a longitudinal bar or For a standard 390 mm ×
otherwise anchored within the core of the boundary element. 390 mm pilaster 3 bars could
be placed on each side and it
would be satisfied with a

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Bennett Banting McMaster University
Ph.D. Thesis Dept. Civil Engineering

Y.4 Boundary element to web of wall square tie.

connection
Y.4.1 General
When a running bond cannot be created between the boundary
element and the web of the wall a crack shall be assumed to occur
between the boundary element and the web of the wall along the
shear plane and relative displacement shall be considered to be
resisted by cohesion and friction maintained by the shear friction
reinforcement crossing the crack. The factored shear stress
resistance of the plane shall be computed from


vr  m c p   
where the expression ϕm(cp + μσ) shall not exceed 0.15ϕmf’m.

Y.4.2 Values of c and μ

For bonded boundary elements with continuous grout that flows
between the web of the wall into the boundary element, the
following values shall be taken for cp and μ:
(a) the area of continuous grout can be considered as
part of a monolithic pour such that
cp = 1.00 MPa
μ = 1.40
(b) the area of mortar bond only
cp = 0 MPa
μ = 1.00

Where σ is normally taken as the factored tensile force at yield of

the horizontal reinforcement that crosses the interface shear plane,
and has been detailed to develop yield strength on both sides of the
shear plane.

Y.5 Boundary element strain calculation

Y.5.1 General
Ties in boundary elements may be used to increase the compressive
strain of the masonry towards estimating the ultimate curvature for
the cross-section of a wall for drift capacity calculations. Such
calculations shall follow the procedure laid out in Cl. Y.5.2

Y.5.2
The maximum compressive strain of the confined boundary
element, εmu, can be determined as the following

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Bennett Banting McMaster University
Ph.D. Thesis Dept. Civil Engineering

As Ac f y 1
 mu  
15k n f ' m s s hc 300

Where
As = the area of reinforcement of the stirrup along either axis This is based on the
Ac = confined area measured as the outside-to-outside dimension of successful adaption of the
the ties reinforced concrete column
fy = the yield strength the of the ties not to be taken as more than equation as a conservative
500MPa estimate for compressive
ss = the spacing of the ties strain in a masonry boundary
hc = the dimension of the confined core element as derived in Eq. 2.2.
kn = a factor accounting for the number of bars in contact with the
stirrup, n, determined as n/(n-2)

Z Design for shear in walls

Z.1 Required shear strength
Members shall be designed such that Vr ≥ Vf

Z.2 Factored shear resistance

The factored shear resistance shall be determined by

Vr  Vm  Vs

However, Vr shall not exceed

V r,max  0.15 m f ' m bw d v  g

Z.3 Determination of Vm
The factored shear resistance of masonry shall be determined from

Vm  m  f ' m bwd v g

Where β is determined as specified in Clause Z.5

Z.4 Determination of Vs
The factored shear resistance of horizontal reinforcement shall be
determined from

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Bennett Banting McMaster University
Ph.D. Thesis Dept. Civil Engineering

s Av f y d v tan
Vs 
sh

Where θ is determined as specified in Clause Z.5 and the value of This is added in since it is
dvtanθ shall be taken as less than or equal to hw possible to have crack angles
that deviate from 45°.
Z.5 Determination of β and θ for partially-
grouted masonry
Z.5.1 General
The values of β and θ may be determined in accordance with Since there was no evaluation
Clauses Z.5.2 to Z.5.3 where θ is measured as the angle between of partially-grouted walls
principal shear crack and the bed joint of a wall. within Chapter 5, the NSSSE
cannot be applied. However,
for consistency, the existing
S304.1 shear strength
expression has been
presented here, adopting the
same syntax used by NSSSE,
however the results will be no
different than the current
S304.1 expression.

Z.5.2 Value of θ for partially-grouted masonry

For partially-grouted members the value of θ shall be taken as 30°

Z.5.3 Value of β for partially-grouted masonry

The value of β shall be determined as follows

 Mf  0.25Pd
  0.16 2  
 V f dv 
  f ' m bw d v

Where

Mf
V f dv

= a value that shall not be more than 1 or less than 0.25 for the
concurrent factored moment, Mf, and factored shear, Vf, at the
section under consideration

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Bennett Banting McMaster University
Ph.D. Thesis Dept. Civil Engineering

Z.6 Determination of β and θ for fully- The designer has the option
to use a simplified method
grouted masonry that does not deviate from the
Z.6.1 General previous code version, but is
The values of β and θ may be determined in accordance with the put into the syntax of the
simplified method described in Clause Z.6.2 and Z.6.3 or by the NSSSE.
general method described in Clause Z.6.4 to Z.6.7.

Z.6.2 Simplified method to determine β

The value of β shall be determined as follows

 Mf  0.25Pd
  0.16 2  
 V f dv 
  f ' m bw d v

Where

Mf
V f dv

= a value that shall not be more than 1 or less than 0.25 for the
concurrent factored moment, Mf, and factored shear, Vf, at the
section under consideration

Z.6.3 Simplified method to determine θ

The value of θ may be taken as 45°

Z.6.4 General method to determine β

The value of β shall be determined as follows
Solved assuming J = 1.5 from
 8000    1 
 Eq. 5.40a as a conservative
  
 3375  41  1800 n   simplification.

where
λ = as determined by Clause Z.6.6
εn = the normal strain parameter determined in Z.6.7

Z.6.5 General method to determine θ

The value of θ shall be determined as follows

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