PhaseChanges 1.

Mel
ti
ng

 Sol
i
d occur swhenasol idisheatedunti
lits
parti
clesreachahi ghenoughenergyt o
 Li
qui
d reachi t
smel ti
ngpoint,changi
ngitinto
theliquidstate. Anexampl eisani ce
 Gas cubet urni
ngintol
iquidwater
Phy
sical
changes 2.Fr
eezi
ng

 ChangesthatdoNOTchanget he occurswhenal i
qui
di scooledunt i
lit
s
i
denti
tyofthesubst
ancei
tsel
f. parti
clesreachal ow enoughener gyto
reachi t
sfreezi
ngpoint,changingitint
o
the solid st
ate.Thi
s occur st oliqui
d
 A physi
calchange i
s si
mplya waterwheni tispl
acedinaf reezer
.
changei
nt hemater
ial
'
sphysi
cal
3.Ev
apor
ati
on

occurswhenpar t
icl
esofal i
quidreach
a high enough energy t
ol eavet he
sur
faceoftheli
quidandchangeint
ot he
gasstat
e.

4.Condensat
ion

proper
ti
es,such as shape or occurswhent hepart
icl
esinagascool
phase,size,st
ates(
sol
i
d,li
quid enoughtochanget ot
hel i
quidstate.An
andgas). example ofcondensation is when a
glassoficewaterfor
mswat erdroplets
 Therearef ourstat
esofmat terin ont heoutsi
de.Themoleculesofwat er
theuniverse:plasma,gas,l i
quid vapor next to the glass cool and
and solid.But,mat t
eron Ear th condenseint
oliqui
dwater.
exist
s most lyint hree disti
nct
phases:gas,l i
quidandsol id.A 5.Deposi
ti
on
phasei sadi sti
ncti
veform ofa
occur swhenagaschangesi ntoasol i
d
substance, and mat ter can
withoutpassingthrought heliqui dst
ate.
changeamongt hephases.Itmay
Exampl es of depositi
on i nclude the
take ext reme t emper atur
e,
format ionofsnow incl ouds,f ormati
on
pressureorenergy,butallmat t
er
offr ostonwindowsandt hegr ound,and
canbechanged.
dischar gi
ng a Car bon di oxi de fir
e
 Ther
ear
esi
xdi
sti
nctchangesof extinguisher
.
phasewhichhappenst
odiff
erent
6.Subl
i
mat
ion
subst
ances at di
ff
erent
temperat
ures occur swhenasol i
dchangesintothe
gasst atewithoutpassingthroughthe
Phase change is a physi
calchange
l
iquidstate.Iodineisanexampl eofa
where t he subst ance undergoes
substance thatsubl i
mes,as wellas
changeswithoutchangi
ngitschemical
soli
dcar bondioxide(dr
yice)
,snow,and
composit
ion.
i
ce.
Ty
peofPhaseChange
 Answer
:

Heat
ingCur
ve q=m·
∆Hғ

Whent hesy st
em isheat ed,energyi s Wher
e:
transf
erred i
ntoit.Inresponset ot he
energyitreceiv
es,thesyst em changes, q=heatener
gy
for exampl e by i ncr easi
ng i ts
m=mass
tempear at
ure.Aplotofthet emperature
versustimeiscall
edheatingcurve. ∆Hғ
=heatoff
usi
on

Sol
uti
on:

(
Heati
njoul
es)

q=m·
∆Hғ

q=25g·
334J/
g

q=8350J
Vapor
izat
ion-the pr
ocess t
hatoccurs (
Heati
nter
msofcal
ori
es)
whenchemi calorel
ementisconv
erted
fr
om ali
quidtoagas. q=m·
∆Hғ

Evapor
ati
on-whenal
i
qui
disconv
ert
ed q=(
25g)x(
80cal
/g)
toagas
q=2000cal
Subl
imat
ion-whenasol
i
dconv
ert
edt
oa
gas Ther
efore,theamountofheatr
equir
ed
tomelt25gramsofi
ceis8350Joul
esor
HEATOFFUSI
ON 2000calori
es.

i
tistheamountofheatener gyrequired HEATOFVAPORI
ZATI
ON
to change the state ofmat t
erofa
substancefr
om solidtoal i
quid.It
’salso - Defined as the amountofenergy
knownasent hal
pyoff usi
on.I t
’sunits (enthal
py)thatmustbe added t o
areusuallyi
nj oul
espergr am (J/g)or l
iquid substance,tot r
ansfor
m a
calor
iespergr am (cal/
g).thisexampl e givenquanti
t yofthesubstanceto
probl
em demonst r
at eshowt ocalculate gas.
theamountofener gyr equi
redtomel ta
- The heatr equir
ed t o change the
sampl eofwateri
ce.
substancefrom solidtoliqui
datit s
For
mul
a:q=m·
∆Hғ melti
ngpoi nt,orfrom li
quidt ogas
at its boi l
ing poi nt
, af t
er the
Exampl
e: temperatur
eoft hesubst ancehas
eit
herreachedeitherofthesepoints.
Whati
st heheati
njoul
esrequi
redto
mel
t25gr amsofi
ce?Whati
stheheat - Associ
ated wi t
h no change i
n
i
ncal
ori
es? temper
ature,butonl
yachangeof
stat
e
UsefulInf
ormati
on:heatoff
usi
on of
water=334J/g=80cal
/g - Expr
essedi
ntheuni
tjoul
es(
J)or
 cal
ori
es(
cal
)

For
mul
a:  ThePhaseDi agram isaconvenient
way tor epr esent graphi
cal
l
yt he
q=m·
∆Hѵ condit
ions atwhi ch the par
ti
cular
stat
eisstable.
exampl
e:

Whatistheheatinjoulesrequir
edto
mel
t25 grams ofwat erinto st
eam?
Whati
stheheati
ncal
ories?

UsefulInf
ormati
on:heatoff
usi
on of
water=2257J/g=540cal
/g

Answer
:

q=m·
∆Hғ IntheGener alPhaseDi agram, eachline
repr
esent sthepr essure-t emper at
ure
Wher
e: combi nati
onatwhi cht wophasesar ein
Dynami cEquili
bri
um.Forexampl e,l
ine
q=heatener
gy
AD r epresentst he condi t
ions under
m=mass whicht hesoli
dandl iquidphasescanbe
i
ndy nami cequili
bri
um.Thepoi nts(E,F,
∆Hѵ=heatoff
usi
on and G)r epr
esentt he wholer ange of
temper at
ure-
pressure combi nations at
Sol
uti
on: whichonl yonephasecanexi st.

(
Heati
njoul
es) Poi
ntsToConsi
der

q=m·
∆Hѵ Two pointsin a phase di
agr
am of
speci
ali
nter
estar
ethe:
q=25g·
2257J/
g
1.Tripl
ePoint(Poi
ntA)-r efers
q=56425J to t he t emperat
ure and
pressur
e atwhi ch al
lt hree
(
Heati
nter
msofcal
ori
es)
phases(sol i
d,l
iqui
d,& gas)
q=m·
∆Hѵ coexist in a dy nami c
equil
ibr
ium.
q=(
25g)x(
540cal
/g)
2. Cr
iti
calPoint(PointB)-r efer
s
q=13500cal tothecr i
ti
caltemper atureand
cri
ti
cal pr essure t ogether.
Ther
efore,t
heamountofheatr equi
red Abovet hecri
ti
caltemper at
ure,
tochange25gramsofwat eri
ntosteam the kineti
c energies ofgas
i
s56425Joul esor13500cal
ori
es. part
icl
esar etoohi ght hatonl
y
thegasphasecanexi st.
PhaseDi
agr
am

 Thesoli
d,liqui
d,andgasphasesof
a substance exi st at diff
erent
temper
aturesandpr essur
es.
 PhaseDi
agram f
orWat
erand 3.CO2ismor el i
keother
CarbonDi
oxi
de substanceswher ethedensityi
n
thesoli
dphasei shigherthanin
theli
quidphase.Thisexplainwhy
i
tsphasedi agram hasthesame
appearanceast heGeneralPhase
Diagr
am.

KEYCONCEPTS:

• APhaseDi agr
am showswhat
phaseorphasescanbepresent
TheSali
entChar
act
eri
sti
csi
nPhase foranygi
venpressure-
Diagr
am forWat
er temperat
urecombinati
on.

1.Thet r
ipl
epointofwater(4.
58 • TheTr i
plePointisthe
tor
r,0.01*C)serv
esast he i
ntersecti
onoft heli
quid-v
apour,
basi
sf ordefi
ningtheKelvi
n sol
id-vapour
,andsol i
d-l
iquid
Temper at
urescaleandis curveswhichcor r
espondst oan
assi
gnedanexactv al
ueof equil
ibri
um amongt hreephases.
273.16K.
• TheCri
ti
calPoi
nti
sthepressur
e-
temper
atur
ecombinat
ion.

2.Thesol i
d-l
iquidl i
neistil
ted
towar dthel eft.Thissupports
thef actthatliquidwat erhasa
higherdensi tyt haniceat
temper aturesnear0* C.This
alsoshowswhyi cemel ts
whent hetemper atureis
i
ncr easedsuf ficientl
y.

TheSali
entCharact
eri
sti
csinPhase
Diagr
am forCar
bonDioxide

1.CO2changesf r
om soli
dtogasas
thetemperat
ureincr
eased,
at
constant1at
m pressur
e.

2.Apressur
eof5.11at
mi sneeded
bef
oreli
quidCO2isf
ormed.