A Constructivist Approach To Teaching Media Studies Using Google Drive

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A Constructivist Approach to Teaching Media Studies Using Google Drive

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 May 24, 2017 (https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2017/05/24/)
 Chris Harwood, Aichi Prefectural University, Japan
Alison Mann, University of Toronto, Canada
Abstract
In this paper we consider online teaching and learning from a constructivist pedagogic perspective and illustrate how learning theory connects to teaching practice in online contexts. To do
this we employ an Ontario Media Studies grade 11 course unit to explain how Google Drive applications provide the necessary tools to facilitate constructivist online learning. The media
studies unit is a culmination of years of iterations and reflection on the delivery and efficacy of media lessons online. First, the Google online learning environment (GOLE) is discussed in
relation to constructivist learning theory, and the grade 11 media studies unit objectives and expectations are explained. Second, the applicability of various Google Drive tools for the
constructivist teaching and learning activities related to the unit are considered. We then focus on how the media studies unit will be taught using the GOLE. The administration and unit
plan are outlined and decisions regarding learning activities and various Google Drive tools are justified. Finally, two lessons are described in detail to illustrate how constructivist learning
theory informs the teaching of various unit tasks and activities. It is our hope that in sharing this sample unit and accompanying theory, other educators can learn from, and adapt our work
for their own courses.
Contents [show]
Introduction
In the past twenty years, a series of profound technological developments has impacted education. Newly emerging technological tools, applications,
and online learning environments present opportunities and possibilities for peers to collaborate in new ways, irrespective of location. As seasoned
educators, we have experienced the shift towards online learning in the form of blended and flipped classrooms as well as fully online, credited
courses. An integral part of this shift is the role online tools play in facilitating learning, and how the implementation and use of these tools impacts
instructional design and online pedagogy. As practitioners, we experiment with online tools to establish what does and does not work in a given
learning context. This is important work. However, as educators we also have a responsibility to ensure learning theory and research inform our
decision making when planning, reflecting on, and evaluating curriculum tasks, activities, and pedagogic practices.
https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/a-constructivist-approach-to-teaching-media-studies-using-google-drive/ 1/15
In this paper we examine a sample media studies unit within a constructivist learning theory framework to show how Google Drive tools can be used
as an effective online learning environment (OLE). Although Google tools have been discussed here in JITP
(https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/teaching-using-google-glass-and-apps/) and in other reputable publications such as Kairos
(http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/11.2/topoi/purdy-walker/findings_multiple_tool_use/everybody_loves_google.htm), the aim of this paper is to
illustrate how modern online pedagogic practice and tools connect to key founding theories of constructivism and online learning. The sample media
studies unit is a culmination of years of iterations and reflection on the delivery and efficacy of media lessons online. The Ontario Media Studies
grade 11 course curriculum is used to illustrate how various Google Drive tools provide the appropriate affordances to facilitate constructivist online
learning. While this is an elective course for Ontario students, each grade in the secondary school curriculum contains a media studies strand in the
mandatory English curriculum, hence the unit can be adapted for Ontario English courses. It is our hope that in sharing this sample unit and
accompanying theory, other educators can learn from, adapt, and build on our work for their own use, not only in media-related courses, but in other
subject areas as well. Prior to this, an overview of some of the more pertinent constructivist theories and approaches used in the design of the Google
online learning environment (GOLE) is provided.
The Theory behind the Practice

Highly influential constructivist education writers and researchers (Dewey 1916; Piaget 1973; Vygotsky 1978; Bruner 1996) all agree that active
learning and the construction of new knowledge is based on prior knowledge, and that the role of the instructor is that of facilitator. Moreover,
Dewey (1916) argues that the improvement of the reasoning process is a key function of education. Indeed, utilizing problem-solving methods on
personally meaningful and real life problems can act as motivation for students, engaging them in process of discovery. With this in mind, the design
plan for our GOLE ensures students have every opportunity to utilize their critical thinking skills and prior knowledge, while making personally
relevant choices about what topics and themes to investigate in the media studies unit.
Dewey (1938) also argues that interaction is one of the most important elements of a learning experience and that “an experience is always what it is
because of a transaction taking place between an individual and what, at the time, constitutes his environment…” (Dewey 1938 cited in Vrasidas
2000, 1). The GOLE design acknowledges the reciprocal nature of learning interaction and the variety of relationships and communicative exchanges
required to facilitate meaningful learning (Simpson & Galbo 1986). As the teacher facilitates activities throughout the course, they should consider

the nature and types of interaction present in learning environments: learner-learner, learner-teacher, and learner-content (Moore 1989), as well as the
ways these interactions translate to an online learning environment. This social constructivist approach stresses the critical importance of interaction
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with others in cognitive development and emphasizes the role of the social context in learning (Huang 2002).
Vygotsky (1978) details the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and explains how important social interaction is in the
psychological development of the learner. Vrasidas (2000) describes the ZPD as, “the distance between the actual developmental level as determined
by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in
collaboration with more capable peers” (10). The GOLE features afford students multiple opportunities to learn with others and advance their
knowledge through collaboration, working with a variety of learners in different activities using a selection of Google Drive tools.
Class Introduction, Overview of Media Studies Unit, and Expectations

The proposed unit for a media studies course is based on best practices and pedagogy from previous media studies lessons conducted in online
learning environments. A Grade 11 English Media Studies course from the Ontario Curriculum is the site of this unit. Figure 1 provides a breakdown
of the unit sections and related objectives/expectations.
Unit Sections Unit Objectives
A. Understanding and Interpreting 1. Understanding and responding to media texts:

Media Texts
– demonstrate understanding of a variety of media texts;
2. Deconstructing media texts:

– deconstruct a variety of types media texts, identifying the codes, conventions, and techniques used and
explaining how they create meaning.
B. Media and Society 1. Understanding media perspectives:
– analyze and critique media representations of people, issues, values, and behaviors;
2. Understanding the impact of media on society:
– analyze and evaluate the impact of media on society.
C. The Media Industry 1. Industry and audience:
– demonstrate an understanding of the ways in which the creators of media texts target and attract
audiences;
2. Ownership and control:

– demonstrate an understanding of the impact of regulation, ownership, and control on access, choice and
range of expression.
D. Producing and Reflecting on 1. Producing media texts:

Media Texts
– create a variety of media texts for different audience;
2. Careers in media production:
– demonstrate an understanding of roles and career options in a variety of media industries;
3. Metacognition:
– demonstrate an understanding of their growth as media consumers, media analysts, and media
producers.
Figure 1: Grade 11 English Media Studies from the Ontario Curriculum
Overall expectations addressed in the proposed unit include:
Industry and Audience: demonstrate an understanding of the ways in which the creators of media texts target and attract audiences.
Producing Media Texts: create a variety of media texts for different audiences and purposes, using effective forms, codes, conventions, and
techniques.
 Metacognition: demonstrate an understanding of their growth as media consumers, media analysts, and media producers.
Deconstructing Media Texts: deconstruct a variety of types of media texts, identifying the codes, conventions, and techniques used and
 explaining how they create meaning.
Understanding and Responding to Media Texts: demonstrate understanding of a variety of media texts. (The Ontario Curriculum Grades 11-12:
English, 2007)
The Online Learning Environment: Why Google Drive?

When thinking about designing a constructivist OLE it is useful to consider how social constructivist theory can inform which tools to include in it.
Vygotsky (1978) argues that people socially construct meaning and cultural norms and that learning is situated. Lave and Wenger (1991) suggest
implicit and explicit knowledge is acquired through legitimate participation in situated communities of practice (CoP). Learners participate on the
periphery of an activity within a CoP and as they participate and learn they become more knowledgeable. This enables them to move, if they wish,
towards the center of the CoP and play a larger role in the communities’ activities. The central idea of situated learning is that learners appropriate an
understanding of how to view meanings that are identified with the CoP, and that this process forms a learner’s identity within the learning
community. For example, to become a television production assistant a person must appropriate the skills, values, and beliefs required in the practice
of working in the television industry.
Hung and Chen (2001) provide a number of design considerations related to situated learning that can help learning designers decide what tools need
to be included in an OLE to best support constructivist learning. They argue situatedness can be fostered by contextualized activities that encourage
implicit and explicit knowledge acquisition such as projects based on the demands and requirements of the course curriculum. Furthermore, students
need to be able to access their OLE in their situated contexts at any time and preferably on portable devices.
Hung and Chen (2001) suggest students also need to learn through reflection and internalize social learning through metacognitive activities such as
journaling and asynchronous discussion. Google Drive is available online on portable devices and includes the weblog (blog) software Blogger in its
suite of applications. Blogs can be used as interactive online journals, which can be personalized by the learner and used for important metacognitive
reflective activities essential for deep learning (Sawyer 2008).
Also as Bereiter (1997) argues, electronic records of learners engaged in discourse on networked computers produce significant knowledge artifacts
in and of themselves. These knowledge artifacts are essential for educators because “knowing the state of a learner’s knowledge structure helps to
identify a learner’s zone of proximal development” (Boettcher 2007, 4); which in turn allows educators to understand where and when learner
scaffolding is required within the OLE.
Hung and Chen (2001) also introduce the concept of commonality, the idea that learning is social and identity is formed through language, signs, and
tools in CoPs. They explain that commonality can be fostered through learners having shared interests in books, for example, or having shared
assignment problems. Learning designers can leverage commonality and embed tools in their OLEs that enable students to communicate and
collaborate on their common interests.
Google Drive has several tools that enable collaboration through computer mediated discourse. These tools include Google Messenger (synchronous
and asynchronous text and video messaging), Google Circles (synchronous and asynchronous text messaging and multimedia sharing), and Google
Hangouts (synchronous video chat with up to nine people at once, face-to-face-to-face). The interactive nature of blogs also allows them to be used
for communicating and sharing ideas within online CoPs. In terms of assessing student engagement and interaction, the revision history tool in
Google Docs allows teachers to follow the contributions of each student by observing their writing and editing process, as well as the comments they
post to their peers.
Google Drive has several other tools suitable for the online administration of courses. Gmail, the email application, can be used for formal teacher-
student correspondence and the distribution of grades and other important announcements. Google Calendar is suitable for updates about the syllabus
and deadlines and alerts regarding the course. Google Docs can be used to construct online surveys and polls, often used by constructivist educators
to allow learners to vote on aspects of the course they would like to change in some way or for students conducting research of their own. In
addition, Google Drive folders can house the course documents; the syllabus, readings, FAQs, and sign up forms can be accessed and updated from
anywhere at any time. Student folders can be created on Google Drive for students to upload their work. Educators can use Google Hangouts to
discuss group work in online video conferences. Furthermore, YouTube (part of Google) is an ideal platform to present digital artifacts that illustrate
project based learning. The affordances Google Drive technology provides learners are numerous (see figure 2).
Quinton (2010) notes that it is essential for student learning that dynamically constructed learning environments be customized to meet the
preferences and needs of individual learners in OLEs. The integrated nature of Google Drive enables all course communication, discussion,
administration, and student work presentation to be fully integrated and customized to the learners’ needs. Users can personalize their settings and
receive updates and notifications about all activity on the course. The GOLE enables students to communicate informally, fostering social presence,
either by using one-to-one synchronous messages on Google Messenger, or by setting up their own Google Circle for group chat.

Formal discussions and reflection are afforded by Google Circles, Google Hangouts, and Blogger. Note, Google Hangouts enables synchronous
video conferencing. This affordance is particularly useful for teaching and learning because OLEs often do not enable the interactants to see one
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another’s paralanguage, making the possibility of misunderstanding common, particularly for people from different cultural backgrounds (Dillon,
Wang, & Tearle 2007).
(https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2017/05/Final-Final-Fig-2.jpeg)
Figure 2. An Illustration of the Google Online Learning Environment (GOLE).
Educators and groups of students can see, hear, and talk to each other at scheduled times using Google Hangouts, which has the potential to really
boost the social, teaching, and, subsequently, the cognitive presence on GOLE courses. Students have numerous customizable applications to
compose and display their learning, such as the Blogger, YouTube, and Google Presentation applications as well as word processing, drawing, and
spreadsheet software. All these applications empower users to share and collaborate with each other and determine who can see and contribute to
whatever they are working on prior to when it is presented for feedback. Used appropriately, the tools in Google Drive facilitate distributed
constructionism, whereby learner knowledge emerges from the distributed discourses and knowledge artifacts they have access to in their OLE
(Salomon 1994).
Administration and Unit Plan

From our experience teaching in OLEs, we conceive three key objectives at the course start: acclimatizing students to the online environment,
establishing a community of learners, and making explicit the goals and objectives of the course. Early peer to peer and peer to instructor interaction
is essential because, as Garrison & Arbaugh (2007, 60) point out, “it takes time find a level of comfort and trust, develop personal relationships, and
evolve into a state of camaraderie.” Furthermore, positive social climates promote the rapid mastery of the hidden curriculum and enhances group
tasks, self-disclosure, and socio-emotional sharing (Michinov, Michinov, & Toczek-Capelle 2004).
Therefore, one of the first activities in our unit plan requires students to create a biography using general questions and prompts from the teacher, and
to share it using Google Docs. For example, we incorporate a simple media studies-related icebreaker using threaded discussions. Students post to
the discussion board three personality traits, three favorite television shows, three favorite musicians, and three most used websites. Students are then
asked to find at least three other students they have something in common with and write a response. In our experience, sharing commonalities and
interests builds rapport and community in peer groups, particularly if this is done at the start of the course.
At the same time, educators must be mindful of critical pedagogy and how identity can play out in online environments. While the opportunity for
disembodiment and the de-emphasis on race, class, and gender in virtual environments can lead to many positive possibilities, caution is warranted.
As Dare (2011, 3) argues “the constitution of the online classroom as a color-blind space free of raced and sexed bodies is one which deserves
greater reflection by examining the implications of ‘disembodying’ students and instructors in the virtual classroom, within the context of classes
about race, gender, and globalization.” Such awareness is a necessity and instructors should work to create an inclusive, supportive, and non-
threatening community. We have found the best practice is to allow each student to regulate how and what they choose to share about their identity
with their peers over time.
During the first week, students are asked to watch an introductory YouTube video created by the instructor using screen capture software such as Jing
(https://www.techsmith.com/jing.html). The video serves to welcome students and provide a virtual tour of the Google Drive platform, which assists
students in locating administrative information to begin the course. All Administrative documents (course outline, assessment and evaluation
information, online etiquette, and so on) need to be detailed and explicit to reduce uncertainty, and they should remain in one Google Doc folder for
easy reference.
In the administrative section, students should also have access to their grades and feedback through the Google Spreadsheets feature. Students require
opportunities to play an active role in their learning process and self-evaluation, through the negotiation of course objectives, content, and evaluation.
In previously taught courses, our students have written reflections alongside the teacher-produced grade reports, putting the onus on students to take
responsibility for their progress and next steps. Active participation, a central tenet of constructivism, increases the likelihood of embracing and
accomplishing tasks used to facilitate learning (Vrasidas 2000).
Finally, a section for technical help should be made available to students using the Google Communities feature. Here, students can post questions
and discuss technical issues they may be facing with Google Drive tools, allowing them to collaboratively diagnose problems and find solutions. In
our courses, we encourage students to ask course and technical questions in the group forums rather than emailing the instructor. Doing so allows an
opportunity for other students to come forward and support others with their knowledge, while also reducing repetitive emails to the instructor with
the same questions. This feature “connect[s] people to people and information, not people to machines[,]” and enables students to “engage in
collaborative knowledge production and facilitation of understanding—in effect, a connected network of mentors/ interest /practice” (Quinton 2010,

346-47). A high level of teacher presence is required at this stage to monitor the OLE and ensure that any outstanding issues are fully resolved in a
timely manner.

Sample Unit Plan: Our Mediated Environment
The sample unit provided below highlights the type of lessons, activities, exercises, and assignments students engage in throughout the course.
(Some lesson plans have been adapted from curriculum materials freely available at Mediasmarts.ca (http://mediasmarts.ca/) and the Association for
Media Literacy (http://www.aml.ca/)).
Part One: Marketing to Teens

Throughout the first unit (3-4 weeks), the teacher should moderate class discussions, and explicitly model some of the skills, strategies, and critical
thinking techniques that students will need to acquire for moderating future class discussions. As Vrasidas (2000) points out, “having students work
in groups to moderate discussions, organize debates, summarize points, and share results will help them achieve their full potential” (10). Following
the first unit, pairs of students should select a week to moderate the discussions (based on a topic/ theme of interest) in partnership with the teacher.
In addition to modeling discussion-moderation techniques, the teacher can provide a tip sheet of strategies and offer constructive feedback during
their moderation period. As Brown, Collins, and Duguid (1989) conclude, “to learn [how] to use tools as practitioners use them, a student, like an
apprentice, must enter that community and its culture. Thus, in a significant way, learning is […] a process of enculturation” (33). Furthermore,
research demonstrates that teacher presence plays an important role in enabling students to reach the highest levels of inquiry (Garrison et al. 2001;
Luebeck & Bice 2005).
Lesson 1
Students are assigned two readings online: How Marketers Target Teens (http://mediasmarts.ca/marketing-consumerism/how-marketers-target-kids)
and Advertising: It’s Everywhere (http://mediasmarts.ca/marketing-consumerism/advertising-its-everywhere) (Media Smarts n.d.) to introduce
concepts such as psychology and advertising, targeted advertising, building brand loyalty, ambient and stealth advertising, commercialization in
education, and product placement. Students begin the first threaded discussion using Google Circles with a series of questions and prompts regarding
the ubiquitous nature of advertisements targeted at youth. For example, guided prompts might ask questions such as “why are youth important targets
for marketers?” “how do marketers reach teens?” or “which media advertisements do students feel have the greatest appeal and why?” The quality of
guiding questions directly impacts the quality of responses and interactions between students. As evidence shows, the questions initiating online
discussion also play an important role in the type of cognitive activity present in online discussions (Arnold & Ducate 2006).
Activity 1: Research
For this activity, students take a 10-15-minute walk in their local neighborhood, and they note the type and location of all advertisements they
encounter (on bus shelters, billboards, newspaper boxes, bike racks, people’s clothes, shopping carts, buses, and so on). They then share their Google
Map coordinates and a screenshot to highlight their selected route and share their findings with the rest of the class using Google Presentation.
Students then form groups of four in a threaded discussion group to further examine one another’s Advertisement (Ad) Walks. Throughout this
activity, students should be encouraged to use a selection of knowledge sources such as libraries, museums, and email exchanges with industry
professionals. Asking students to engage in learning with activities such as Ad Walks places them in the center of their learning so “teachers will no
longer be [seen as] the only source of expertise” or the only resource (Sawyer 2008, 8). Next, students are asked to consider the target audience for
the ads and speculate on the rationale for the location of advertisements (i.e. advertisements targeted at teens are often located close to high schools
and shopping malls). In a threaded discussion with teacher prompts, students should have an opportunity to examine the difference in advertising
tactics on reservations, in rural, suburban, and urban environments; hence sharing “their situated experiences and knowledge with one another (Dare
2011,10).
Dewey (1916) argues that learning results from our reflections on our experiences as we endeavor to make sense of them; therefore, students should
also be asked to compare and comment on the extent of media advertisements in their own homes (internet, television, magazines, radio etc.) and
reflect on their findings using the blog and guided questions prepared by the teacher. The teacher should also ask students to read at least two student
blog posts and to post comments on each other’s reflections. This activity is intended to increase student motivation and provide authenticity to the
learning process, as students will know that there is an active online audience for the online artifacts they are creating (Resnick 1996). The use of
technology and other cultural tools (to communicate, exchange information, and construct knowledge) is fundamental in constructivism because as
Vrasidas (2000, 7) argues “knowledge is constructed through social interaction and in the learner’s mind.”
Activity 2: Connecting Media Concepts

At the beginning of the course, students should be given the choice to select a unit that holds particular interest to them. In small groups (3-4), they
are then given the responsibility for creating a mind map that demonstrates the connections and intersections of new concepts they have been
exposed to. Using a mind map, the student groups work collectively to define each of the concepts and identify and illustrate connections among
meanings. For example, the unit highlighted in this paper introduces stealth advertising and product placement. These concepts can be connected by

their approach; both are non-traditional forms of advertising and are often embedded in other forms of media that contain covert messaging (see
figure 3 for student exemplar). Mind mapping tools such as Lucidchart (https://www.lucidchart.com/) can be located in Google Docs add-ons.

Teachers are encouraged to review all the add-on features and extensions that will best suit the needs of their students.
(https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2017/05/Figure-3-Media-Messages-Mind-
Map.jpeg)
Figure 3. Mind map student exemplar that demonstrates the connections and
intersections of new concepts they have been exposed to.
This ongoing constructed resource shifts and grows throughout the course as students manipulate the document to build new meanings together. This
nurtures the collective cognitive responsibility of the class, whereby “responsibility for the success of a group effort is distributed across all the
members rather than being concentrated in the leader” (Scardamalia 2002, 2). The students are made responsible for their own learning and should
ensure that their classmates “know what needs to be known” (ibid.). This is a particularly effective way for knowledge-building communities to form
and grow because collaborative activities need to involve the exchange of information and the design and construction of meaningful artifacts for
learners to construct and personalize the knowledge (Resnick 1996). To consolidate and distribute learning, this activity should be repeated for each
of the five units in the course.
Part Two: Decoding Media Messages

Lesson 2
In this lesson, students explore the values and beliefs hidden behind advertising messages by analyzing a selection of print, audio, and video
advertisements. Students watch an introductory video on “values and media messages” on YouTube (created by the teacher). The teacher video
should contain an explanation of how the two media frameworks used throughout the course (The Eight Key Concepts of Mass Media and the Eddie
Dick Media Triangle; See figure 4) and how they pertain to decoding and deconstructing advertising and marketing messages. The video provides an
introductory explanation of the concepts being discussed in the course and adds important elements of teaching presence such as focusing discussion,
sharing meaning, and building knowledge (Garrison et al. 2001). Both frameworks should be made available in the class Google Docs folder titled
Administration.
To further their understanding of the constructed nature of media advertisements, students are also asked to watch the Dove Evolution Commercial
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U) on YouTube, along with one of the parodies for the Dove Evolution Commercial that can also be
found on YouTube. Using their online journals, students then write a reflection on their personal reaction to both the commercial and a Dove parody
video, and then identify some of the key elements found on the Media Triangle to arrive at intended and unintended meanings. Online journaling is
considered an aspect of cognitive presence, defined as “the extent to which learners are able to construct and confirm meaning through sustained
reflection and discourse” (Garrison & Arbaugh 2007, 161) in which students work through the stages of inquiry and arrive at their own meanings
through reflective practice.
(https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2017/05/Figure-4-Media-Triangle-Page-
1.jpeg)
Figure 4: The Key Concepts of Mass Media and the Eddie Dick Media Triangle.
Adapted from http://frankwbaker.com/mediatriangle.htm
Activity 3: Group Presentation

Through discussion in small groups using Google Circles, students deconstruct one advertisement of their choice to be presented to the class using
the prompts on the Media Triangle handout. The objective is for students to deepen their awareness and understanding about the explicit and implicit
values and meanings associated with their selected advertisement. The use of Google Circles enables the teacher to view what is being discussed and
provides the necessary scaffolding (Vygotsky 1978) for the learners to continue to extend their ZPD. Furthermore, working in groups on
collaborative activities facilitates social presence in online courses as it enables learners to “project themselves socially and emotionally” (Garisson &
Arbaugh 2007) and develop a sense of community and improve and practice “real life” working relationships in online courses.
Using Google Presentation feature, students upload their work in a shared folder in Google Drive for the rest of the class to evaluate. In an
asynchronous exercise, students are asked to view all presentations (about 4-5) and offer a critique for each work in Google Circles. Having peers
critique group presentations produces further insights/perspectives the group may have overlooked or not recognized. As a result, students are more
likely to gain a deeper understanding from “the expertise (knowledge and skills), perspectives and opinions” of their peers and “draw from each
other’s strengths” and “make use of each other’s abilities” (Hung & Chen 2001, 7) to help construct knowledge.
Activity 4: Reflection
Using their blogs, each student repeats the process of activity 3 using a media advertisement that has personal relevance or meaning. Students also
respond to guided prompts such as, “Explain one way the advertisement communicates to its audience and what one resulting meaning is for you.”
Dewey states that “learning results from our reflections on our experiences, as we strive to make sense of them” (Russell 1999, 2); and through
reflection, students “externalize and articulate their developing knowledge, [and] they learn more effectively” (Sawyer 2008, 7).
Activity 5: Parody Advertisement Media Production

In this activity, students work either in pairs, independently, or in a small group to create of a parody advertisement. Using their new knowledge
about advertising strategies and their understanding of the media construction frameworks from prior activities, students deconstruct one parody
advertisement and then create their own media artifact with a focus on branding: for example, a parody print advertisement of their own, a short
commercial, a radio jingle, or an audiovisual slideshow.
To introduce the concept of branding, students view a four-minute segment of the award-winning Canadian documentary, The Corporation
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJaKtRjqj2M). In this segment, Canadian activist Naomi Klein discusses the impact of corporate branding on
individuals and culture (Note: This YouTube video is a legal chapter segment shared online by The Corporation Director Mark chbar). In a threaded
discussion on Google Circles, the teacher prompts discussion by asking students what comes to mind when they hear the terms ‘brand’ or ‘branding,’
and what they think about the video.
Students should also be provided with the following definitions:
 Branding: the process involved in creating a unique name and image for a product in the consumer’s mind, mainly through advertising campaigns with a consistent
theme. Branding aims to establish a significant and differentiated presence in the market that attracts and retains loyal customers. (Business Dictionary, n.d.)
Corporate branding: An attempt to attach higher credibility to a new product by associating it with a well-established company name. Unlike a family-branding (which
can be applied only to a specific family of products), corporate branding can be used for every product marketed by a firm. (Business Dictionary, n.d.)
As a class, students examine the iconic brand Nike. The teacher forms small groups of students who have not yet worked together and these groups
develop responses to the following questions adapted from lessons available on the Association for Media Literacy (http://www.aml.ca/) (AML)
website. This can be completed on a collaborative document in Google Docs and later transferred to the threaded discussion to share with the rest of
the class. Students respond to the following prompts:
List the positive (intended), neutral, and negative values/ messages that come to mind when considering the brand, Nike. (Responses may range
from: cool, stylish, youthful, attractive, wealthy, iconic, patriotism and child labor, mass production and the environment, human rights
violation, etc.).
Using the Media Triangle framework, how does Nike portray their intended values?
How have you been informed about the neutral and negative values?
When students have completed the responses in their small groups, they share their findings with the rest of the class on the threaded discussion and
respond to other groups.
Students will then explore the concept of parody advertisements using a Nike Adbusters (http://www.adbusters.org/spoofads/unswooshing/) parody
advertisement (see figure 5).
(https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2017/05/Figure-5-Nike-V-Tiger-Wood.jpeg)
Figure 5: Nike vs. Tiger Woods: Image shows two different photographs of Tiger Woods.
Adapted from: http://www.adbusters.org/spoofads/unswooshing/
As a reflection assignment to be completed on their blogs, the teacher asks students to consider the following statement from the Association of
Media Literacy:
Parody advertisements are a fun way to analyze popular advertisements, especially advertisers who are selling products, which have social and political implications.
When you spoof an advertisement, you take elements of the message that give it power and turn the message around to show that it is ridiculous or even untrue.
(Association for Media Literacy (http://www.aml.ca/creatingparodyads/), March 25, 2017)

Reflection Questions:
What elements make this a parody advertisement?

 What was the first thing you noticed about the advertisement, what is being made fun of? Why is humor an effective way to make a point?
What elements are different or the same compared to the real advertisement? (see codes and conventions on Media Triangle Framework)
Does the parody advertisement change how you perceive the original advertisers?
What is the value message in this parody advertisement? If you could write a statement message for the parody advertisement, what would it be
(2-3 sentences)?
To further distribute knowledge, learning, and social and cognitive presence, students are then asked to comment on a student blog they have not
visited during the course. As Cole and Engestrom (1993, 15) reason, one person cannot contain all the knowledge or culture of the group that they
identify with, thus knowledge can and should be, “distributed among people within a cultural group.”
With background experience in branding and the parody advertisement critique experiences now in place, students are well prepared for the final
activity: the creation of a parody advertisement. Students form groups or pairs based on their personal interests (radio jingle, video, magazine
advertisement, website etc.). As Resnick (1996) argues, when personally meaningful artifacts are constructed, new knowledge is constructed with
greater effectiveness. Students should be encouraged to use freely accessible Google+ applications such as Pixlr (http://pixlr.com/) (image editing),
UJAM (http://www.ujam.com/) (audio editing) and Magisto (http://www.magisto.com/) (video editing). By having students use popular applications
from their own cultural context, the task is rendered more authentic, lessening the often ‘transmuted’ activities students may experience in school
(Brown, Collins & Duiguid 1989). Student groups create a Google Community to carry out the following tasks:
Select a brand to spoof (ideas can be found on Adbusters website (https://www.adbusters.org/))

Identify the intended values and value messaging of the brand and their advertisements
Select the new value message the group wishes to convey and create a slogan or tagline
Using Google+ applications and tools, create parody advertisement in the Google Community.
Once the parody advertisements have been completed, each group signs up for a synchronous video conference with the teacher using Google
Hangouts (up to nine participants) to take part in a group critique of their work. Students working independently can be grouped into one critique
group. Other students will be encouraged to attend the Google Hangouts session which should also be recorded for students who wish to view the
critique afterwards, as well as for teacher evaluation and assessment.
Conclusion
This paper has considered online learning from a constructivist perspective and applied a selection of the key concepts and ideas of influential
constructivist thinkers to the design of an online media studies course for 11th graders studying in Ontario. The affordances Google Drive offers to
constructivist pedagogic practice have been shown to be numerous. The integrated nature of the suite of applications and the communication,
sharing, presentation and administration possibilities the software affords educators planning an online course make Google Drive a very useful
pedagogic tool. The central idea of constructivism—that knowledge is constructed in people when incoming information meets and integrates with
their existing experience and knowledge—has been discussed and illustrated using authentic current curriculum documents and teaching activities.
To encourage and facilitate constructivist learning, well thought out, student-centered learning tasks and activities that leverage the various
affordances of the technology need to be devised, monitored, reviewed, and added to, to ensure the learning experiences of students and educators
constantly extend. The construction of knowledge is both an individual and group endeavor that changes from moment to moment and from an
educational perspective from course to course. Individual learners that make up the community of any course shape its conversations, its direction,
and consequently the learning that happens within it. The fluid nature of this kind of learning makes it an engaging and stimulating way to learn. It is
the work of online learning designers to ensure that when they are making pedagogical decisions that they fully exploit the affordances of the
technology they use to promote student-centered activities that nurture and sustain learner engagement and stimulation.
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About the Authors

Chris Harwood has taught English for academic purposes, and writing composition for over 20 years in high schools and universities around the world. He recently
completed a PhD in Language and Literacies Education at OISE, University of Toronto, and is currently teaching critical reading and writing in Japan.
Alison Mann is an award-winning media and film educator with over 18 years of teaching experience. She is currently pursuing a PhD. at the University of Toronto
focusing on critical media literacy, online learning environments at the secondary level and intercultural communication.
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A Constructivist Approach to Teaching Media Studies Using Google Drive

 Chris Harwood, Aichi Prefectural University, Japan

Alison Mann, University of Toronto, Canada

The Theory behind the Practice

Class Introduction, Overview of Media Studies Unit, and Expectations

Unit Sections Unit Objectives

A. Understanding and Interpreting 1. Understanding and responding to media texts:

2. Deconstructing media texts:

B. Media and Society 1. Understanding media perspectives:

2. Understanding the impact of media on society:

– analyze and evaluate the impact of media on society.

C. The Media Industry 1. Industry and audience:

2. Ownership and control:

D. Producing and Reflecting on 1. Producing media texts:

2. Careers in media production:

– demonstrate an understanding of roles and career options in a variety of media industries;

Figure 1: Grade 11 English Media Studies from the Ontario Curriculum

Overall expectations addressed in the proposed unit include:

The Online Learning Environment: Why Google Drive?

Figure 2. An Illustration of the Google Online Learning Environment (GOLE).

Administration and Unit Plan

Part One: Marketing to Teens

Activity 2: Connecting Media Concepts

Part Two: Decoding Media Messages

Activity 3: Group Presentation

Activity 5: Parody Advertisement Media Production

Students should also be provided with the following definitions:

What elements make this a parody advertisement?

Select a brand to spoof (ideas can be found on Adbusters website (https://www.adbusters.org/))

Business Dictionary (n.d). Branding. Accessed October 6, 2016. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/branding.html

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Table of Contents: Issue Six (http://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/table-of-contents-issue-6/)

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