Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903[1] –2 October 1975[2]), was a leader of the Indian National

Congress (INC), widely acknowledged as the "Kingmaker" in Indian politics during the 1960s. He
served as INC president for four years between 1964–1967 and was responsible for the elevation
of Lal Bahadur Shastri to the position of Prime Minister of India after Nehru's Death.Then Indira
Gandhi turned down the same at the time of Shastri's death. Kamaraj was the 3rd Chief Minister of
Madras State (Tamil Nadu) during 1954–1963 and a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha during
1952–1954 and 1967–1975. He was known for his simplicity and integrity.[1][3]
He was involved in the Indian independence movement.[4] As the president of the INC, he was
instrumental in navigating the party after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru. In Tamil Nadu, his home
state, he is still remembered for bringing school education to millions of the rural poor by introducing
free education and the free Midday Meal Scheme during his tenure as chief minister. He was
awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.[

Early life[edit]
Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 to Kumarasamy Nadar and Sivagami Ammal at Virudhunagar in
Tamil Nadu. His name was originally Kamatchi, but later changed to Kamarajar. His father
Kumarasamy was a merchant. In 1907, four years after the birth of Kamaraj, his sister Nagammal
was born.[citation needed] At age 5 (1907), Kamaraj was admitted to a traditional school and in 1908 he was
admitted to Yenadhi Narayana Vidhya Salai. In 1909 Kamaraj was admitted in Virudupatti High
School. Kamaraj's father died when he was six years old and his mother was forced to support her
family. In 1914 Kamaraj dropped out of school to support his family.[6]

Politics[edit]
He worked in his uncle's provision shop and during this time he started joining processions and
attending public meetings about the Indian Home Rule Movement. Kamaraj developed an interest in
prevailing political conditions by reading newspapers daily.[7] The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was
the decisive turning point in his life, and at this point he decided his aim was to fight for national
freedom and to bring an end to foreign rule.[8][9] In 1920, at the age of 18, he became active as a
political worker and joined Congress as a full-time worker.[9] In 1921 Kamaraj was organising public
meetings at Virudhunagar for Congress leaders. He was eager to meet Gandhi, and when Gandhi
visited Madurai on 21 September 1921 Kamaraj attended Gandhi's public meeting and met him for
the first time in person. He visited villages carrying Congress propaganda.[10]
In 1922 Congress was boycotting the visit of the Prince of Wales as part of the Non-Cooperation
Movement. He came to Madras and took part in this event.[11] In 1923–25 Kamaraj participated in
the Nagpur Flag Satyagraha.[12] In 1927, Kamaraj started the Sword Satyagraha in Madras and was
chosen to lead the Neil Statue Satyagraha, but this was given up later in view of the Simon
Commission boycott.[13]
Kamaraj was jailed in June 1930 for two years for participation in the "Salt Satyagraha".[14] led by
Rajagopalachari at Vedaranyam; he was released early in 1931 in consequence of the Gandhi-Irwin
Pact before he could serve his full term of imprisonment.[citation needed] In 1932, Section 144 was imposed
in Madras prohibiting the holding of meetings and organisation of processions against the arrest of
Gandhi in Bombay. In Virdhunagar, under Kamaraj's leadership, processions and demonstrations
happened every day. Kamaraj was arrested again in January 1932 and sentenced to one year's
imprisonment.[15] In 1933 Kamaraj was falsely implicated in the Virudhunagar bomb case.
Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf and proved the charges to be
baseless.[16] At the age of 34, Kamaraj entered the Assembly winning the Sattur seat in the 1937
election.[citation needed]
Kamaraj was conducting a vigorous campaign throughout the state asking people not to contribute
to war funds when Sir Arthur Hope, the Madras Governor, was collecting contributions to fund for the
Second World War. In December 1940 he was arrested again at Guntur, under the Defence of India
rules for speeches opposing contributions to the war fund, and sent to Vellore Central Prison while
he was on his way to Wardha to get Gandhi's approval for a list of Satyagrahis. While in jail, he was
elected as Municipal Councillor of Virudhunagar. He was released nine months later in November
1941 and resigned from this post as he thought he had greater responsibility for the nation. [17][18] His
principle was "One should not accept any post to which one could not do full justice".[citation needed]
In 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread
propaganda material for the Quit India Movement. The police issued orders to all the leaders who
attended this Bombay session. Kamaraj did not want to get arrested before he took the message to
all district and local leaders. He decided not to go to Madras and decided to cut short his trip; he saw
a large number of policemen waiting for the arrest of Congress leaders in Arakonam but managed to
escape from the police and went to Ranipet, Tanjore, Trichy and Madurai to inform local leaders
about the programme. He reached Virdhunagar after finishing his work and sent a message to the
local police that he was ready to be arrested. He was arrested in August 1942. He was under
detention for three years and was released in June 1945. This was his last prison
term.[14][17][19] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by the British for his pro-Independence activities,
accumulating more than 3,000 days in jail.[20]

Chief Minister[edit]
On 13 April 1954, Kamaraj became the Chief Minister of Madras Province. To everyone's surprise,
Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam and M. Bhakthavatsalam, who had contested his leadership, to
the newly formed cabinet.
As Chief Minister, Kamaraj removed the family vocation based Hereditary Education
Policy introduced by Rajaji. The State made immense strides in education and trade. New schools
were opened, so that poor rural students had to walk no more than three kilometers to their nearest
school. Better facilities were added to existing ones. No village remained without a primary school
and no panchayat without a high school. Kamaraj strove to eradicate illiteracy by introducing free
and compulsory education up to the eleventh standard. He introduced the Midday Meal Scheme to
provide at least one meal per day to the lakhs of poor school children ((The Mid-day Meal Scheme,
was first introduced in 1920 by the Madras Corporation with the approval of the legislative council,
as a breakfast scheme in a corporation school at Thousand Lights, Madras for the first time in the
world)) Later it was expanded to four more schools. This was the precursor to the free noon meal
schemes introduced by K. Kamaraj in 1960's and expanded by M. G. Ramachandran in the
1980s.[citation needed]. He introduced free school uniforms to weed out caste, creed and class distinctions
among young minds.
Kamaraj Statue in Marina Beach, Chennai depicting his contribution to education in the state

During the British regime the education rate was only 7 per cent. But after Kamaraj's reforms it
reached 37% . Apart from increasing the number of schools, steps were taken to improve standards
of education. To improve standards, the number of working days was increased from 180 to 200;
unnecessary holidays were reduced; and syllabuses were prepared to give opportunity to various
abilities. Kamaraj and Bishnuram Medhi (Governor) took efforts to establish IIT Madras in 1959.[citation
needed]