CIVL 3121 Deflections - Direct Integration
Deflections
 Question: What are Structural Deflections?
 Answer: The deformations or movements of a
structure and its components, such as beams and
trusses, from their original positions.
 It is as important for the designer to determine
deflections and strains as it is to know the stresses
caused by loads.
Deflections
 In this section we will discuss how to calculate the
deflections of elastic structures using both
geometric and energy methods.
 A geometric method uses the strain of an elastic
structure to determine the deflection.
 Energy methods are
based on the principle of
conservation of energy.
Deflections
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
 In this section, we will learn to compute the deflection of
linear elastic structures.
 An elastic structure is one that returns to its original
position after the load is removed.
 Deflections are most often caused by internal loadings
such as bending moment and axial force.
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Deflections
 In general, a maximum deflection criteria for
structures is frequently used.
 These limit states are mathematic expressed as:
L L
 live loads   total load 
360 240
Deflections
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
 The ability to determine the deflection of a structure is very
important.
 Deflection is caused by many sources, such as, loads,
temperature, construction error, and settlements.
 It is important to include the calculation of deflections into
the design procedure to prevent structural damage to
secondary structures (concrete or plaster walls or roofs) or
to solve indeterminate problems.
Deflections
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
 Usually, before the slope and deflection are calculated, it
is important to sketch the shape of the structure when
loaded.
 To do this, we need to know how different connections
rotate, , and deflect, , as a response to loading.
  
Pin or roller support = 0
CIVL 3121 Deflections - Direct Integration 2/6

Deflections Deflections

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
 Usually, before the slope and deflection are calculated, it  Consider the rotation, , and deflection, , of connections
is important to sketch the shape of the structure when in frames
loaded.
 1
 To do this, we need to know how different connections
rotate, , and deflect, , as a response to loading.
 2
 Fixed-connected joint – since Pin-connected joint – the
the connection cannot rotate, the pinned joint may rotate which
slope of the each member is the results in different slopes for
same
Fixed support  = 0 and  = 0 each member same

Deflections Deflections

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
How will this beam deflect? How will this beam deflect?

How will this beam deflect? How will this beam deflect?

Deflections Deflections

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

How will this frame deflect? How will this frame deflect? How will this frame deflect? How will this frame deflect?
CIVL 3121 Deflections - Direct Integration 3/6

Deflections Deflections

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
 If you have a difficult time drawing the deflected shape For example, consider the following beam.
from the elastic response, try to construct the moment
diagram and then use the sign of the moment to determine
the curvature of the structure.
 For example, consider the following beam.

M Where the moment is positive (+) the

curvature of the beam is also positive
or in this case concave upward.
M Where the moment is negative (-), the
Since the moment is positive (+)
the curvature of the beam is also curvature is concave downward.
positive or in this case concave
upward

Deflections Deflections

Elastic Beam Theory Elastic Beam Theory

In this section, we will derive the relationship between the
internal moment and the deflected shape. Consider a straight
elastic beam deformed by a set of applied loads.

dy If the angles are small, then the dy

tan   tan  ≈ , the slope can be written as: 
dx dx

Deflections Deflections

Elastic Beam Theory Elastic Beam Theory

From geometry of the triangular

 d  ds Dividing each side of the previous d 1
segment AB we can write: equation by ds and rearranging the  d  ds  
terms gives: ds 
CIVL 3121 Deflections - Direct Integration 4/6

Deflections Deflections

Elastic Beam Theory Elastic Beam Theory

Since d/ds represents the change in slope per Differentiation both side of the first equation
unit length of distance along the curve, this term d 1 gives:
d d 2 y d 1
is called the curvature. Since slope are small in  
dy
  
actual beams, ds  dx, therefore: dx  dx dx dx 2 dx 

Deflections Deflections

Elastic Beam Theory Elastic Beam Theory

The change in length of the top fiber dl in terms of d and the distance c By definition the strain  at the top fibers of the beam is:
from the neutral axis is:
dl
dl  d c 
dx

Deflections Deflections

Elastic Beam Theory Elastic Beam Theory

Using the equation relating curvature and displacement we get:
dl  d  c

d d 2 y d d 2y 
   c  
dx dx 2 dx dx 2 c
If the behavior is elastic, the flexural stress, s, can be related to the strain, e,
at the top fibers by Hooke’s Law,  = E

Combining the previous equations to solve for strain : d 2y 


dl d dx 2 Ec
dl  d c    c
dx dx
CIVL 3121 Deflections - Direct Integration 5/6

Deflections Deflections

Elastic Beam Theory Elastic Beam Theory

For elastic behavior the relationship between flexural stress at the top of the  How can we use the basic equation for elastic beams to
beam and the moment acting on the cross-section is: solve for the displacement?

Mc M
 y   dx dx
I EI
Substituting the value of s in the equation on the last page, gives the basic
differential equation of the displacement of an elastic beam:
 If we can write a continuous function for the moment over
the beam we can integrate the function and find the
d 2y M M displacement as a function of x.
 y   dx dx
dx 2 EI EI
 This method is called direct integration

Deflections Deflections
Example: Determine the equations for slope and Find the reactions in the cantilever beam
displacement in the following beam.
P P

B B
MA
L L
A A
Ay

First, find the reactions; and second,

  M A  0  M A  PL  M A  PL
M
y   dx dx write the equation for moment as a
EI function of x

  Fy  0  Ay  P  Ay  P

Deflections Deflections

Write the equation for bending moment in the beam Integrate the moment equation to determine the
slope
P M  P ( x  L)
M
M P( x  L)
  dx  dx
B EI EI
PL x V
A
L
P  x2 
 ( x  0)  0
   Lx   C1
P
EI  2 
  Mcut  0  M  Px  PL  M  P ( x  L) P  x2  PL2
   Lx   ( x  L)  
EI  2  2EI
CIVL 3121 Deflections - Direct Integration 6/6

Deflections Deflections
Integrate the slope equation to determine the Example: Determine the equations for slope and
displacement displacement in the following beam.
P  x2 
EI   2
y    dx    Lx  dx
w

P x 3
Lx  2
     C2 y ( x  0)  0
EI  6 2  A L B

P  x 3 Lx 2  PL3
y    y ( x  L)   First, find the reactions; and second,
EI  6 2  M
3EI y   dx dx write the equation for moment as a
EI function of x

Deflections Deflections
Example: Determine the equations for slope and Example: Determine the equations for slope and
displacement in the following beam. displacement in the following beam.

w
P

L/2 L/2
A L B A B

First, find the reactions; and second,

M
y   dx dx write the equation for moment as a
EI function of x

End of Defections – Part 1

Any questions?