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DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

Dr. Susi Ari Kristina, M.Kes., Apt

Variable
 Variables are characteristics or
attributes that may vary from person
to person, place to place, or from time
to time.
 Examples: Age, gender, level of

education, marital status, density,

weight etc.
 Types of variable
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 Independent vs dependent variable
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 Cofounding variabel vs extraneous variable
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 Definisi Operasional Variabel Penelitian

Level of measurement

 Nominal measure
 Ordinal measure used for discrete /categorical
variables

 Interval measure
 Ratio measure used for continuous variables

Discrete data: Have values that can assume only whole number
Continuous data: may take any value, within a define range
 Simple way to understand the levels of
measurement
“ If you can say that…
 One object is different from another, you have a
NOMINAL scale.
 One object is bigger, or better, or more of anything
than other, you have an ORDINAL scale.
 One object is so many units (degree, inches) more
than another, you have an INTERVAL scale.
 One object is so many times as big, more, heavy,
as another, you have an RATIO scale.”
Self-test

 Type of Insurance coverage

 FBS (Fasting blood sugar) level
 Diastolic blood pressure in mm Hg
 Diastolic blood pressure achievement
 Stage of breast cancer (I, II, III or IV)
 Presence or absence of GI side-effect
 Income ( <4,9 jt; 5-10 jt; >10 jt)
 Income (Rupiah)
 Pain measurement on seven-point scale
 Many studies
have been done
on misuse of
statistics in medicine
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 Sources of data, the raw materials of
statistics
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 Routinely kept records, e.g., hospital medical

records
 Surveys
 Experiments
 Clinical trials
 Data base
 Published reports
 Any characteristic that can be measured or classified into
categories is called a variable
 Types of analysis
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 Example: Descriptive statistics
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 Example: Descriptive statistics
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 Inferential statistics
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 Inferential statistics allow us to

generalize from our sample of data to
a larger group of subjects.(are used
to determine the likelihood that a
conclusion based on analysis of data
from a sample is true)
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Quick guide for choosing

test statistics!
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(Mann Whitney U test) (Kruskal Walllis test)

 Statistical analysis
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There is also a differentiation based on the number of

dependent variables studied and included in the
statistical design.
 Univariate = one dependent variable

 Bivariate = one dependent and one or more

independent variables
 Multivariate = more than one dependent variable
and one or more independent variables
 Comparison
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 Scientific paper
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23 Thank you
Any questions?
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 Topik:…….
 Variabel: independen dan dependen
 Analisis data
 Deskriptif

 Inferensial (jika ada)