SOCSCI 1105 – Mideterms Reviewer

(Nawawala yung notes ko sa first lesson)

Theories of Stratification
1. Modernization Theory
- There is TENSION between Culture particularly tradition and Technological Change
- Tension is the biggest barrier.

Four Stages of Modernization

o Traditional Stage
 Centered on family settings – you have to labor to survive
 Centered on local and small communities.
 Limited resources and technology
o Take-off Stage
 Serves as the preparation going to modernization
 Stage wherein people discover their talents and enhance skills that they use to earn
money.
 The beginning to produce beyond necessities.
 Creativity make it possible for people to produce beyond necessities – Wants V.S.
Needs
 The beginning of SOCIAL STATUS is being based on material wealth
o Drive to Technological Maturity
 Population might grow
 Result: Reduction of Poverty
 More diverse job opportunities
 Innovation
o High Mass Consumption
 The focus of people is to satisfy their wants
 During this stage our need (basic necessities) are secured.
According to Critiques Modernization is:
- New name of Capitalism
- Focuses on economic progress
- “blaming the victim”
- The notion of Karl Marx towards capitalism
2. Dependency Theory
- Dependency – the condition in which the development of the nation states of the south (developing
countries) results to a decline in their independence and to an increase in the economic progress of
the nation-states of the North (developed countries).
- Development and independence is inversely proportional.
- Rather than focusing on what the developing countries has done wrong, D.T. focuses on how the
developed countries have wronged the developing countries.
According to Critiques:
 - Dependency theory focuses on the wrong things that developed countries did to developing
countries.
- Exploitation of developing countries – key element.
1500s
- Beginning of the European exploration – Colonial Period (Africa, America, Asia)
- Colonization – exploitation of human and natural resources
- Slave Trade – people are being exchanged to weapons
 Mostly occurred in Africa – humans are being exchange by weapons.
 Remained until mid-19th century
 Exploitation of human (slave trade) resources died down during the 19th century
 Exploitation of natural resources continued and more evident during the industrial
revolution (19th century)
Therefore, G.S. or Global Stratification began/started during colonialism.
Why countries remain developing?
- Not pursuing the right economic policies
- Authoritarian gov’t (the leader has the last say) and Corrupt.
Two Sub-theories of Dependency Theory
- Neo-marxist Approach
o Rejected that internal sources cause a countries underdevelopment rather it is their
dependency to capitalist system.
o Premise: in order for developing country to develop it should follow the path that developed
countries take.
- Structuralist Approach
o Excessive reliance on export of primary commodities – fluctuation of prices.
Trade Liberalization – it is good but only for developed countries.
- Trade Protectionism
a. Diversity Exports
o Sought for new products to be trade.
b. Import Substitution
o It has harmful effect if we continue to import the same product.
c. High tariff walls
Cardoso & Faletto
- Not a general theory but more of a methodology in the analysis of concrete situation of dependency
- Dependency – the extent to which the economic and political development of poor countries are
conditioned by global economy whose center of gravity is located in the developed countries.
International Migration at The Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Global Trends and Issues
- 21st Century – international migration emerged as one of the main factors in social transformation
and development of all regions of the world
- Migration is a result of the integration of local communities and national economies into global
relationships.
- Traditional Societies – people spend their whole lives in in their native village or neighborhood.
 - Today: migration is common as people move in search of security and better livelihood: from village
to towns, region to another in their home country, or between countries or continent.
- Migration is a result of economic and social development.
- Contribution: to further development and improved economic and social economic and social
conditions or alternatively may help to perpetuate stagnation and inequality.
- It erodes traditional boundaries between languages, cultures, ethnic groups, and nation-states.
Definition and Types
- Migration – crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period.
- International Migration
o a move from one area to another within one country
o International Migration – means crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world’s
approximately 200 states from another.
 International migration may be over short distances and between culturally similar
people
 Internal Migration – can span great distances and bring together very different people.
o Migration means taking up residence for a certain minimum period (6 months to 1 year).
o Migration is the result of state policies as a reponse to political and economic goals and
public attitudes.
Different Categories of International Migrants
- Temporary labour migrants (Guest Workers / Overseas Contract Worker)
o Men and women who migrate for a limited period in order to take employment and send
money home.
- Highly Skilled and Business Migrants
o People with qualifications as managers, executives. Professionals, technicians or similar who
moved within international labor markets of transnational corporation and international
organizations, or who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce skills.
- Irregular Migrants (Undocumented Migrants / Illegal Migrants)
o People who enter a country, usually in search of employment without the necessary
documents and permits.
- Refugees
o A person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to
return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
- Asylum Seekers
o People who move across borders in search of protection, but who may not fulfill the strict
criteria laid down by the 1921 convention.
- Forced Migrants
o In a boarder sense, this includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers but also people forced
to move by catastrophes or development projects.
- Family Members (Family reunion / Family Reunification Migrants)
o Migration to join people who have already entered an immigration country under one of the
above categories.
- Return Migrants
o People who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country,
o Often looked on favorably as they may bring with them capital, skills, and experience useful
for economic development.
Causes of Migration
- International migration is an integral part of globalization, which may be characterized as the
widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of
contemporary social life.
- Key indicator: globalization is the rapid increase in cross-border flows of all sorts: finance, trade,
ideas, pollution, media products and people.
- Transnational network
o Key organizing structure.
o The form of transnational corporations, global markets, international governmental and non-
governmental organization, global criminal syndicates, or transnational cultural communities.
- Key tool: modern information and communications technology; including the internet, improved
telephone connections and cheap air travel.
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Migration and Development