114 - Instructor Solutions (In Progress 2-7-2017) PDF

Kristen Campbell
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Table of Contents Instructor Use Only K. Campbell
Solutions
Table of Contents
10.1 Exercises ............................................................................................................................ 1
10.2 Exercises ............................................................................................................................ 5
10.3 Exercises ......................................................................................................................... 11
10.4 Exercises ......................................................................................................................... 27
10.5 Exercises ......................................................................................................................... 43
10.6 Exercises ......................................................................................................................... 51
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Exercises 10.1.2 Instructor Use Only K. Campbell
Solutions
10.1 Exercises
Convert the angles into the DMS system. Round each of your answers to the nearest second.
1∘ = 60′ , 1′ = 60′′
60′
1. 63.75∘ = 63∘ + 0.75∘ = 63∘ + (0.75∘ ) ( ) = 63∘ + 45′ = 63∘ 45′
1∘
60′
2. 200.325∘ = 200∘ + 0.325∘ = 200∘ + (0.325∘ ) ( ) = 200∘ + 19.5′
1∘
60′′
= 200∘ + 19′ + 0.5′ = 200∘ + 19′ + (0.5′ ) ( ′ ) = 200∘ + 19′ + 30′′ = 200∘ 19′ 30′′
1
60′
3. −317.06∘ = −317∘ − 0.06∘ = −317∘ − (0.06∘ ) ( ∘ ) = −317∘ − 3.6′
1
60′′
= −317 − 3 − 0.6 = −317 − 3 − (0.6 ) ( ′ ) = −317∘ − 3′ − 36′′ = −317∘ 3′ 36′′
∘ ′ ′ ∘ ′ ′
1
60′
4. 179.999∘ = 179∘ + 0.999∘ = 179∘ + (0.999∘ ) () = 179∘ + 59.94′
1∘
60′′
= 179∘ + 59′ + 0.94′ = 179∘ + 59′ + (0.94′ ) ( ′ ) = 179∘ + 59′ + 56.4′′ ≈ 179∘ 59′ 56′
1
Convert the angles into decimal degrees. Round each of your answers to three decimal places.
1∘ = 60′ , 1′ = 60′′
1∘ 50 ∘
5. 125∘ 50′ = 125∘ + 50′ = 125∘ + (50′ ) ( ) = 125∘ + ( ) ≈ 125.833∘
60′ 60
1∘ 1∘ 1′
6. −32∘ 10′ 12′′ = −32∘ − 10′ − 12′′ = −32∘ − (10′ ) ( ′) − (12′′ ) ( ′) ( ′′ )
60 60 60
∘ ∘
10 12
= −32∘ − ( ) − ( ) = −32.17∘
60 3600
1∘ 35 ∘
7. 502∘ 35′ = 502∘ + 35′ = 502∘ + (35′ ) ( ′) = 502∘ + ( ) ≈ 502.583∘
60 60
1∘ 1∘ 1′
8.237∘ 58′ 43′′ = 237∘ + 58′ + 43′′ = 237∘ + (58′ ) ( ′) + (43′′ ) ( ′) ( ′′ )
60 60 60
∘
58 ∘ 43 ∘ ∘
= 237 + ( ) + ( ) ≈ 237.979
60 3600
Convert the angle from degree measure into radian measure, giving the exact value in terms of 𝜋.
𝜋
360∘ = 2𝜋 radians ⟹ 1∘ = radians
180
𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋
29. 0∘ = 0 ( ) radians = 0 radians 30. 240∘ = 240 ( ) radians = radians
180 180 3
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
31. 135∘ = 135 ( ) radians = radians 32. −270∘ = −270 ( ) radians = − radians
180 4 180 2
𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
33. −315∘ = −315 ( ) radians = − radians 34. 150∘ = 150 ( ) radians = radians
180 4 180 6
∘ 𝜋 𝜋 ∘ 𝜋 5𝜋
35. 45 = 45 ( ) radians = radians 36. −225 = −225 ( ) radians = − radians
180 4 180 4
Convert the angle from radian measure into degree measure.

180 ∘
360∘ = 2𝜋 radians ⟹ 1 radian = ( )
𝜋
180 ∘ 2𝜋 2𝜋 180 ∘
37. 𝜋 radians = 𝜋 ( ) = 180∘ 38. − radians = (− ) ( ) = −120∘
𝜋 3 3 𝜋
7𝜋 7𝜋 180 ∘ 11𝜋 11𝜋 180 ∘
39. radians = ( ) ( ) = 210∘ 40. radians = ( )( ) = 330∘
6 6 𝜋 6 6 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 180 ∘ 5𝜋 5𝜋 180 ∘
41. radians = ( ) ( ) = 60∘ 42. radians = ( ) ( ) = 300∘
3 3 𝜋 3 3 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 180 ∘ 𝜋 𝜋 180 ∘
43. − radians = (− ) ( ) = −30∘ 44. radians = ( ) ( ) = 90∘
6 6 𝜋 2 2 𝜋
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Solutions
The average speed of an object equals the distance traveled divided by the elapsed time. For motion
along a circle, we distinguish between linear speed and angular speed.
Suppose that an object moves around a circle of radius 𝑟 at a constant speed. If 𝑠 is the distance
𝑠
traveled in time 𝑡 around this circle, then the linear speed 𝑣 of the object is defined as 𝑣 =
𝑡
As this object travels around the circle, suppose that 𝜃 (measured in radians) is the central angle
swept out in time 𝑡
The angular speed 𝜔 of this object is the angle 𝜃 (measured in radians) swept out, divided by the
𝜃
elapsed time 𝑡, 𝜔 =
𝑡
Equation 10.2. Velocity for Circular Motion: For an object moving on a circular path of radius 𝑟 with
constant angular velocity 𝜔, the (linear) velocity of the object is given by 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔.
50. A yo-yo, which is 2.25 in. in diameter, spins at a rate of 4500 rev/min. How fast is the edge of
the yo-yo spinning in mph? Round your answer to two decimal places.
4500 revolutions 2𝜋 radians 60 minutes radians
𝜔=( )( )( ) = 540,000𝜋
1 minute 1 revolution 1 hour hour
1 540,000𝜋 1 foot 1 mile mi
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 = (2.25 inches) ( )( )( ) ≈ 30.12
2 1 hour 12 inches 5280 feet hr
51. How many rev/min would the yo-yo in exercise 50 have to complete if the edge of the yo-yo
is to be spinning at a rate of 42 mph? Round your answer to two decimal places.
1 1 ft 1 mi 𝑥 rev 2𝜋 rad 60 min
42 = (2.25 in) ( )( )( )( )( )
2 12 in 5280 ft 1 min 1 rev 1 hr
2 12 5280 1 1 rev rev
⟹ 𝑥 = 42 ( )( )( )( )( ) ≈ 6274.52
2.25 1 1 2𝜋 60 min min
52. In the yo-yo trick ‘Around the World,’ the performer throws the yo-yo so it sweeps out a
vertical circle whose radius is the yo-yo string. If the yo-yo string is 28 in. long and the yo-yo
takes 3 seconds to complete one revolution of the circle, compute the speed of the yo-yo in
mph. Round your answer to two decimal places.
1 rev 60 sec 60 min 2𝜋 rad rad
𝜔=( )( )( )( ) = 2400𝜋
3 sec 1 min 1 hr 1 rev hr
1 ft 1 mi 2400𝜋 rad mi
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 = (28 in) ( )( )( ) ≈ 3.33
12 in 5280 ft 1 hr hr
53. A computer hard drive contains a circular disk with diameter 2.5 in. and spins at a rate of
7200 RPM. Find the linear speed of a point on the edge of the disk in mph.
7200 rev 60 min 2𝜋 rad rad
𝜔=( )( )( ) = 864,000𝜋
1 min 1 hr 1 rev hr
1 1 ft 1 mi 864,000𝜋 rad mi
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 = (2.5 in) ( )( )( ) ≈ 53.55
2 12 in 5280 ft 1 hr hr
54. A rock got stuck in the tread of my tire and when I was driving 70 mph, the rock came loose
and hit the inside of the wheel well of my car. How fast, in mph, was the rock traveling when
it came out of the tread? (The tire has a diameter of 23 in.)
linear speed is given – no computation necessary – 70 mph
55. The Giant Wheel at Cedar Point is a circle with diameter 128 feet which sits on an 8 foot tall
platform making its overall height 136 feet. It completes two revolutions in 2 minutes and 7
seconds. Assuming the riders are at the edge of the circle, how fast are they traveling in
mph?
2 rev 2𝜋 rad 60 sec 60 min 14,400𝜋 rad
𝜔=( )( )( )( )=
127 sec 1 rev 1min 1 hr 127 hr
1 1 mi 14,400 𝜋 rad mi
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 = (128 ft) ( )( ) ≈ 4.32
2 5280 ft 127 hr hr

Solutions
56. Consider the circle of radius 𝑟 pictured below with central angle 𝜃, measured in radians, and
subtended arc length 𝑠. Prove that the area of the shaded sector is
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃. Hint: use the proportion
2
𝐴 𝑠
=
area of circle circumference of circle
𝐴 𝑠 𝑠𝜋𝑟 2 1
= ⟹ 𝐴 = = 𝑠𝑟
𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑠 1 1
𝜃 = ⟹ 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 ⟹ 𝐴 = (𝜃𝑟)𝑟 = 𝑟2𝜃
𝑟 2 2
Use the result of exercise 56 to compute the areas of the circular sectors with
the given central angles and radii.
Note that the formula requires angles to be in radian measure.
𝜋 1 𝜋
57. 𝜃 = , 𝑟 = 12 ⟹ 𝐴 = ( ) (12)2 ( ) = 12𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
6 2 6
5𝜋 1 5𝜋
58. 𝜃 = , 𝑟 = 100 ⟹ 𝐴 = ( ) (100)2 ( ) = 6250𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
4 2 4
1 𝜋 31713𝜋
59. 𝜃 = 330∘ , 𝑟 = 9.3 ⟹ (9.3)2 (330) ( )= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 ≈ 249.07 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2 180 400
1 𝜋
60. 𝜃 = 𝜋, 𝑟 = 1 ⟹ 𝐴 = (1)2 (𝜋) = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2 2
1 𝜋 50𝜋
61. 𝜃 = 240∘ , 𝑟 = 5 ⟹ 𝐴 = (5)2 (240) ( )= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2 180 3
1 𝜋 1521𝜋
62. 𝜃 = 1∘ , 𝑟 = 117 ⟹ 𝐴 = (117)2 (1) ( )= 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 ≈ 119.46 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2 180 40
63. Imagine a rope tied around the Earth at the equator. Show that you need to add only 2𝜋 feet
of length to the rope in order to lift it one foot above the ground around the entire equator.
(You do not need to know the radius of the Earth to show this.)
Let 𝑅 = the radius of the Earth in feet

Amount of rope needed: 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑅
To lift 1 foot off the earth: 𝑟 = 𝑅 + 1 is the new radius
Amount of rope needed: 𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝜋(𝑅 + 1)
Amount of additional rope needed: 2𝜋(𝑅 + 1) − 2𝜋𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑅 + 2𝜋 − 2𝜋𝑅 = 2𝜋

Solutions

Solutions
10.2 Exercises
Use the results developed throughout the section to find the requested value.
Theorem 10.1. The Pythagorean Identity: sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1
7
21. sin(𝜃) = − with 𝜃 in IV, what is cos(𝜃)?
25
7 2 49 576 576 24
(− ) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2(𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±√ =±
25 625 625 625 25
24
𝐼𝑉 ⟹ cos(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) =
25
4
22. cos(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in I, what is sin(𝜃)?
9
4 2 16 65 65 √65
sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±√ = ±
9 81 81 81 9
√65
𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) =
9
5
23. sin(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in II, what is cos(𝜃)?
13
5 2 25 144 144 12
( ) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2(𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±√ =±
13 169 169 169 13
12
𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
13
2
24. cos(𝜃) = − with 𝜃 in III, what is sin(𝜃)?
11
2 2 4 117 117 √117

sin2 (𝜃) + (− ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±√ =±
11 121 121 121 11
√117
𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −
11
2
25. sin(𝜃) = − with 𝜃 in III, what is cos(𝜃)?
3
2 2 4 5 5 √5
(− ) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2(𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±√ = ±
3 9 9 9 3
√5
𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
3
28
26. cos(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in IV, what is sin(𝜃)?
53
28 2 784 2025 45
sin2 (𝜃) + (
) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±
53 2809 2809 53
45
𝐼𝑉 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −
53
2√5 𝜋
27. sin(𝜃) = with < 𝜃 < 𝜋, what is cos(𝜃)?
5 2
2
2√5 20 5 √5
( ) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±
5 25 25 5
𝜋 √5
< 𝜃 < 𝜋 ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
2 5
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Solutions
√10 5𝜋
28. cos(𝜃) = with 2𝜋 < 𝜃 < , what is sin(𝜃)?
10 2
2
√10 10 90 3√10
sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±
10 100 100 10
5𝜋 3√10
2𝜋 < 𝜃 < ⟹ 𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) =
2 10
3𝜋
29. sin(𝜃) = −0.42 with 𝜋 < 𝜃 < , what is cos(𝜃)?
2
(−0.42)2 + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2(𝜃) = 1 − 0.1764 = 0.8236 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±√0.8236
3𝜋
𝜋<𝜃< ⟹ 𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −√0.8236 ≈ −0.9075
2𝜋
30. cos(𝜃) = −0.98 with < 𝜃 < 𝜋, what is sin(𝜃)?
2
sin2 (𝜃) + (−0.98)2 = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − 0.9604 = 0.0396 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±√0.0396
𝜋
< 𝜃 < 𝜋 ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = √0.0396 ≈ 0.1990
2
Find all angles which satisfy the given equation.
𝜃 in degrees 𝜃 in radians sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
0∘ 0 0 1
30∘ 𝜋/6 1/2 √3/2
45∘ 𝜋/4 √2/2 √2/2
∘
60 𝜋/3 √3/2 1/2
90∘ 𝜋/2 1 0
1 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
31. sin(𝜃) = ⟹ reference angle of and in I or II ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 6 6 6
√3 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
32. cos(𝜃) = − ⟹ reference angle of and in II or III ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
2 6 6 6
𝑛∈ℤ
33. sin(𝜃) = 0 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
√2 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
34. cos(𝜃) = ⟹ reference angle of and in I or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
2 4 4 4
𝑛∈ℤ
√3 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
35. sin(𝜃) = ⟹ reference angle of and in I or II ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
2 3 3 3
𝑛∈ℤ
36. cos(𝜃) = −1 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
3𝜋
37. sin(𝜃) = −1 ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
√3 𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
38. cos(𝜃) = ⟹ reference angle of and in I or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
2 6 6 6
𝑛∈ℤ
39. cos(𝜃) = −1.001
|cos(𝜃)| ≤ 1 ⟹ no solution
Solve the equation for 𝑡. (See comments following Theorem 10.5.)

The distinction between 𝑡 as a real number and as an angle 𝜃 = 𝑡 radians is often blurred. We solve
in exactly the same manner as we did above. Any properties of cosine and sine developed in this and
following sections which regard them as functions of angles in radian measure apply equally well if
the inputs are regarded as real numbers.
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
40. cos(𝑡) = 0 ⟹ quadrantal angle of or ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
2 2 2
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡= + 2𝑛𝜋 = + 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋 = + (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ ⟹ 𝑡 = + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 2 2 2
√2 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
41. sin(𝑡) = − ⟹ reference angle of in II or III ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 4 4 4

Solutions
42. cos(𝑡) = 3, | cos(𝑡) ≤ 1 ⟹ no solution
1 𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
43. sin(𝑡) = − ⟹reference angle of in III or IV ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 6 6 6
1 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
44. cos(𝑡) = ⟹ reference angle of in I or IV ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 3 3 3
45. sin(𝑡) = −2, |sin(𝑡)| ≤ 1 ⟹ no solution
46. cos(𝑡) = 1 ⟹ quadrantal angle of 0 ⟹ 𝑡 = 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

𝜋 𝜋
47. sin(𝑡) = 1 ⟹ quadrantal angle of ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 2
√2 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
48. cos(𝑡) = − ⟹reference angle of in II or III ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 4 4 4
Find the measurement of the missing angle and the lengths of the missing sides.
Theorem 10.4: Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle residing in a right triangle. If the length of the side
adjacent to 𝜃 is 𝑎, the length of the side opposite 𝜃 is 𝑏, and the length of the
𝑎
hypotenuse is 𝑐, then cos(𝜃) = and
𝑐
𝑏
sin(𝜃) = .
𝑐
Pythagorean Theorem from geometry: 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Euclidean geometry: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180∘ or 𝜋 radians
55. Find 𝜃, 𝑏, 𝑐
90 + 30 + 𝜃 = 180 ⟹ 𝜃 = 60∘
1 √3 2
cos(30∘ ) = = ⟹𝑐=
𝑐 2 √3
2 2 2
4 2
1 1
1 +𝑏 =𝑐 = ⟹𝑏 = ⟹𝑏 =
3 3 √3
56. Find 𝜃, 𝑎, 𝑐
𝜃 + 45 + 90 = 180 ⟹ 𝜃 = 45∘
3 √2 6 6√2
cos(𝜃) = cos(45∘ ) = = ⟹𝑐= = = 3√2
𝑐 2 √2 2
2
𝑎2 + 32 = (3√2) ⟹ 𝑎2 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3
57. Find 𝛼, 𝑎, 𝑏
𝛼 + 33 + 90 = 180 ⟹ 𝛼 = 57∘
𝑎
sin(𝛼) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 8 sin(57∘ ) ≈ 6.709
8
𝑏
cos(𝛼) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 8 cos(57∘ ) ≈ 4.357
8

Solutions
58. Find 𝛽, 𝑎, 𝑐
𝛽 + 48 + 90 = 180 ⟹ 𝛽 = 42∘
6 6
cos(𝛽) = ⟹ 𝑐 = ≈ 8.074
𝑐 cos(42∘ )
𝑎 6
sin(𝛽) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑐 sin(𝛽) = ( ) sin(42∘ )
𝑐 cos(42∘ )
≈ 5.402
Assume that 𝜃 is an acute angle in a right triangle and use thm 10.4 to find the
requested side.
Theorem 10.4: Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle residing in a right triangle. If the
length of the side adjacent to 𝜃 is 𝑎, the length of the side opposite 𝜃 is 𝑏, and
𝑎
the length of the hypotenuse is 𝑐, then cos(𝜃) = and
𝑐
𝑏
sin(𝜃) = .
𝑐
59. If 𝜃 = 12∘ and the side adjacent to 𝜃 has length 4, how long is the
hypotenuse?
𝑎 4 4
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ cos(12∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑐 = ≈ 4.089
𝑐 𝑐 cos(12∘ )
∘
60. If 𝜃 = 78.123 and the hypotenuse has length 5280, how long is the side adjacent to 𝜃?
𝑎 𝑎
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ cos(78.123∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 5280 cos(79.123∘ ) ≈ 1086.684
𝑐 5280
61. If 𝜃 = 59∘ and the side opposite 𝜃 has length 117.42, how long is the hypotenuse?
𝑏 117.42 117.42
sin(𝜃) = ⟹ sin(59∘ ) = ⟹𝑐= ≈ 136.986
𝑐 𝑐 sin(59∘ )
62. If 𝜃 = 5∘ and the hypotenuse has length 10, how long is the side opposite 𝜃?
𝑏 𝑏
sin(𝜃) = ⟹ sin(5∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 10 sin(5∘ ) ≈ 0.872
𝑐 10
63. If 𝜃 = 5∘ and the hypotenuse has length 10, how long is the side adjacent to 𝜃?
𝑎 𝑎
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ cos(5∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 10 cos(5∘ ) ≈ 9.962
𝑐 10
64. If 𝜃 = 37.5∘ and the side opposite 𝜃 has length 306, how long is the side adjacent to 𝜃?
𝑏 306 306
sin(𝜃) = ⟹ sin(37.5∘ ) = ⟹𝑐=
𝑐 𝑐 sin(37.5∘ )
𝑎 𝑎 sin(37.5∘ ) 306 cos(37.5∘ )
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ cos(37.5∘ ) = ⟹𝑎= ≈ 398.787
𝑐 306 sin(37.5∘ )
Let 𝜃 be the angle in standard position whose terminal side contains the given point then compute
cos(𝜃) and sin(𝜃).
65. 𝑃(−7,24)
24 7
⟹ sin(𝜃) = , cos(𝜃) = −
25 25
66. 𝑄(3,4)
4 3
⟹ sin(𝜃) = , cos(𝜃) =
5 5

Solutions
67. 𝑅(5, −9)

9 5
⟹ sin(𝜃) = − , cos(𝜃) =
√106 √106
68. 𝑇(−2, −11)
11 2
⟹ sin(𝜃) = − , cos(𝜃) = −
5√5 5√5
Find the equation of motion for the given

scenario. Assume that the center of the motion is the origin, the motion is counter-clockwise and that
𝑡 = 0 corresponds to a position along the positive 𝑥-axis.
Equation 10.3: Suppose an object is traveling in a circular path of radius 𝑟 centered at the origin with
constant angular velocity 𝜔. If 𝑡 = 0 corresponds to the point (𝑟, 0), then the 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinates of
the object are functions of 𝑡 and are given by 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜔𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜔𝑡). Here, 𝜔 > 0 indicates
a counter-clockwise direction and 𝜔 < 0 indicates a clockwise direction.
69. A point on the edge of the spinning yo-yo in exercise 50 from 10.1. Recall: The diameter of
the yo-yo is 2.25 inches and it spins at 4500 rev/min.
4500 rev 2𝜋 rad rad
𝜔=( )( ) = 9000𝜋
1 min 1 rev min
1
𝑟 = (2.25 in) = 1.125 in
2
𝑥 = 1.125 cos(9000𝜋𝑡)
{ 𝑡 in minutes, 𝑥 and 𝑦 in inches
𝑦 = 1.125 sin(9000𝜋𝑡)
70. The yo-yo in exercise 52 from section 10.1. Recall: The radius of the circle is 28 inches and
it completes one revolution in 3 seconds.
1 rev 2𝜋 rad 2𝜋 rev
𝜔=( )( )= 𝑟 = 28 in
3 sec 1 rev 3 sec
2𝜋𝑡
𝑥 = 28 cos ( )
{ 3 𝑡 in seconds, 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 in inches
2𝜋𝑡
𝑦 = 28 sin ( )
3
71. A point on the edge of the hard drive in exercise 53 from section 10.1. Recall: The diameter
of the hard disk is 2.5 inches and it spins at 7200 RPM.
7200 rev 2𝜋 rad rad
𝜔=( )( ) = 14,400𝜋
1 min 1 rev min
1
𝑟 = (2.5 in) = 1.25 in
2
𝑥 = 1.25 cos(14400𝜋𝑡)
{ 𝑡 in minutes, 𝑥 and 𝑦 in inches
𝑦 = 1.25 sin(14400𝜋𝑡)
72. A passenger on the Big Wheel in exercise 55 from section 10.1. Recall: The diameter is 128
feet and completes 2 revolutions in 2 minutes, 7 seconds.
2 rev 2𝜋 rad 4𝜋 rad 1
𝜔=( )( )= 𝑟 = (128 ft) = 64 ft
127 sec 1 rev 127 sec 2
4𝜋𝑡
𝑥 = 64 cos ( )
{ 127 𝑡 in seconds, 𝑥 and 𝑦 in feet
4𝜋𝑡
𝑦 = 64 sin ( )
127

Solutions
73. Consider the numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Take the square root of each of these numbers, then
divide by 2. The resulting numbers should look hauntingly familiar. (See the values in the
table on 722.)
𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛/2 𝜃 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
0 √0 = 0 0/2 = 0 0 0 1
1 √1 = 1 1/2 𝜋/6 1/2 √3/2
2 √2 √2/2 𝜋/4 √2/2 √2/2
3 √3 √3/2 𝜋/3 √3/2 1/2
4 √4 = 2 2/2 = 1 𝜋/2 1 0
74. Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the two acute angles of a right triangle. (Thus
𝛼 and 𝛽 are complementary numbers.) Show that sin(𝛼) =
cos(𝛽) and sin(𝛽) = cos(𝛼). The fact that co-functions of
complementary angles are equal in this case is not an
accident and a more general result will be given in section
10.4.
𝑏 𝑎
sin(𝛼) = sin(𝛽) =
𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
cos(𝛼) = cos(𝛽) =
𝑐 𝑐
75. In the scenario of equation 10.3, we assumed that at 𝑡 = 0, the object was at the point (𝑟, 0).
If this is not the case, we can adjust the equations of motion by introducing a ‘time delay.’ If
𝑡0 > 0 is the first time the object passes through the point (𝑟, 0), show, with the help of your
classmates, the equations of motion are 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜔(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )) and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜔(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )).
simple horizontal curve shift

Solutions
10.3 Exercises
Use the given information to find the exact values of the remaining circular
functions of 𝜃.
cos 2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) = 1,
1 1
sec(𝜃) = , csc(𝜃) = ,
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃) 1
tan(𝜃) = = , cot(𝜃) = =
cos(𝜃) cot(𝜃) sin(𝜃) tan(𝜃)
3
21. sin(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in II
5
3 2 9 16 4
( ) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±
5 25 25 5
4
𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
5
1 5 1 5 3/5 3 −4/5 4
sec(𝜃) = = − , csc(𝜃) = = , tan(𝜃) = = − , cot(𝜃) = =−
−4/5 4 3 3 −4/5 4 3/5 3
5
12
22. tan(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in III
5
𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0, cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −12, cos(𝜃) = −5
−5 5 1 1 1 1
cot(𝜃) = = , sec(𝜃) = = − , csc(𝜃) = =−
−12 12 −5 5 −12 12
25
23. csc(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in I
24
1 24
csc(𝜃) = ⟹ sin(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) 25
24 2 576 49 7
( ) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±
25 625 625 25
7
𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) =
25
24/25 24 1 7 1 25
tan(𝜃) = = cot(𝜃) = = sec(𝜃) = =
7/25 7 tan(𝜃) 24 cos(𝜃) 7
24. sec(𝜃) = 7 with 𝜃 in IV

1 1
sec(𝜃) =
⟹ cos(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) 7
2
1 1 48 4√3
sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±
7 49 49 7
4√3
𝐼𝑉 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −
7
−4√3/7 1 1 1 7
tan(𝜃) = = −4√3 cot(𝜃) = tan(𝜃) = − csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃)
=−
1/7 4√3 4√3
10√91
25. csc(𝜃) = − with 𝜃 in III
91
1 91 √91
csc(𝜃) = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = − =−
sin(𝜃) 10√91 10
2
√91 91 9 3
(− ) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±
10 100 100 10
3
𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
10

Solutions
−√91/10 √91 1 3 1 10
tan(𝜃) = = cot(𝜃) = = sec(𝜃) = =−
−3/10 3 tan(𝜃) √91 cos(𝜃) 3
26. cot(𝜃) = −23 with 𝜃 in II

𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0, cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = 1, cos(𝜃) = −23
1 1 1 1 1
tan(𝜃) = =− sec(𝜃) = =− csc(𝜃) = =1
cot(𝜃) 23 cos(𝜃) 23 sin(𝜃)
27. tan(𝜃) = −2 with 𝜃 in IV

𝐼𝑉 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0, cos(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −2, cos(𝜃) = 1
1 1 1 1 1
cot(𝜃) = =− sec(𝜃) = = 1 csc(𝜃) = =−
tan(𝜃) 2 cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) 2
28. sec(𝜃) = −4 with 𝜃 in II

1 1
sec(𝜃) = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
cos(𝜃) 4
2
1 1 15 √15
sin2 (𝜃) + (− ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±
4 16 16 4
√15
𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) =
4
sin(𝜃) √15/4 1 1 1 4
tan(𝜃) = = = −√15 cot(𝜃) = =− csc(𝜃) = =
cos(𝜃) −1/4 tan(𝜃) √15 sin(𝜃) √15
29. cot(𝜃) = √5 with 𝜃 in III

𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0, cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −1, cos(𝜃) = −√5
1 1 1 1 1
tan(𝜃) = = sec(𝜃) = =− csc(𝜃) = = −1
cot(𝜃) √5 cos(𝜃) √5 sin(𝜃)
1
30. cos(𝜃) = with 𝜃 in I
3
1 2 1 8 2√2
sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ±
3 9 9 3
2√2
𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) =
3
sin(𝜃) 2√2/3 1 1 √2
tan(𝜃) = = = 2√2 cot(𝜃) = = =
cos(𝜃) 1/3 tan(𝜃) 2√2 4
1 1 3 3√2
sec(𝜃) = =3 csc(𝜃) = = =
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) 2√2 4
𝜋
31. cot(𝜃) = 2 with 0 < 𝜃 <
2
𝜋
0 < 𝜃 < ⟹ 𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) > 0, cos(𝜃) > 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = 1, cos(𝜃) = 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
cot(𝜃) = = sec(𝜃) = = csc(𝜃) = =1
tan(𝜃) 2 cos(𝜃) 2 sin(𝜃)

Solutions
𝜋
32. csc(𝜃) = 5 with <𝜃<𝜋
2
1 1
csc(𝜃) = ⟹ sin(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) 5
1 2 1 24 2√6
( ) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos 2(𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = ±
5 25 25 5
𝜋 2√6
< 𝜃 < 𝜋 ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −
2 5
sin(𝜃) 1 1 1 5
tan(𝜃) = = cot(𝜃) = = −2√6 sec(𝜃) = =−
cos(𝜃) −2√6 tan(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 2√6
3𝜋
33. tan(𝜃) = √10 with 𝜋 < 𝜃 <
2
3𝜋
𝜋<𝜃< ⟹ 𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0, cos(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −√10, cos(𝜃) = −1
2
1 1 1 1 1
cot(𝜃) = = sec(𝜃) = = −1 csc(𝜃) = =−
tan(𝜃) √10 cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) √10
3𝜋
34. sec(𝜃) = 2√5 with < 𝜃 < 2𝜋
2
1 1 √5
sec(𝜃) = ⟹ cos(𝜃) = =
cos(𝜃) 2√5 10
2
1 1 19 √19 √95
sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − = ⟹ sin(𝜃) = ± =±
2√5 20 20 2√5 10
3𝜋 √95
< 𝜃 < 2𝜋 ⟹ 𝐼𝑉 ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 0 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −
2 10
sin(𝜃) √95 1 1 1 10
tan(𝜃) = =− = −√19 cot(𝜃) = =− csc(𝜃) = =−
cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) √19 sin(𝜃) √95
√5
Find all of the angles which satisfy the equation.

𝜃 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) sec(𝜃) csc(𝜃)
0 0 1 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 1 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝜋/6 1/2 √3/2 1/√3 √3 2/√3 2
𝜋/4 √2/2 √2/2 1 1 √2 √2
𝜋/3 √3/2 ½ √3 1/√3 2 2/√3
𝜋/2 1 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 1
𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋
43. tan(𝜃) = √3 ⟹ reference angle in I or III ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
44. sec(𝜃) = 2 ⟹ reference angle in I or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 3 3
3𝜋 3𝜋
45. csc(𝜃) = −1 ⟹ quadrantal angle of ⟹𝜃= + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2 2
√3 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋
46. cot(𝜃) = ⟹ reference angle in I or III ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋 = + 3𝑛𝜋
3 6 6 6 6
𝜋
⟹ + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
6
47. tan(𝜃) = 0 ⟹ quadrantal angles of 0 and 𝜋 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
48. sec(𝜃) = 1 ⟹ quadrantal angle of 0 ⟹ 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
49. csc(𝜃) = 2 ⟹ reference angle of in I or II ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
6 6 6
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
50. cot(𝜃) = 0 ⟹ quadrantal angles of or ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋 = + 3𝑛𝜋
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋
⟹ 𝜃 = + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
𝜋 3𝜋
51. tan(𝜃) = −1 ⟹ reference angle of in II or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
4 4
7𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃= + 2𝑛𝜋 = + 3𝑛𝜋 ⟹ 𝜃 = + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
4 4 4

Solutions
1
52. sec(𝜃) = 0 ⟹ = 0 ⟹ no solution
cos(𝜃)
1 1 1
53. csc(𝜃) = − ⟹ = − ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −2 ⟹ no solution
2 sin(𝜃) 2
54. sec(𝜃) = −1 ⟹ quadrantal angle of 𝜋 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
𝜋 2𝜋
55. tan(𝜃) = −√3 ⟹ reference angle in II or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
3 3
5𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃= + 2𝑛𝜋 = + 3𝑛𝜋 ⟹ 𝜃 = + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 3 3
𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
56. csc(𝜃) = −2 ⟹ reference angle of in III or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
6 6 6
𝜋 3𝜋
57. cot(𝜃) = −1 ⟹ reference angle of in II or IV ⟹ 𝜃 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
4 4
7𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃= + 2𝑛𝜋 = + 3𝑛𝜋 ⟹ 𝜃 = + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
4 4 4
Solve the equation for 𝑡. Give exact values.

𝜃 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) sec(𝜃) csc(𝜃)
0 0 1 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 1 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝜋/6 1/2 √3/2 1/√3 √3 2/√3 2
𝜋/4 √2/2 √2/2 1 1 √2 √2
𝜋/3 √3/2 1/2 √3 1/√3 2 2/√3
𝜋/2 1 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 1
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
58. cot(𝑡) = 1 ⟹ reference angle of in I or III ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
4 4 4
√3 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
59. tan(𝑡) = ⟹ reference angle of in I or III ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 6 6 6
2√3 𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
60. sec(𝑡) = − ⟹ reference angle of in I or IV ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 6 6 6
1
61. csc(𝑡) = 0 ⟹ csc(𝑡) = ≠ 0 ⟹ no solution
sin(𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
62. cot(𝑡) = −√3 ⟹ reference angle of in I or III ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
6 6 6
√3 𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
63. tan(𝑡) = − ⟹ reference angle of in II or IV ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 6 6 6
2√3 𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
64. sec(𝑡) = ⟹ reference angle of in I or IV ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 6 6 6
2√3 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
65. csc(𝑡) = ⟹ reference angle of in I or II ⟹ 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑡 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
3 3 3 3
Use Theorem 10.10 to find the requested identities.
Theorem 10.10. Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle residing in a right triangle. If the

length of the side adjacent to 𝜃 is 𝑎, the length of the side opposite 𝜃 is 𝑏, and the
length of the hypotenuse is 𝑐, then
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
tan(𝜃) = , sec(𝜃) = , csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
Pythagorean Theorem: 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Euclidean Geometry: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180∘ or 𝜋 radians
𝜋
90 + 60 + 𝜃 = 180 ⟹ 𝜃 = 30∘ =
6
𝜋 𝑐 𝜋 18√3
sec ( ) = ⟹ 9 sec ( ) = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑐 = = 6√3
6 9 6 3
2
𝑎2 + 92 = (6√3) ⟹ 𝑎2 + 81 = 108 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3√3

Solutions
67. Find 𝛼, 𝑏, 𝑐
34 + 90 + 𝛼 = 180 ⟹ 𝛼 = 56∘
12
tan(𝛼) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 12 cot(56∘ ) ≈ 8.094
𝑏
122 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 ⟹ 144 + 144 cot 2 (56∘ ) = 𝑐 2

⟹ 𝑐 ≈ 14.4746
𝜃 + 47 + 90 = 180 ⟹ 𝜃 = 43∘
6
tan(47∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 6 cot(47∘ ) ≈ 5.595
𝑎
𝑎2 + 62 = 𝑐 2 ⟹ 𝑐 2 = 36 cot 2 (47∘ ) + 36 ⟹ 𝑐 ≈ 8.204
69. Find 𝛽, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝛽 + 50 + 90 = 180 ⟹ 𝛽 = 40∘
2.5
tan(𝛽) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 2.5 cot(40∘ ) ≈ 2.979
𝑏
𝑏 2 + (2.5)2 = 𝑐 2 ⟹ 𝑐 2 = 6.25 cot 2 (40∘ ) + 6.25

⟹ 𝑐 ≈ 3.889
Use Theorem 10.10 to answer the questions. Assume that 𝜃 is an angle in a

right triangle.
Theorem 10.10. Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle residing in a right triangle. If the

length of the side adjacent to 𝜃 is 𝑎, the length of the side opposite 𝜃 is 𝑏, and
the length of the hypotenuse is 𝑐, then
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
tan(𝜃) = , sec(𝜃) = , csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
70. If 𝜃 = 30∘ and the side opposite 𝜃 has length 4, how long is the side adjacent to 𝜃?
4
tan(30∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 4 cot(30∘ ) = 4√3
𝑎
71. If 𝜃 = 15∘ and the hypotenuse has length 10, how long is the side opposite 𝜃?
10
csc(15∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 10 sin(15∘ )
𝑏
72. If 𝜃 = 87∘ and the side adjacent to 𝜃 has length 2, how long is the side opposite 𝜃?
𝑏
tan(87∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 2 tan(87∘ )
2
73. If 𝜃 = 38.2∘ and the side opposite 𝜃 has length 14, how long is the hypotenuse?
𝑐
csc(38.2∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑐 = 14 csc(38.2∘ )
14

Solutions
74. If 𝜃 = 2.05∘ and the hypotenuse has length 3.98, how long is the side adjacent to 𝜃?
3.98
sec(2.05) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 3.98 cos(2.98∘ )
𝑎
75. If 𝜃 = 42∘ and the side adjacent to 𝜃 has length 31, how long is the side opposite 𝜃?
𝑏
tan(42∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 31 tan(31∘ )
31
76. A tree standing vertically on level ground casts a 120 foot long
shadow. The angle of elevation from the end of the shadow to
the top of the tree is 21.4∘ . Find the height of the tree to the
nearest foot. With the help of your classmates, research the
term umbra versa and see what it has to do with the shadow in
this problem.
tree
tan(21.4∘ ) = ⟹ tree = 120 tan(21.4∘ ) ≈ 47 feet tall
120
77. The broadcast tower for radio station WSAZ has two enormous
flashing red lights on it: one at the very top and one a few feet
below the top. From a point 5000 feet away from the base of
the tower on level ground the angle of elevation to the top light
is 7.970∘ and to the second light is 7.125∘ . Find the distance
between the lights to the nearest foot.
bottom light
tan(7.125∘ ) = ⟹ bottom light ≈ 625 ft
5000
top light
tan(7.970∘ ) = ⟹ top light ≈ 700 ft
5000
they are about 25 feet apart
78. On pg 753 we defined the angle of inclination (AKA the angle

of elevation) and in this exercise we introduce a related
angle – the angle of depression (AKA the angle of
declination). The angle of depression of an object refers to
the angle whose initial side is a horizontal line above the
object and whose terminal side is the line-of-sight to the
object below the horizontal.
a. Show that if the horizontal is above and

parallel to level ground then the angle of
depression (from observer to object) and the
angle of inclination (from object to observer)
will be congruent because they are alternate
interior angles.
b. From a firetower 200 feet above level ground in the

Sasquatch National Forest, a ranger spots a fire off
in the distance. The angle of depression to the fire is
2.5∘ . How far away from the base of the tower is the
fire?
200
tan(2.5∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑑 = 200 cot(2.5∘ ) ≈ 4581 ft
𝑑

Solutions
c. The ranger is part 78b sees a Sasquatch running

directly from the fire towards the firetower. The
ranger takes two sightings. At the first sighting, the
angle of depression from the tower to the
Sasquatch is 6∘ . The second sighting, taken just 10
seconds later gives the angle of depression as 6.5∘ .
How fast is it running in miles per hour? Round
your answer to the nearest mile per hour. If the
Sasquatch keeps up this pace, how long will it take for the Sasquatch to reach the
firetower from his location at the second sighting? Round your answer to the
nearest minute.
200
tan(6.5∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 200 cot(6.5∘ ) ≈ 1755.377
𝑎
200
tan(6∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 200 cot(6∘ ) ≈ 1902.873
𝑏
distance traveled ≈ 147 feet
147 ft 1 mi 60 sec 60 min mi
rate of travel = ( )( )( )( ) ≈ 10
10 sec 5280 ft 1 min 1 hr hr
1 mi 1 hr
time to tower = 1755 ft ( )( ) ≈ 0.03 hr ≈ 2 min
5280 ft 10 mi
79. When I stand 30 feet away from a tree at home, the

angle of elevation to the top of the tree is 50∘ and the
angle of depression to the base of the tree is 10∘ . What
is the height of the tree? Round your answer to the
nearest foot.
𝑎
tan(10∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 30 tan(10∘ ) ≈ 5.3 ft
30
𝑏
tan(50∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 30 tan(50∘ ) ≈ 35.8 ft
30
⟹ tree ≈ 41 ft
80. From the observation deck of the lighthouse at

Sasquatch Point 50 feet above the surface of Lake
Ippizuti, a lifeguard spots a boat out on the lake
sailing directly toward the lighthouse. The first
sighting had an angle of depression of 8.2∘ and the
second sighting had an angle of depression of 25.9∘ .
How far had the boat traveled between the
sightings?
50
tan(8.2∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑎 = 50 cot(8.2∘ ) ≈ 346.976 ft
𝑎
50
tan(25.9∘ ) = ⟹ 𝑏 = 50 cot(25.9∘ ) ≈ 102.971 ft
𝑏
distance ≈ 244 ft
81. A guy wire 1000 feet long is attached to the top of a tower. When pulled
taught it makes a 43∘ angle with the ground. How tall is the tower? How
far away from the base of the tower does the wire hit the ground?
tower
sin(43∘ ) = ⟹ tower = 1000 sin(43∘ ) ≈ 682 ft
1000
distance
cos(43∘ ) = ⟹ distance = 1000 cos(43∘ ) ≈ 731 ft
1000

Solutions
Verify the identity. Assume that all quantities are defined.

Note: when it comes to verifying identities, I choose to memorize as little as possible. Hence, these
are completed based on the fewest identities needed overall rather than with an eye to the quickest
way through that requires more formula memorization.
82. cos(𝜃) sec(𝜃) = 1
1 1
cos(𝜃) sec(𝜃) = cos(𝜃) ( ) sec(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
=1
83. tan(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = sin(𝜃)

sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
tan(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = ( ) cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= sin(𝜃)
84. sin(𝜃) csc(𝜃) = 1

1 1
sin(𝜃) csc(𝜃) = sin(𝜃) ( ) csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
= =1
sin(𝜃)
85. tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) = 1

sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) = ( )( ) tan(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
=( )( )=1
sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
86. csc(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = cot(𝜃)

1 1
csc(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = ( ) cos(𝜃) csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= = cot(𝜃) cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
87. = sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃)
cos2 (𝜃)
1 sin(𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃) = ( )( ) sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
=
cos2 (𝜃)
cos(𝜃)
88. = csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃)
sin2 (𝜃)
1 cos(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃) = ( )( ) csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃)
=
sin2 (𝜃)
1+sin(𝜃)
89. = sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
cos(𝜃)
sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃) = + sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
1 + sin(𝜃)
=
cos(𝜃)
1−cos(𝜃)
90. = csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃) = − csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
1 − cos(𝜃)
=
sin(𝜃)

Solutions
cos(𝜃)
91. = sec(𝜃)
1−sin2 (𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
1 − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) ⟹ 1 − sin2 (𝜃) = cos2 (𝜃)
cos(𝜃) 1
=( )( )
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 1
= = sec(𝜃) sec(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
92. = csc(𝜃)
1−cos2 (𝜃)
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
1 − cos2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) ⟹ 1 − cos2 (𝜃) = sin2 (𝜃)
sin(𝜃) 1
=( )( )
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1 1
= = csc(𝜃) csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sec(𝜃)
93. = cos(𝜃)
1+tan2 (𝜃)
sec(𝜃) sec(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
1 + tan2 (𝜃) sec 2 (𝜃) ⟹ 1 + tan2 (𝜃) = sec 2 (𝜃)
sec(𝜃) 1
=( )( )
sec(𝜃) sec(𝜃)
1 1 1
= = = cos(𝜃) sec(𝜃) =
sec(𝜃) 1/ cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
csc(𝜃)
94. = sin(𝜃)
1+cot2 (𝜃)
csc(𝜃) csc(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
1 + cot 2 (𝜃) csc 2 (𝜃) ⟹ 1 + cot 2 (𝜃) = csc 2 (𝜃)
1 1 1
= = csc(𝜃) =
csc(𝜃) 1/ sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= sin(𝜃)
tan(𝜃)
95. = cot(𝜃)
sec2 (𝜃)−1
tan(𝜃) tan(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
sec 2 (𝜃) − 1 tan2 (𝜃) ⟹ 1 + tan2 (𝜃) = sec 2 (𝜃)
⟹ sec 2 (𝜃) − 1 = tan2 (𝜃)
1 1 sin(𝜃)
= = tan(𝜃) =
tan(𝜃) sin(𝜃) / cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= = cot(𝜃) cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cot(𝜃)
96. = tan(𝜃)
csc2 (𝜃)−1
cot(𝜃) cot(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
csc 2 (𝜃) − 1 cot 2 (𝜃) ⟹ 1 + cot 2 (𝜃) = csc 2 (𝜃)
⟹ csc 2 (𝜃) − 1 = cot 2 (𝜃)
1 1 cos(𝜃)
= = cot(𝜃) =
cot(𝜃) cos(𝜃) / sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= = tan(𝜃) tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
97. 4 cos2 (𝜃) + 4 sin2 (𝜃) = 4

4 cos2 (𝜃) + 4 sin2 (𝜃)
= 4(cos2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃))
= 4(1) = 4 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1

Solutions
98. 9 − cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) = 8

9 − cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
= 9 − (cos2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃))
=9−1=8 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
99. tan3 (𝜃) = tan(𝜃) sec 2 (𝜃) − tan(𝜃)

tan3 (𝜃) = tan(𝜃) tan2 (𝜃)
= tan(𝜃) (sec 2 (𝜃) − 1) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
⟹ tan2 (𝜃) = sec 2 (𝜃) − 1
= tan(𝜃) sec 2 (𝜃) − tan(𝜃)
100. sin5 (𝜃) = (1 − cos2 (𝜃))2 sin(𝜃)

sin5 (𝜃) = (sin2 (𝜃))2 sin(𝜃)
= (1 − cos2 (𝜃))2 sin(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
101. sec10 (𝜃) = (1 + tan2 (𝜃))4 sec 2 (𝜃)

sec10 (𝜃) = (sec 2 (𝜃))4 sec 2 (𝜃)
= (1 + tan2 (𝜃))4 sec 2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
102. cos2 (𝜃) tan3 (𝜃) = tan(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)

sin3 (𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cos2 (𝜃) tan3 (𝜃) = cos2 (𝜃) ( 3 ) tan(𝜃) =
cos (𝜃) cos(𝜃)
sin3 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) sin(𝜃) (1 − cos2 (𝜃)) sin(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = = ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
2 sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) cos (𝜃)
= − = tan(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) =
103. sec 4 (𝜃) − sec 2 (𝜃) = tan2 (𝜃) + tan4 (𝜃)

sec 4 (𝜃) − sec 2 (𝜃) = sec 2 (𝜃) (sec 2 (𝜃) − 1)
= (tan2 (𝜃) + 1)(sec 2 (𝜃) − 1) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
= (tan2 (𝜃) + 1) tan2 (𝜃) = tan4 (𝜃) + tan2 (𝜃) ⟹ tan2 (𝜃) = sec 2 (𝜃) − 1
cos(𝜃)+1 1+sec(𝜃)
104. =
cos(𝜃)−1 1−sec(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) + 1 1/ cos(𝜃) 1 + 1/ cos(𝜃)
( )( )=
cos(𝜃) − 1 1/ cos(𝜃) 1 − 1/ cos(𝜃)
1 + sec(𝜃) 1
= sec(𝜃) =
1 − sec(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)+1 1+csc(𝜃)
105. =
sin(𝜃)−1 1−csc(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) + 1 1/ sin(𝜃) 1 + 1/ sin(𝜃)
( )( )=
sin(𝜃) − 1 1/ sin(𝜃) 1 − 1/ sin(𝜃)
1 + csc(𝜃) 1
= csc(𝜃) =
1 − csc(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1−cot(𝜃) tan(𝜃)−1
106. =
1+cot(𝜃) tan(𝜃)+1
1 1
1 − cot(𝜃) 1 − tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) =
tan(𝜃)
=
1 + cot(𝜃) 1 + 1
tan(𝜃)

Solutions
tan(𝜃) − 1
tan(𝜃) tan(𝜃) − 1 tan(𝜃)
= =( )( )
tan(𝜃) + 1 tan(𝜃) tan(𝜃) + 1
tan(𝜃)
tan(𝜃) − 1
=
tan(𝜃) + 1
1−tan(𝜃) cos(𝜃)−sin(𝜃)
107. =
1+tan(𝜃) cos(𝜃)+sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1 − tan(𝜃) 1 − cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃)
=
1 + tan(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1+
cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= =( )( )
cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)
=
cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃)
108. tan(𝜃) + cot(𝜃) = sec(𝜃) csc(𝜃)

tan(𝜃) + cot(𝜃) = + tan(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
(sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃)) 1 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
1 1 1 1
=( )( ) = sec(𝜃) csc(𝜃) sec(𝜃) = , csc(𝜃) =
109. csc(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) = cot(𝜃) cos(𝜃)

1 1
csc(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) = − sin(𝜃) csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1 − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = ⟹ cos2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
=( ) cos(𝜃) = cot(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
110. cos(𝜃) − sec(𝜃) = − tan(𝜃) sin(𝜃)

1 1
cos(𝜃) − sec(𝜃) = cos(𝜃) − sec(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
cos2 (𝜃) − 1 sin2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =− ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
⟹ − sin2 (𝜃) = cos2 (𝜃) − 1
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= −( ) sin(𝜃) = − tan(𝜃) sin(𝜃) tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
111. cos(𝜃) (tan(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)) = csc(𝜃)

cos(𝜃) (tan(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)) = cos(𝜃) ( + ) tan(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
cos2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) 1 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= sin(𝜃) + = =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= csc(𝜃) 1
csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃)
112. sin(𝜃) (tan(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)) = sec(𝜃)

sin(𝜃) (tan(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)) = sin(𝜃) ( + ) tan(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
2 2 2
sin (𝜃) sin (𝜃) + cos (𝜃) 1 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= + cos(𝜃) = =

Solutions
= sec(𝜃) 1
sec(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃)
1 1
113. + = 2 csc 2 (𝜃)
1−cos(𝜃) 1+cos(𝜃)
1 1 1 + cos(𝜃) + 1 − cos(𝜃)
+ =
1 − cos(𝜃) 1 + cos(𝜃) (1 − cos(𝜃))(1 + cos(𝜃))
2 2 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
1 − cos2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
= 2 csc 2 (𝜃) 1
csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃)
1 1
114. + = 2 csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃)
sec(𝜃)+1 sec(𝜃)−1
1 1 sec(𝜃) + 1 + sec(𝜃) − 1
+ =
sec(𝜃) + 1 sec(𝜃) − 1 (sec(𝜃) + 1)(sec(𝜃) − 1)
2 sec(𝜃) 2 sec(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
sec 2 (𝜃) − 1 tan2 (𝜃) ⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
⟹ tan2 (𝜃) = sec 2 (𝜃) − 1
1 cos2 (𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
=2 ( )( 2 ) sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) sin (𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= = 2( )( )
sin 2 (𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= 2 csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1 1
115. + = 2 sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃)
csc(𝜃)+1 csc(𝜃)−1
1 1 csc(𝜃) + 1 + csc(𝜃) − 1
+ =
csc(𝜃) + 1 csc(𝜃) − 1 (csc(𝜃) + 1)(csc(𝜃) − 1)
2 csc(𝜃) 2 csc(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
csc 2 (𝜃) − 1 cot 2 (𝜃) ⟹ cot 2 (𝜃) + 1 = csc 2 (𝜃)
⟹ cot 2 (𝜃) = csc 2 (𝜃) − 1
1 sin2 (𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃)
=2 ( )( 2 ) csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) cos (𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= = 2( )( )
cos2 (𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= 2 sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 1
116. − = 2 cot(𝜃)
csc(𝜃)−cot(𝜃) csc(𝜃)+cot(𝜃)
1 1
−
csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃) csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)
(csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)) − (csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃))
=
csc 2 (𝜃) − cot 2 (𝜃)
2 cot(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = 2 cot(𝜃)
csc 2 (𝜃) − cot 2 (𝜃) ⟹ cot 2 (𝜃) + 1 = csc 2 (𝜃)
⟹ 1 = csc 2 (𝜃) − cot 2 (𝜃)
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
117. + = sin(𝜃) + cos(𝜃)
1−tan(𝜃) 1−cot(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
+
1 − tan(𝜃) 1 − cot(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= + tan(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1− 1−
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)

Solutions
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) − cos(𝜃)
= +
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
2 (𝜃)
cos sin2 (𝜃)
= −
cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)
cos (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) (cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃))(cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃))
2
= = = sin(𝜃) + cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)
1
118. = sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃)
sec(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)
1 sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃)
( )( )
sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃) sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃)
sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃)
sec 2 (𝜃) − tan2 (𝜃) ⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
⟹ 1 = sec 2 (𝜃) − tan2 (𝜃)
1
119. = sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
sec(𝜃)−tan(𝜃)
1 sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
( )( )
sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃) sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
sec 2 (𝜃) − tan2 (𝜃) ⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
⟹ 1 = sec 2 (𝜃) − tan2 (𝜃)
1
120. = csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)
csc(𝜃)−cot(𝜃)
1 csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)
( )( )
csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃) csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)
⟹ 1 = csc 2 (𝜃) − cot 2 (𝜃)
1
121. = csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃)
csc(𝜃)+cot(𝜃)
1 csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃)
( )( )
csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃) csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃)
⟹ 1 = csc 2 (𝜃) − cot 2 (𝜃)
1
122. = sec 2 (𝜃) + sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃)
1−sin(𝜃)
1 1 sin(𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
sec 2 (𝜃) + sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃) = +( )( ) sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
cos2 (𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 + sin(𝜃) 1 + sin(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
cos2 (𝜃) 1 − sin2 (𝜃) ⟹ cos2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)
1 + sin(𝜃) 1
= =
(1 + sin(𝜃))(1 − sin(𝜃)) 1 − sin(𝜃)
1
123. = sec 2 (𝜃) − sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃)
1+sin(𝜃)
1 1 sin(𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
sec 2 (𝜃) − sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃) = −( )( ) sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
cos 2 (𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 − sin(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
cos2 (𝜃) 1 − sin2 (𝜃) ⟹ cos2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)

Solutions
1 − sin(𝜃) 1
= =
(1 + sin(𝜃))(1 − sin(𝜃)) 1 + sin(𝜃)
1
124. = csc 2 (𝜃) + csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃)
1−cos(𝜃)
1 1 cos(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃)
csc 2 (𝜃) + csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃) = +( )( ) csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin2 (𝜃)
1 + cos(𝜃) 1 + cos(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
sin (𝜃)
2 1 − cos2 (𝜃) ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
1 + cos(𝜃) 1
= =
(1 + cos(𝜃))(1 − cos(𝜃)) 1 − cos(𝜃)
1
125. = csc 2 (𝜃) − csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃)
1+cos(𝜃)
1 1 cos(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃)
csc 2 (𝜃) − csc(𝜃) cot(𝜃) = −( )( ) csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin2 (𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
1 − cos(𝜃) 1 − cos(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
sin2 (𝜃) 1 − cos2 (𝜃) ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
1 − cos(𝜃) 1
= =
(1 + cos(𝜃))(1 − cos(𝜃)) 1 + cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) 1−sin(𝜃)
126. =
1+sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃)
=( )( )
1 + sin(𝜃) 1 + sin(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) (1 − sin(𝜃)) cos(𝜃) (1 − sin(𝜃)) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= =
1 − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) ⟹ cos2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)
1 − sin(𝜃)
=
cos(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
127. csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃) =
1+cos(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃) = − csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
1 − cos(𝜃) 1 + cos(𝜃)
= ( )
sin(𝜃) 1 + cos(𝜃)
1 − cos2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
sin(𝜃) (1 + cos(𝜃)) sin(𝜃) (1 + cos(𝜃))
sin(𝜃)
=
(1 + cos(𝜃))
1−sin(𝜃)
128. = (sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃))2
1+sin(𝜃)
1 − sin(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃)
=( )( )
1 + sin(𝜃) 1 + sin(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃)
(1 − sin(𝜃))2 (1 − sin(𝜃))2 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
= = ⟹ cos2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)
1 − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃)
2 2
1 − sin(𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
=( ) =( − )
= (sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃))2 1 sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
Verify the identity.
129. ln|sec(𝜃)| = − ln|cos(𝜃)|
1 1
ln|sec(𝜃)| = ln | | sec(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= ln|1| − ln|cos(𝜃)| 𝑎
ln ( ) = ln(𝑎) − ln(𝑏)
𝑏
= − ln|cos(𝜃)| ln(1) = 0

Solutions
130. – ln|csc(𝜃)| = ln|sin(𝜃)|

1 1
− ln|csc(𝜃)| = − ln | | csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= −(ln(1) − ln|sin(𝜃)|) 𝑎
ln ( ) = ln(𝑎) − ln(𝑏)
𝑏
= −(− ln|sin(𝜃)|) = ln|sin(𝜃)| ln(1) = 0
131. − ln|sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃)| = ln|sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)|

− ln|sec(𝜃) − tan(𝜃)| = − ln | − | sec(𝜃) = , tan(𝜃) =
1 − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 1
= − ln | | = ln | | − ln(𝑎) = ln ( )
cos(𝜃) 1 − sin(𝜃) 𝑎
cos(𝜃) 1 + sin(𝜃)
= ln |( )( )|
1 − sin(𝜃) 1 + sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) (1 + sin(𝜃)) cos(𝜃) (1 + sin(𝜃)) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
| = ln | | = ln | | ⟹ cos2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)
1 − sin (𝜃)
2 cos2 (𝜃)
1 + sin(𝜃) 1 sin(𝜃)
= ln | | = ln | + |
= ln|sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)| 1 sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
132. − ln|csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)| = ln|csc(𝜃) − cot(𝜃)|

− ln|csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)| = − ln | + | csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
1 + cos(θ) sin(𝜃) 1
= − ln | | = ln | | − ln(𝑎) = ln ( )
sin(𝜃) 1 + cos(𝜃) 𝑎
sin(𝜃) 1 − cos(𝜃)
= ln |( )( )|
1 + cos(𝜃) 1 − cos(𝜃)
sin(𝜃) (1 − cos(𝜃)) sin(𝜃) (1 − cos(𝜃)) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
| = ln | | = ln | | ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos2 (𝜃)
1 − cos (𝜃)
2 sin2 (𝜃)
1 − cos(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃)
= ln | | = ln | − |
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
= ln|csc(𝜃) + cot(𝜃)| 1 cos(𝜃)
csc(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(𝜃)
135. We wish to establish the inequality cos(𝜃) < < 1 for 0 <
𝜃
𝜋
𝜃 < . Use the diagram from the beginning of the section, partially
2
reproduced below, to answer the following.
1
a. Show that the triangle 𝑂𝑃𝐵 has area sin(𝜃)
2
drop a perpendicular down from 𝑃 , then for the new
triangle,
altitude altitude
= = sin(𝜃)
hypotenuse 1
1 1
⟹ area = (base)(altitude) = sin(𝜃)
2 2
1
b. Show that the circular sector 𝑂𝑃𝐵 with central angle 𝜃 has area 𝜃
2
from 10.1 #56, the area of a circular sector is given by
1 1 1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 = (1)2 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 2 2
1
c. Show that the triangle 𝑂𝑄𝐵 has area tan(𝜃)
2

Solutions
altitude altitude
tan(𝜃) = = = altitude
base 1
1 1 1
area = (base)(altitude) = (1)(tan(𝜃)) = tan(𝜃)
2 2 2 𝜋
d. Comparing areas, show that sin(𝜃) < 𝜃 < tan(𝜃) for 0 < 𝜃 <
2
area of small triangle < area of circular sector < area of big triangle
1 1 1
⟹ sin(𝜃) < 𝜃 < tan(𝜃) ⟹ sin(𝜃) < 𝜃 < tan(𝜃)
2 2 2
angle restriction comes from the picture representing only angles within
quadrant I
sin(𝜃) 𝜋
e. Use the inequality sin(𝜃) < 𝜃 to show that < 1 for 0 < 𝜃 <
𝜃 2
sin(𝜃) 𝜋
f. Use the inequality 𝜃 < tan(𝜃) to show that cos(𝜃) < for 0 < 𝜃 < .
𝜃 2
Combine this with the previous part to complete the proof.

Solutions
10.4 Exercises
Use the even/odd identities to verify the identity. Assume all quantities are defined.
Theorem 10.12. Even/Odd Identities: For all applicable angles 𝜃,
 cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃)  sin(−𝜃) = − sin(𝜃)  tan(−𝜃) = − tan(𝜃)

 sec(−𝜃) = sec(𝜃)  csc(−𝜃) = − csc(𝜃)  cot(−𝜃) = − cot(𝜃)
1. sin(3𝜋 − 2𝜃) = − sin(2𝜃 − 3𝜋)
sin(3𝜋 − 2𝜃) = sin(−(2𝜃 − 3𝜋)) = − sin(2𝜃 − 3𝜋)
𝜋 𝜋
2. cos (− − 5𝑡) = cos (5𝑡 + )
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos (− − 5𝑡) = cos (− (5𝑡 + )) = cos (5𝑡 + )
4 4 4
3. tan(−𝑡 2 + 1) = − tan(𝑡 2 − 1)
tan(−𝑡 2 + 1) = tan(−(𝑡 2 − 1)) = − tan(𝑡 2 − 1)
4. csc(−𝜃 − 5) = − csc(𝜃 + 5)
csc(−𝜃 − 5) = csc(−(𝜃 + 5)) = − csc(𝜃 + 5)
5. sec(−6𝑡) = sec(6𝑡)
sec(−6𝑡) = sec(−(6𝑡)) = sec(6𝑡)
6. cot(9 − 7𝜃) = − cot(7𝜃 − 9)
cot(9 − 7𝜃) = cot(−(7𝜃 − 9)) = − cot(7𝜃 − 9)
Use the sum and difference identities to find the exact value. You may have need of the quotient,
reciprocal, or even/odd identities as well.
Theorem 10.16. Sum and Difference Identities: For all applicable angles 𝛼 and 𝛽,
 cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) ∓ sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
 sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) ± cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
tan(𝛼)±tan(𝛽)
 tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
1∓tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽)
𝜃 𝜃 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) sec(𝜃) csc(𝜃)
0 0∘ 0 1 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 1 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝜋/6 30∘ 1/2 √3/2 1/√3 √3 2/√3 2
𝜋/4 45∘ √2/2 √2/2 1 1 √2 √2
𝜋/3 60∘ √3/2 1/2 √3 1/√3 2 2/√3
𝜋/2 90∘ 1 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 0 𝐷𝑁𝐸 1
7. cos(75∘ ) = cos(45∘ + 30∘ ) = cos(45∘ ) cos(30∘ ) − sin(45∘ ) sin(30∘ )

√2 √3 √2 1 √6 √2 √6 − √2
= ( )( ) − ( )( ) = − =
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
∘) 1 1 1
8. sec(165 = ∘) = ∘ ∘) = ∘) ∘ )−sin(120∘ ) ∘)
cos(165 cos(120 +45 cos(120 cos(45 sin(45
1 1 1 4 √2 − √6 4(√2 − √6)
= = =− =− ( )=− = √2 − √6
1 √2 √3 √2 √2 √6 √2 + √6 √2 + √6 √2 − √6 2−6
(− ) ( ) − ( ) ( ) − −
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
9. sin(105∘ ) = sin(60∘ + 45∘ ) = sin(60∘ ) cos(45∘ ) + cos(60∘ ) sin(45∘ )
√3 √2 1 √2 √6 √2 √6 + √2
=( )( ) + ( )( ) = + =
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1
10. csc(195∘ ) = = =
sin(195∘ ) sin(135∘ +60∘ ) sin(135∘ ) cos(60∘ )+cos(135∘ ) sin(60∘ )
1 1 4 √2 + √6 4(√2 + √6)
= = = ( )= = −(√2 + √6)
√2 1 √2 √3 √2 √6 √2 − √6 √2 + √6 2−6
( 2 ) (2) + (− 2 ) ( 2 ) −
4 4

Solutions
cos(255∘ ) cos(210∘ +45∘ ) cos(210∘ ) cos(45∘ )−sin(210∘ ) sin(45∘ )
11. cot(255∘ ) = = =
sin(255∘ ) sin(210∘ +45∘ ) sin(210∘ ) cos(45∘ )+cos(210∘ ) sin(45∘ )
1 √2 √3 √2
(− ) ( ) − (− ) ( ) √2 √6
2 2 2 2 − +
= = 4 4 = − √6 − √2 (√2 − √6) = − √12 − 2 − 6 + √12 = − 4√3 − 8 = 2 − √3
1 √2 √3 √2 √2 √6 √2 + √6 √2 − √6 2−6 −4
(− ) ( ) + (− ) ( ) − −
2 2 2 2 4 4
1
√2 √3 √2
sin(375∘ ) sin(330∘ +45∘ ) sin(330∘ ) cos(45∘ )+cos(330∘ ) sin(45∘ ) (− )( )+( )( )
2
2 2 2
12. tan(375∘ ) = ∘) = ∘) = ∘) =
cos(375 cos(330∘ +45 cos(330∘ ) cos(45∘ )−sin(330∘ ) sin(45 √3 √2 1 √2
( )( )−(− )( )
2 2 2 2
√2 √6
− +
= 4 4 = √6 − √2 (√6 − √2) = 8 − 2√12 = 2 − √3
√6 √2 √6 + √2 √6 − √2 6−2
+
4 4
13𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 √2 1 √2 √3
13. cos ( ) = cos ( + ) = cos ( ) cos ( ) − sin ( ) sin ( ) = (− )( )−( )( )
12 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2
√2 √6 √2 + √6
=− − =−
4 4 4
11𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 √2 1 √2 √3
14. sin ( ) = sin ( − ) = sin ( ) cos ( ) − cos ( ) sin ( ) = (− ) ( ) − (− ) ( )
12 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2
√2 √6 √6 − √2
=− + =
4 4 4
3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 √2 1 √2 √3 √2 √6
13𝜋 sin( 4 + 3 ) sin( 4 ) cos( 3 )+cos( 4 ) sin( 3 ) ( 2 )(2)+(− 2 )( 2 ) −4
15. tan ( )= 3𝜋 𝜋 = 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 = √2 1 √2 √3
= 4
√2 √6
12 cos( + ) cos( ) cos( )−sin( ) sin( ) (− )( )−( )( ) − −
4 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 4 4
√2 − √6 √2 − √6 2 − 2√12 + 6 8 − 4√3
=− ( )=− = = 2 − √3
√2 + √6 √2 − √6 2−6 4
7𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋
16. cos ( ) = cos ( − ) = cos ( ) cos ( ) + sin ( ) sin ( )
12 3 4 3 4 3 4
1 √2 √3 √2 √2 √6 √2 − √6
= (− ) (− ) + (− ) ( ) = − =
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
17𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 √3 √2 1 √2
17𝜋 sin( ) sin( + ) sin( ) cos( )+cos( ) sin( ) ( )(− )+(− )( )
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2
17. tan ( )= 17𝜋 = 2𝜋 3𝜋 = 2𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 = 1 √2 √3 √2
12 cos( ) cos( + ) cos( ) cos( )−sin( ) sin( ) (− )(− )−( )( )
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2
√6 √2
− −
= 4 4 = −√6 − √2 (√2 + √6) = −√12 − 2 − 6 − √12 = −4(2 + √3) = 2 + √3
√2 √6 √2 − √6 √2 + √6 2−6 −4
−
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3 √2 1 √2 √6−√2
18. sin ( ) = sin ( − ) = sin ( ) cos ( ) − cos ( ) sin ( ) = ( ) ( ) − ( ) ( ) =
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 4
5𝜋 𝜋
11𝜋 1 1 1+tan( 4 ) tan( 3 ) 1+√3 1+√3 1+2√3+3
19. cot ( )= 11𝜋 = 5𝜋 𝜋 = 5𝜋 𝜋 = ( )= = −(2 + √3)
12 tan( ) tan( − ) tan( )−tan( ) 1−√3 1+√3 1−3
12 4 3 4 3
5𝜋 1 1 1 1
20. csc ( ) = 5𝜋 = 3𝜋 𝜋 = 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 = √2 1 √2 √3
12 sin( ) sin( − ) sin( ) cos( )−cos( ) sin( ) ( )( )−(− )( )
12 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2
4 √2 − √6 4(√2 − √6)
= ( )= = √6 − √2
√2 + √6 √2 − √6 2−6
𝜋 1 1 1 1 1
21. sec (− ) = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 = 1 √2 √3 √2
12 cos(− ) cos( ) cos( − ) cos( ) cos( )+sin( ) sin( ) ( )( )+( )( )
12 12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2
4
√2 − √6 4(√2 − √6)
= ( )= = √6 − √2
√2 + √6 √2 − √6 2−6
√5 √10 𝜋
22. If 𝛼 is a quadrant IV angle with cos(𝛼) = , and sin(𝛽) = , where < 𝛽 < 𝜋, find
5 10 2
2
√5 1 2 2
sin2 (𝛼) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin(𝛼) = ±√1 − = ± ⟹−
5 5 √5 √5
2
√10 1 3 3
( ) + cos 2 (𝛽) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝛽) = ±√1 − =± ⟹−
10 10 √10 √10
√5 3 2 √10 3 2√2 3√2 2√2 √2
a. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = ( ) (− ) − (− )( ) =− + =− + =−
5 √10 √5 10 5√2 10 10 10 10

Solutions
2 3 √5 √10 6√2 5√2 35√2 7√2

b. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = (− ) (− ) + ( )( ) = + = =
√5 √10 5 10 10 50 50 10
1 7
−2+(− ) −
3
c. tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 1 = 1
3
= −7
1−(−2)(− )
3 3
√5 3 2 √10 3√2 2√2 5√2 √2
d. cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = ( ) (− ) + (− )( )=− − =− =−
5 √10 √5 10 10 10 10 2
2 3 √5 √10 6√2 5√2 25√2 √2
e. sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = (− ) (− ) − ( )( )= − = =
√5 √10 5 10 10 50 50 2
1 5
−2−(− ) −
3
f. tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 1 = 5
3
= −1
1+(−2)(− )
3 3
𝜋
23. If csc(𝛼) = 3, where 0 < 𝛼 < , and 𝛽 is a quadrant II angle with
2
tan(𝛽) = −7, find
1 1 2 1 2√2
csc(𝛼) = 3 ⟹ sin(𝛼) = ⟹ ( ) + cos 2(𝛼) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝛼) = √1 − =
3 3 9 3
7 1
sin(𝛽) = , cos(𝛽) = −
5√2 5√2
2√2 1 1 7 2 7√2 4+7√2

a. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = ( ) (− ) − ( )( )=− − =−
3 5√2 3 5√2 15 30 30
1 1 2√2 7 √2 14 28−√2
b. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = ( ) (− )+( )( )=− + =
3 5√2 3 5√2 30 15 30
√2 √2−28
( 4 )+(−7) √2−28 4−7√2 4√2−112−14+196√2
c. tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = √2
= 4
4+7√2
= ( )=
1−( )(−7) 4+7√2 4−7√2 16−98
4 4
200√2 − 126 63 − 100√2
= =
−82 41
2√2 1 1 7 2 7√2 7√2−4
d. cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = ( ) (− ) + ( )( )=− + =
3 5√2 3 5√2 15 30 30
1 1 2√2 7 √2 14 28+√2
e. sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = ( ) (− )−( )( )=− − =−
3 5√2 3 5√2 30 15 30
√2 √2+28
( 4 )−(−7) √2+28 4+7√2 4√2+112+14+196√2
f. tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) = √2
= 4
4−7√2
= ( )=
1+( )(−7) 4−7√2 4+7√2 16−98
4 4
200√2 + 126 63 + 100√2
= =−
−82 41
3 𝜋 12 3𝜋
24. If sin(𝛼) = , where 0 < 𝛼 < , and cos(𝛽) = where < 𝛽 < 2𝜋, find
5 2 13 2
2 3
3 9 4 3
( ) + cos 2(𝛼) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝛼) = √1 − = ⟹ tan(𝛼) = 5 =
5 25 5 4 4
5
5
12 2
144 5 − 5
sin2 (𝛽) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin(𝛽) = −√1 − =− ⟹ tan(𝛽) = 13 = −
13 169 13 12 12
13
3 12 4 5 36 20 16
a. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) (− ) = − =
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
4 12 3 5 48 15 33
b. cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) (− ) = − =
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
3 5 7
+ 56
c. tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 4 12
3 5 = 6
11 =
1+( )(− ) 13
4 12 16
5 𝜋 24 3𝜋
25. If sec(𝛼) = − , where < 𝛼 < 𝜋, and tan(𝛽) = , where 𝜋 < 𝛽 < , find
3 2 7 2
2
5 3 3 9 4
sec(𝛼) = − ⟹ cos(𝛼) = − ⟹ sin2(𝛼) + (− ) = sin(𝛼) = √1 − =
3 5 5 25 5
4
⟹ tan(𝛼) = −
3
24 7
sin(𝛽) = − , cos(𝛽) = −
25 25

Solutions
1 1 1 125 5
a. csc(𝛼 − 𝛽) = = 4 7 3 24 = 28 72 =− =−
sin(𝛼−𝛽) ( )(− )−(− )(− ) − − 100 4
5 25 5 25 125 125
1 1 1 125
b. sec(𝛼 + 𝛽) = = 3 7 4 24 =
21 96 =
cos(𝛼+𝛽) (− )(− )−( )(− ) + 117
5 25 5 25 125 125
4 24 39
1 1−(− )( ) 117
3 7
c. cot(𝛼 + 𝛽) = = 4 24 =7
44 =
tan(𝛼+𝛽) (− )+( ) 44
3 7 21
Verify the identity.
26. cos(𝜃 − 𝜋) = − cos(𝜃)
cos(𝜃 − 𝜋) = cos(𝜃) cos(𝜋) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
+ sin(𝜃) sin(𝜋)
= cos(𝜃) (−1) + sin(𝜃) (0) cos(𝜋) = −1, sin(𝜋) = 0
= − cos(𝜃)
27. sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin(𝜃)

sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin(𝜋) cos(𝜃) − cos(𝜋)sin(𝜃) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= (0) cos(𝜃) − (−1) sin(𝜃) cos(𝜋) = −1, sin(𝜋) = 0
= sin(𝜃)
𝜋
28. tan (𝜃 + ) = − cot(𝜃)
2
𝜋 sin(𝛼)
𝜋 sin (𝜃 + ) tan(𝛼) =
tan (𝜃 + ) = 2
𝜋 cos(𝛼)
2 cos (𝜃 + )
2
𝜋 𝜋 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝜃) cos ( ) + cos(𝜃) sin ( )
= 2 2 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
𝜋 𝜋
cos(𝜃) cos ( ) − sin(𝜃) sin ( )
2 2
sin(𝜃) (0) + cos(𝜃) (1) cos(𝜃) 𝜋 𝜋
= = sin ( ) = 1, cos ( ) = 0
cos(𝜃) (0) − sin(𝜃) (1) − sin(𝜃) 2 2
= − cot(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
cot(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃)
29. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 2 sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)

sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
+ sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= 2 sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
30. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 2 cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)

sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
−(sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽))
= 2 cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
31. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 2 cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)

cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
+ cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= 2 cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
32. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) − cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = −2 sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)

cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) − cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
−(cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽))
−2 sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)

Solutions
sin(𝛼+𝛽) 1+cot(𝛼) tan(𝛽)

33. =
sin(𝛼−𝛽) 1−cot(𝛼) tan(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽) sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
(1 + ( )( )) tan(𝜃) = , cot(𝜃) =
1 + cot(𝛼) tan(𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
=
1 − cot(𝛼) tan(𝛽) cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
(1 − ( )( ))
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)

sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
=
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
=
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
cos(𝛼+𝛽) 1−tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽)

34. =
cos(𝛼−𝛽) 1+tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽)
sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
1 − tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽) 1 − (cos(𝛼)) (cos(𝛽))
=
1 + tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽) sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
1+( )( )
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
=
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
=
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
tan(𝛼+𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼)+sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽)

35. =
tan(𝛼−𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼)−sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽)
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝜃)
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) tan(𝜃) =
= = cos(𝜃)
tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
(sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽))(cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽))
=
(cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽))(sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽))
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
+ cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
− cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
− sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
+ sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) cos 2(𝛽) + cos 2 (𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽) + sin2 (𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) + sin2 (𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽)
=
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) cos 2(𝛽) − sin2 (𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽) − cos 2 (𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽) + sin2 (𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼)
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) (sin2 (𝛽) + cos 2(𝛽)) + sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽) (sin2 (𝛼) + cos 2(𝛼))
=
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) (sin2 (𝛽) + cos 2(𝛽)) − sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽) (sin2 (𝛼) + cos 2(𝛼))

Solutions
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) + sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽) sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1

=
sin(𝛼) cos(𝛼) − sin(𝛽) cos(𝛽)
sin(𝑡+ℎ)−sin(𝑡) sin(ℎ) cos(ℎ)−1

36. = cos(𝑡) ( ) + sin(𝑡) ( )
ℎ ℎ ℎ
sin(𝑡 + ℎ) − sin(𝑡) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
ℎ + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝑡) cos(ℎ) + cos(𝑡) sin(ℎ) − sin(𝑡)
=
ℎ
sin(𝑡) cos(ℎ) − sin(𝑡) cos(𝑡) sin(ℎ)
= +
ℎ ℎ
cos(ℎ) − 1 sin(ℎ)
= sin(𝑡) ( ) + cos(𝑡) ( )
ℎ ℎ
(cos(𝑡+ℎ)−cos(𝑡)) cos(ℎ)−1 sin(ℎ)

37. = cos(𝑡) ( ) − sin(𝑡) ( )
ℎ ℎ ℎ
(cos(𝑡 + ℎ) − cos(𝑡)) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
ℎ − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝑡) cos(ℎ) − sin(𝑡) sin(ℎ) − cos(𝑡)
=
ℎ
cos(𝑡) cos(ℎ) − cos(𝑡) sin(𝑡) sin(ℎ)
= −
ℎ ℎ
cos(ℎ) − 1 sin(ℎ)
= cos(𝑡) ( ) − sin(𝑡) ( )
ℎ ℎ
tan(𝑡+ℎ)−tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ) sec2 (𝑡)

38. =( ) ((1−tan(𝑡) )
ℎ ℎ tan(ℎ))
tan(𝑡 + ℎ) − tan(𝑡) tan(𝑡) + tan(ℎ) tan(𝑡) tan(𝛼) + tan(𝛽)
= − tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
ℎ ℎ(1 − tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ)) ℎ 1 − tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽)
tan(𝑡) + tan(ℎ) − tan(𝑡) (1 − tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ))
=
ℎ(1 − tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ))
tan(ℎ) (1 + tan2 (𝑡)) tan(ℎ) sec 2 (ℎ) sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1
= = ⟹ tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 (𝜃)
ℎ(1 − tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ)) ℎ(1 − tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ))
tan(ℎ) sec 2 (ℎ)
=( )( )
ℎ 1 − tan(𝑡) tan(ℎ)
Use the half angle formulas to find the exact value. You may have need of the quotient, reciprocal, or
even/odd identities as well.
Theorem 10.19. Half Angle Formulas: For all applicable angles 𝜃,

𝜃 1+cos(𝜃)
 cos ( ) = ±√
2 2
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃)
 sin ( ) = ±√
2 2
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃)
 tan ( ) = ±√
2 1+cos(𝜃)
𝜃
where the choice of ± depends on the quadrant in which the terminal side of lies.
2
39. cos(75∘ ) (compare with exercise 7) 75∘ ⟹ 𝐼 ⟹ cos(75∘ ) > 0
√3
150∘ 1 + cos(150∘ ) √1 − 2 2 − √3 1
cos(75∘ ) = cos ( )=√ = =√ = √2 − √3
2 2 2 4 2
40. sin(105∘ ) (compare with exercise 9) 105∘ ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(105∘ ) > 0

Solutions
√3
210∘ 1 − cos(210∘ ) √1 + 2 2 + √3 1
sin(105∘ ) = sin ( )=√ = =√ = √2 + √3
2 2 2 4 2
41. cos(67.5∘ ) 67.5∘ ⟹ 𝐼 ⟹ cos(67.5∘ ) > 0
√2
1 + cos(135∘ ) √1 − 2 2 − √2 1
cos(67.5∘ ) = cos(135∘ ) = √ = =√ = √2 − √2
2 2 4 2
42. sin(157.5∘ ) 157.5∘ ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(157∘ ) > 0
√2
315∘ 1 − cos(315∘ ) √1 − 2 2 − √2 1
sin(157.5∘ ) = sin ( )=√ = =√ = √2 − √2
2 2 2 4 2
43. tan(112.5∘ ) 112.5∘ ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ tan(112.5∘ ) < 0
√2
225∘ 1 − cos(225∘ ) 1+
tan(112.5∘ ) = tan ( ) = −√ = −√ 2 = −√(2 + √2) (2 + √2) = − 1 (2 + √2) = −√2 − 1
2 1 + cos(225 )
∘
√2 2 − √2 2 + √2 √2
1−
2
7𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋
44. cos ( ) (compare with exercise 16) ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ cos ( ) < 0
12 12 12
7𝜋 7𝜋 √3
7𝜋 √1 + cos ( 6 ) √1 − 2 2 − √3 1
cos ( ) = cos ( 6 ) = − =− = −√ = − √2 − √3
12 2 2 2 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
45. sin ( ) (compare with exercise 18) ⟹ 𝐼 ⟹ sin ( ) > 0
12 12 12
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1 − cos ( ) √1 − √3
sin ( ) = sin ( 6 ) = √ 6 = 2 = √2 − √3 = 1 √2 − √3
12 2 2 2 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
46. cos ( ) ⟹ 𝐼 ⟹ cos ( ) > 0
8 8 8
𝜋 𝜋 √2
𝜋 1 + cos ( ) √1 +
cos ( ) = cos ( 4 ) = √ 4 = 2 = √2 + √2 = 1 √2 + √2
8 2 2 2 4 2
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
47. sin ( ) ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin ( ) > 0
8 8 8
5𝜋 5𝜋 √2
5𝜋 √1 − sin ( 4 ) √1 + 2 2 + √2 1
sin ( ) = sin ( 4 ) = = =√ = √2 + √2
8 2 2 2 4 2
7𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋
48. tan ( ) ⟹ 𝐼𝐼 ⟹ tan ( ) < 0
8 8 8
7𝜋 7𝜋 √2
1 − cos ( )
7𝜋
tan ( ) = tan ( 4 ) = −√ 4 = −√1 − 2 = −√(2 − √2) (2 − √2) = − 1 (2 −
√2) = −√2 + 1
8 2 7𝜋 √2 2 + √2 2 − √2 √2
1 + cos ( ) 1 +
4 2
Use the given information about 𝜃 to find the exact values of
 sin(2𝜃)  cos(2𝜃)  tan(2𝜃)
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
 sin ( )  cos ( )  tan ( )
2 2 2
sin(𝜃) 1 1
sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1, tan(𝜃) = , sec(𝜃) = , csc(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
2 tan(𝜃)
sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) , cos(2𝜃) = { 2 cos 2 (𝜃) − 1 , tan(2𝜃) =
1 − tan2 (𝜃)
1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)
𝜃 1 − cos(𝜃) 𝜃 1 + cos(𝜃) 𝜃 1 − cos(𝜃)
sin ( ) = ±√ , cos ( ) = ±√ , tan ( ) = ±√
2 2 2 2 2 1 + cos(𝜃)

Solutions
7 3𝜋 7 2 49 24
49. sin(𝜃) = − where < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 ⟹ (− ) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = √1 − =
25 2 25 625 25
7 24 336
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 (− ) ( ) = −
25 25 625
7 2 98 527
 cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − 2 (− ) = 1 − =
25 625 625
7 25 7
2 tan(𝜃) 2(−25)(24) − 7 576 336
 tan(2𝜃) = = 2 = 12
49 = (− ) ( )=−
1−tan2 (𝜃) 7 25 1− 12 527 527
1−((− )( )) 576
25 24
24
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1− 1 1 √2
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 25
=√ = =
2 2 2 50 5√2 10
24
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1+ 49 7 7√2
 cos ( ) = −√ = −√ 25
= −√ =− =−
2 2 2 50 5√2 10
𝜃
𝜃 sin( ) √2 −10 1
 tan ( ) = 2
𝜃 = ⋅ =−
2 cos( ) 10 7√2 7
2
28 𝜋 28 2 784 2025 45
50. cos(𝜃) = where 0 < 𝜃 < ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = √1 − =√ =
53 2 53 2809 2809 53
28 45 2520
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 ( ) ( ) =
53 53 2809
2 (𝜃) 28 2 1241
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos −1 = 2( ) − 1 = −
53 2809
sin(2𝜃) 2520 2809 2520
 tan(2𝜃) = =( ) (− )=−
cos(2𝜃) 2809 1241 1241
28
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1− 25 5 5√106
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 53
=√ = =
2 2 2 106 √106 106
28
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1+ 81 9 9√106
 cos ( ) = √ =√ 53
=√ = =
2 2 2 106 √106 106
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) 5 √106 5
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 = =
2 cos( ) √106 9 9
2
12 3𝜋 12 5
51. tan(𝜃) = where 𝜋 < 𝜃 < ⟹ sin(𝜃) = − , cos(𝜃) = −
5 2 13 13
12 5 120
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 (− ) (− ) =
13 13 169
2 (𝜃) 5 2 119
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos − 1 = 2 (− ) − 1 = −
13 169
sin(2𝜃) 120 −169 120
 tan(2𝜃) = = ⋅ =−
cos(2𝜃) 169 119 119
5
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1+ 9 3√13
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 13
=√ =
2 2 2 13 13
5
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1− 4 2√13
 cos ( ) = −√ = −√ 13
= −√ =−
2 2 2 13 13
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) 3 √13 3
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 =( ) (− )=−
2 cos( ) √13 2 2
2
𝜋 1 1 1 2 1
52. csc(𝜃) = 4 where 2 < 𝜃 < 𝜋 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = csc(𝜃) = 4 ⟹ (4) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −√1 − 16 = − √15
4
1 √15 √15
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 ( ) (− )=−
4 4 8
2
2 (𝜃) √15 7
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos − 1 = 2 (− ) −1 =
4 8
sin(2𝜃) √15 8 √15
 tan(2𝜃) = = (− )( ) = −
cos(2𝜃) 8 7 7
√15
1+ 4 √8+2√15
=√
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 4+√15
 sin ( ) = √ =√ =
2 2 2 8 4

Solutions
√15
1− √8−2√15
=√
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 4−√15
 cos ( ) = √ 4
=√ =
2 2 2 8 4
𝜃 2
𝜃 sin( ) 8+2√15 (8+2√15) 8+2√15
 tan ( ) = 2
𝜃 =√ =√ = = 4 + √15
2 cos( ) 8−2√15 64−60 2
2
3 𝜋 3 2 9 4
53. cos(𝜃) = where 0 < 𝜃 < ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = √1 − =
5 2 5 25 5
4 3 24
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 ( ) ( ) =
5 5 25
3 2 7
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos 2 (𝜃) − 1 = 2 ( ) − 1 = −
5 25
sin(2𝜃) 24 25 24
 tan(2𝜃) = = ( ) (− ) = −
cos(2𝜃) 25 7 7
3
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1− 1 √5
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 5
=√ =
2 2 2 5 5
3
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1+ 4 2√5
 cos ( ) = √ =√ 5
=√ =
2 2 2 5 5
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) 1 √5 1
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 = ( )( ) =
2 cos( ) √5 2 2
2
4 3𝜋 4 2 16 3
54. sin(𝜃) = − where 𝜋 < 𝜃 < ⟹ (− ) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −√1 − =−
5 2 5 25 5
4 3 24
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 (− ) (− ) =
5 5 25
2 (𝜃) 3 2 7
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos − 1 = 2 (− ) − 1 = −
5 25
sin(2𝜃) 24 25 24
 tan(2𝜃) = = ( ) (− ) = −
cos(2𝜃) 25 7 7
3
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1+ 4 2√5
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 5
=√ =
2 2 2 5 5
3
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1− 1 √5
 cos ( ) = −√ = −√ 5
= −√ = −
2 2 2 5 5
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) 2 √5
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 = ( ) (− ) = −2
2 cos( ) √5 1
2
12 3𝜋 12 2 144 5
55. cos(𝜃) = where < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = −√1 − =−
13 2 13 169 13
5 12 120
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 (− ) ( ) = −
13 13 169
2 (𝜃) 12 2 119
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos −1 = 2( ) − 1 =
13 169
sin(2𝜃) 120 169 120
 tan(2𝜃) = = (− )( )=−
cos(2𝜃) 169 119 119
12
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1− 1 √26
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 13
=√ =
2 2 2 26 26
12
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1+ 25 5√26
 cos ( ) = −√ = −√ 13
= −√ =−
2 2 2 26 26
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) 1√26 1
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 = ( ) (− ) =−
2 cos( ) √26 5 5
2
5 𝜋 5 2 25 12
56. sin(𝜃) = where < 𝜃 < 𝜋 ⟹ ( ) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = −√1 − =−
13 2 13 169 13
5 12 120
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 ( ) (− ) = −
13 13 169
2 (𝜃) 12 2 119
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos − 1 = 2 (− ) − 1 =
13 169
sin(2𝜃) 120 169 120
 tan(2𝜃) = = (− )( )=−
cos(2𝜃) 169 119 119

Solutions
12
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1+ 25 5√26
 sin ( ) = √ =√ 13
=√ =
2 2 2 26 26
12
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 1− 1 √26
 cos ( ) = √ =√ 13
=√ =
2 2 2 16 26
𝜃
𝜃 sin( ) 5 √26
 tan ( ) = 2
𝜃 =( )( )=5
2 cos( ) √26 1
2
3𝜋 1 1 1 2
57. sec(𝜃) = √5 where < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = = ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) + ( ) = 1
2 sec(𝜃) √5 √5
1 2
⟹ sin(𝜃) = −√1 − =−
5 √5
2 1 4
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 (− )( ) = −
√5 √5 5
1 2 3
2 (𝜃)
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos −1 = 2( ) −1 = −
√5 5
sin(2𝜃) 4 5 4
 tan(2𝜃) = = (− ) (− ) =
cos(2𝜃) 5 3 3
√5
1− √50−10√5
=√
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 5−√5
 sin ( ) = √ 5
=√ =
2 2 2 10 10
√5
1+ √50+10√5
= −√ 5 = −√
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 5+√5
 cos ( ) = −√ =−
2 2 2 10 10
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) √5−√5 5−√5 5−√5 5−√5 5−√5 5−5√5
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 =− = −√( )( )=− =− =
2 cos( ) √5+√5 5+√5 5−√5 √25−5 2√5 10
2
𝜋 2 1
58. tan(𝜃) = −2 where < 𝜃 < 𝜋 ⟹ sin(𝜃) = , cos(𝜃) = −
2 √5 √5
2 1 4
 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 ( ) (− )=−
√5 √5 5
1 2 3
2 (𝜃)
 cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos − 1 = 2 (− ) −1=−
√5 5
sin(2𝜃) 4 5 4
 tan(2𝜃) = = (− ) (− ) =
cos(2𝜃) 5 3 3
√5
1+ √50+10√5
=√
𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 5+√5
 sin ( ) = √ 5
=√ =
2 2 2 10 10
√5
1− √50−10√5
=√
𝜃 1+cos(𝜃) 5−√5
 cos ( ) = √ 5
=√ =
2 2 2 10 10
𝜃
𝜃 sin(2 ) √5+√5 5+√5 5+√5 5+√5 5+√5 5√5+5
 tan ( ) = 𝜃 = = √( )( )= = =
2 cos( ) √5−√5 5−√5 5+√5 √25−5 2√5 10
2
Verify the identity. Assume all quantities are defined.
59. (cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃))2 = 1 + sin(2𝜃)
(cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃))2
= cos 2(𝜃) + 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃)
= 1 + 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1
= 1 + sin(2𝜃) sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
60. (cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃))2 = 1 − sin(2𝜃)

(cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃))2
= cos 2(𝜃) − 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃)
= 1 − 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1
= 1 − sin(2𝜃) sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)

Solutions
1 1
61. tan(2𝜃) = −
1−tan(𝜃) 1+tan(𝜃)
1 1 (1 + tan(𝜃)) − (1 − tan(𝜃)) 2 tan(𝜃)
− = = = tan(2𝜃)
1 − tan(𝜃) 1 + tan(𝜃) (1 − tan(𝜃))(1 + tan(𝜃)) 1 − tan2 (𝜃)
cot(𝜃)+tan(𝜃)
62. csc(2𝜃) =
2
cot(𝜃) + tan(𝜃) 1 cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃) 1 cos2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃)
= ( + )= ( )=
2 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
=
sin(2𝜃)
= csc(2𝜃) 1
csc(𝜃) =
sin(𝜃)
63. 8 sin4 (𝜃) = cos(4𝜃) − 4 cos(2𝜃) + 3

2 1 − cos(2𝜃)
1 − cos(2𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) =
8 sin4 (𝜃) = 8(sin2 (𝜃))2 = 8 ( ) 2
2
2 (2𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃)
1 − 2 cos(2𝜃) + cos
= 8( ) cos2 (𝜃) =
4 2
1 + cos(4𝜃)
= 2 (1 − 2 cos(2𝜃) + )
2
= 2 − 4 cos(2𝜃) + 1 + cos(4𝜃) = cos(4𝜃) − 4 cos(2𝜃) + 3
64. 8 cos 4 (𝜃) = cos(4𝜃) + 4 cos(2𝜃) + 3

2 1 + cos(2𝜃)
1 + cos(2𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) =
8 cos4 (𝜃) = 8(cos2 (𝜃))2 = 8 ( ) 2
2
1 + 2 cos(2𝜃) + cos2 (2𝜃) 1 + cos(4𝜃)
= 8( ) = 2 (1 + 2 cos(2𝜃) + )
4 2
= 2 + 4 cos(2𝜃) + 1 + cos(4𝜃) = cos(4𝜃) + 4 cos(2𝜃) + 3
65. sin(3𝜃) = 3 sin(𝜃) − 4 sin3 (𝜃)

sin(3𝜃) = sin(2𝜃 + 𝜃) = sin(2𝜃) cos(𝜃) + cos(2𝜃) sin(𝜃) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= 2 sin(𝜃) cos 2 (𝜃) + (1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)) sin(𝜃) sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) , cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)
2 2
= 2 sin(𝜃) (1 − sin (𝜃)) + sin(𝜃) (1 − 2 sin (𝜃)) sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1
3 (𝜃) 3 (𝜃)
= 2 sin(𝜃) − 2 sin + sin(𝜃) − 2 sin = 3 sin(𝜃) − 4 sin3 (𝜃)
66. sin(4𝜃) = 4 sin(𝜃) cos 3(𝜃) − 4 sin3 (𝜃) cos(𝜃)

4 sin(𝜃) cos 3 (𝜃) − 4 sin3 (𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 4 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) (cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃))
= 2 sin(2𝜃) (cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)) sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
= 2 sin(2𝜃) cos(2𝜃) cos(2𝜃) = cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
= sin(4𝜃) sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
67. 32 sin2 (𝜃) cos 4 (𝜃) = 2 + cos(2𝜃) − 2 cos(4𝜃) − cos(6𝜃)

32 sin2 (𝜃) cos4 (𝜃) = 32 sin2 (𝜃) (cos2 (𝜃))2
2 1 − cos(2𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃)
1 − cos(2𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) = , cos2 (𝜃) =
= 32 ( )( ) 2 2
2 2
= 4(1 − cos(2𝜃))(1 + 2 cos(2𝜃) + cos2 (2𝜃)) = 4 + 4 cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos2 (2𝜃) − 4 cos3 (2𝜃)
1 + cos(4𝜃)
= 4 + 4 cos(2𝜃) − 4 ( ) − 4 cos3 (2𝜃) = 2 + 4 cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos(4𝜃) − 4 cos3 (2𝜃)
2
1 + cos(4𝜃)
= 2 + 4 cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos(4𝜃) − 4 cos(2𝜃) ( )
2
= 2 + 2 cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos(4𝜃) − 2 cos(2𝜃) cos(4𝜃)
1 1
2 + 2 cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos(4𝜃) − 2 ( ) [cos(2𝜃) + cos(6𝜃)] cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)]
2 2
= 2 + cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos(4𝜃) − cos(6𝜃)

Solutions
68. 32 sin4 (𝜃) cos 2 (𝜃) = 2 − cos(2𝜃) − 2 cos(4𝜃) + cos(6𝜃)

32 sin4 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) = 32(sin2 (𝜃))2 cos2 (𝜃)
2 1 − cos(2𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃)
1 − cos(2𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃) sin2 (𝜃) = , cos2 (𝜃) =
= 32 ( ) ( ) 2 2
2 2
1 + cos(4𝜃) 1 + cos(4𝜃)
= 4 − 4 cos(2𝜃) − 4 cos2 (2𝜃) + 4 cos3 (2𝜃) = 4 − 4 cos(2𝜃) − 4 ( ) + 4 cos(2𝜃) ( )
2 2
= 2 − 2 cos(2𝜃) − 2 cos(4𝜃) + 2 cos(2𝜃) cos(4𝜃)
1 1
= 2 − 2 cos(2𝜃) − 2 cos(4𝜃) + 2 ( ) (cos(2𝜃) + cos(6𝜃)) cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)]
2 2
= 2 − cos(2𝜃) − 2 cos(4𝜃) + cos(6𝜃)
69. cos(4𝜃) = 8 cos4 (𝜃) − 8 cos2 (𝜃) + 1

8 cos4 (𝜃) − 8 cos2 (𝜃) + 1 = 8(cos2 (𝜃))2 − 8 cos2 (𝜃) + 1
1 + cos(2𝜃)
2
1 + cos(2𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃)
= 8( ) − 8( )+1 cos2 (𝜃) =
2 2 2
1 + cos(4𝜃)
= 2 cos2 (2𝜃) − 1 = 2 ( ) − 1 = cos(4𝜃)
2
70. cos(8𝜃) = 128 cos8 (𝜃) − 256 cos6 (𝜃) + 160 cos4 (𝜃) − 32 cos2 (𝜃) + 1 (HINT: use the result to 69)
1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 2(8 cos4 (𝜃) − 8 cos2 (𝜃) + 1)2 − = 2 cos2 (4𝜃) − 1
8 cos4 (𝜃) − 8 cos2 (𝜃) + 1
1 + cos(8𝜃) 1 + cos(2𝜃)
= 2( )−1 cos2 (𝜃) =
2 2
= cos(8𝜃)
cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
71. sec(2𝜃) = +
cos(𝜃)+sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)−sin(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) (cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)) + sin(𝜃) (cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃)) cos2 (𝜃) + sin2 (𝜃)
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = =
cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
1 sin2 (𝜃) + cos2 (𝜃) = 1
=
cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
1 cos(2𝜃) = cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
=
cos(2𝜃)
= sec(2𝜃) 1
sec(𝜃) =
cos(𝜃)
1 1 2 cos(𝜃)
72. + =
cos(𝜃)−sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)+sin(𝜃) cos(2𝜃)
cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃) + cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) 2 cos(𝜃) 2 cos(𝜃)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = = =
cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) cos(2𝜃)
1 1 2 sin(𝜃)
73. − =
cos(𝜃)−sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)+sin(𝜃) cos(2𝜃)
cos(𝜃) + sin(𝜃) − (cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)) 2 sin(𝜃) 2 sin(𝜃)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = = =
cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) cos(2𝜃)
86. Suppose 𝜃 is a quadrant I angle with sin(𝜃) = 𝑥. Verify the following formulas
a. cos(𝜃) = √1 − 𝑥 2
sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2(𝜃) = 1, 𝜃 ∈ 𝐼 ⟹ cos(𝜃) = √1 − sin2 (𝜃) = √1 − 𝑥 2
b. sin(2𝜃) = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 : sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
c. cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2𝑥 2 : cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − 2𝑥 2
88. Suppose 𝜃 is a quadrant I angle with tan(𝜃) = 𝑥. Verify the following formulas.
1 𝑥
a. cos(𝜃) = 2 b. sin(𝜃) = 2
√𝑥 +1 √𝑥 +1
2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
c. sin(2𝜃) = d. cos(2𝜃) =
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1

Solutions
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
90. If sin(𝜃) = for − < 𝜃 < , find an expression for cos(2𝜃) in terms of 𝑥.
2 2 2
2 (𝜃) 𝑥 2 𝑥2
cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin = 1 − 2( ) = 1 −
2 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
91. If tan(𝜃) = for − < 𝜃 < , find an expression for sin(2𝜃) in terms of 𝑥.
7 2 2
𝑥 7 14𝑥
sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 2 ( )( )= 2
2 2
√𝑥 + 49 √𝑥 + 49 𝑥 + 49
𝑥′ 7 14𝑥′
sin(2𝜃 ′ ) = 2 sin(𝜃 ′ ) cos(𝜃 ′ ) = 2 ( )( )= ′ 2
√(𝑥 ) + 49 √(𝑥 ) + 49
′ 2 ′ 2 (𝑥 ) + 49
𝑥 is not a value on the 𝑥-axis, it is the length of the indicated side of the top
triangle. Similarly, 𝑥 ′ is the length of the indicated side of the bottom triangle.
14𝑥 14𝑥 ′ 14𝑥
Given that 𝜃 = −𝜃 ′ , 𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ ⟹ = (𝑥 ′ )2 ⟹ sin(2𝜃) =
𝑥 2 +49 +49 𝑥 2 +49
𝜋 𝜋
for − < 𝜃 <
2 2
𝑥 𝜋
92. If sec(𝜃) = for 0 < 𝜃 < , find an expression for ln|sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)| in
4 2
terms of 𝑥.
√𝑥 2 − 16 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 16 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 16
tan(𝜃) = ⟹ sec(𝜃) + tan(𝜃) = + =
4 4 4 4
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 16
⟹ ln | | = ln |𝑥 + √𝑥 − 16| − ln|4|
2
4
= ln |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 16| − 2 ln 2
93. Show that cos 2(𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) = 2 cos 2 (𝜃) − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃) for all 𝜃.
sin2 (𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃) = 1 ⟹ sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − cos 2 (𝜃)
⟹ cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) = cos 2 (𝜃) − (1 − cos 2(𝜃)) = 2 cos 2 (𝜃) − 1
2 (𝜃) 2 (𝜃)
sin + cos = 1 ⟹ cos 2(𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃)
cos 2(𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − sin2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)
Since both of these identities arise from the Pythagorean identity and that identity holds for all 𝜃,
these identities hold for all 𝜃.
1
94. Let 𝜃 be a quadrant III angle with cos(𝜃) = − . Show that this not enough information to
5
𝜃 7𝜋 3𝜋
determine the sign of sin ( ) by first assuming 3𝜋 < 𝜃 < and then assuming 𝜋 < 𝜃 < and
2 2 2
𝜃
computing sin ( ) in both cases.
2
7𝜋 3𝜋 𝜃 7𝜋 𝜃
3𝜋 < 𝜃 < ⟹ < < ⟹ sin ( ) < 0
2 2 2 4 2
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜃 3𝜋 𝜃
𝜋<𝜃< ⟹ < < ⟹ sin ( ) > 0
2 2 2 4 2
√2+√3 √6+√2
95. Without using your calculator, show that = .
2 4
2
8 + 4√3 = 8 + 2√12 ⟹ 4(2 + √3) = 6 + 2√12 + 2 = (√6 + √2)
2 √2 + √3 √6 + √2
⟹ √4(2 + √3) = √(√6 + √2) ⟹ 2√2 + √3 = √6 + √2 ⟹ =
2 4
96. In part 4 of Example 10.4.3, we wrote cos(3𝜃) as a polynomial in terms of cos(𝜃). In #69, we had
you verify an identity which expresses cos(4𝜃) as a polynomial in terms of cos(𝜃). Can you find
a polynomial in terms of cos(𝜃) for cos(5𝜃)? cos(6𝜃)? Can you find a pattern so that cos(𝑛𝜃)
could be written as a polynomial in cosine for any natural number 𝑛?
𝑘 𝑛
cos(𝑛𝜃) = ∑ (−1)2 ( ) cos 𝑛−𝑘 (𝜃) sin𝑘 (𝜃)
𝑘
𝑘 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
97. In #65, we had you verify the identity which expresses sin(3𝜃) as a polynomial in terms of
sin(𝜃). Can you do the same for sin(5𝜃)? What about for sin(4𝜃)? If not, what goes wrong?
𝑘−1 𝑛
sin(𝑛𝜃) = ∑ (−1) 2 ( ) cos 𝑛−𝑘 (𝜃) sin𝑘 (𝜃)
𝑘
𝑘 𝑜𝑑𝑑

Solutions
98. Verify the even/odd identities for tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent.
given that sin(−𝜃) = − sin(𝜃) , cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃)
1 1
⟹ sec(−𝜃) = = = sec(𝜃)
cos(−𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 1 1
csc(−𝜃) = = =− = − csc(𝜃)
sin(−𝜃) − sin(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
sin(−𝜃) − sin(𝜃)
tan(−𝜃) = = = − tan(𝜃)
cos(−𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 1 1
cot(−𝜃) = = =− = − cot(𝜃)
tan(−𝜃) − tan(𝜃) tan(𝜃)
99. Verify the cofunction identities for tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent.
See below.
100. Verify the difference identities for sine and tangent. Figure 1
Although the formula is true for all numbers 𝛼 and 𝛽, we shall assume in the proof that
0 < 𝛽 < 𝛼 < 2𝜋. Begin with the unit circle and place the angles 𝛼 and 𝛽 in standard position as
shown in Figure 1. The point 𝑃1 lies on the terminal side of 𝛽, so its coordinates are
(cos(𝛽) , sin(𝛽)); and the point 𝑃2 lies on the terminal side of 𝛼, so its coordinates are
(cos(𝛼) , sin(𝛼)). Now place the angle 𝛼 − 𝛽 in standard position as shown
in Figure 2. The point 𝐴 has coordinates (1,0), and the point 𝑃3 is on the
terminal side of the angle 𝛼 − 𝛽, so its coordinates are
(cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) , sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)).
Looking at the triangle 𝑂𝑃1 𝑃2 in Figure 1 and triangle 𝑂𝐴𝑃3 in Figure 2, note
that these triangles are congruent (SAS). As a result, the unknown side of
the triangle 𝑂𝑃1 𝑃2 and the unknown side of the triangle 𝑂𝐴𝑃3 must be equal
⟹ 𝑑(𝐴, 𝑃3 ) = 𝑑(𝑃1 , 𝑃2 )
⟹ √[cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 1] + [sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 0]2 =
2
√(cos(𝛼) − cos(𝛽))2 + (sin(𝛼) − sin(𝛽))2

⟹ (cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 1)2 + (sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 0)2 Figure 2
= (cos(𝛼) − cos(𝛽))2 + (sin(𝛼) − sin(𝛽))2
⟹ cos 2 (𝛼 − 𝛽) − 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 1 + sin2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)
= cos 2 (𝛼) − 2 cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos 2 (𝛽) + sin2 (𝛼) − 2 sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽) + sin2 (𝛽)
⟹ 2(1 − cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)) = 2(1 − cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽))
⟹ cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
⟹ cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼 − (−𝛽)) = cos(𝛼) cos(−𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(−𝛽)
= cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(−𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Now, cos ( − 𝜃) = cos ( ) cos(𝜃) + sin ( ) sin(𝜃) = 0 ⋅ cos(𝜃) + 1 ⋅ sin(𝜃) = sin(𝜃)
2 2 2
𝜋
cos ( − 𝜃) = sin(𝜃)
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ sin ( − 𝜃) = cos ( − ( − 𝜃)) = cos ( − − 𝜃) = cos(𝜃)
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋
sin ( − 𝜃) = cos(𝜃)
2
𝜋
𝜋 sin ( − 𝜃) cos(𝜃)
⟹ tan ( − 𝜃) = 2 = = cot(𝜃)
2 𝜋
cos ( − 𝜃) sin(𝜃)
2
𝜋
tan ( − 𝜃) = cot(𝜃)
2
𝜋 𝜋
⟹ sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos ( − (𝛼 + 𝛽)) = cos (( − 𝛼) − 𝛽)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
= cos ( − 𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin ( − 𝛼) sin(𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
2 2
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)

Solutions
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼 + (−𝛽)) = sin(𝛼) cos(−𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(−𝛽)

= sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(−𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
1
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽) cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) = = ( )
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽) 1
cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
tan(𝛼) − tan(𝛽)
=
1 + tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽)
tan(𝛼) − tan(𝛽)
= tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) =
1 + tan(𝛼) tan(𝛽)
101. Verify the product to sum identities.
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽) − (cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽))
= 2 sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
= 2 cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽)
102. Verify the sum to product identities.
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽

2 sin ( ) cos ( ) = 2 ( (sin ( + ) + sin ( − ))) = sin(𝛼) + sin(𝛽)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Solutions

Solutions
10.5 Exercises
Use Example 10.5.3 as a guide to show that the function is a sinusoid by rewriting it in the forms
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 and 𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 for 𝜔 > 0 and 0 ≤ 𝜙 < 2𝜋.
cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos(𝛼) cos(𝛽) ∓ sin(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵
sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) ± cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙)
25. 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 sin(𝑥) + √2 cos(𝑥) + 1
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = √2 sin(𝑥) + √2 cos(𝑥) + 1
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 1 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 1 = √2 sin(𝑥) + √2 cos(𝑥) + 1
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = √2 3𝜋 7𝜋
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −1 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −√2 4 4
√2 √2
𝐴 (− ) = √2 𝐴 ( ) = √2
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = −2 or 𝐴 = 2
√2 √2
𝐴 ( ) = −√2 𝐴 (− ) = −√2
{ 2 { 2
7𝜋 3𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = 2 cos (𝑥 + ) + 1 or 𝐶(𝑥) = −2 cos (𝑥 + ) + 1
4 4
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = √2 sin(𝑥) + √2 cos(𝑥) + 1
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 1 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 1 = √2 sin(𝑥) + √2 cos(𝑥) + 1
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = √2 𝜋 5𝜋
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = 1 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = √2 4 4
√2 √2
𝐴 ( ) = √2 𝐴 (− ) = √2
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = 2 or 𝐴 = −2
√2 √2
𝐴 ( ) = √2 𝐴 (− ) = √2
{ 2 { 2
𝜋 5𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 2 sin (𝑥 + ) + 1 or 𝑆(𝑥) = −2 sin (𝑥 + ) + 1
4 4
26. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√3 sin(3𝑥) − 3 cos(3𝑥)
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 3√3 sin(3𝑥) − 3 cos(3𝑥)
⟹ 𝜔 = 3, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(3𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(3𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 3√3 sin(3𝑥) − 3 cos(3𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −3 𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = −3√3
⟹{ ⟹{ ⟹ √3𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = √3
−𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 3√3 𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −3√3
𝜋 4𝜋
⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
3 3
1 1
𝐴 ( ) = −3 𝐴 (− ) = −3
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = −6 or 𝐴 = 6
√3 √3
−𝐴 ( ) = 3√3 −𝐴 (− ) = 3√3
{ 2 { 2
𝜋 4𝜋
𝐶(𝑥) = −6 cos (3𝑥 + ) or 𝐶(𝑥) = 6 cos (3𝑥 + )
3 3
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 3√3 sin(3𝑥) − 3 cos(3𝑥)
⟹ 𝜔 = 3, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(3𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(3𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 3√3 sin(3𝑥) − 3 cos(3𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 3√3 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 3√3 1
⟹{ ⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −√3𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −3 −√3𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 3√3 √3
5𝜋 11𝜋
⟹𝜙= or 𝜙 =
6 6

Solutions
√3 √3
𝐴 (− ) = 3√3 𝐴( ) = 3√3
⟹ 2 or 2 ⟹ 𝐴 = −6 or 𝐴 = 6
1 1
𝐴 ( ) = −3 𝐴 (− ) = −3
{ 2 { 2
5𝜋 11𝜋
𝑆(𝑥) = −6 sin (3𝑥 + ) or 𝑆(𝑥) = 6 sin (3𝑥 + )
6 6
27. 𝑓(𝑥) = − sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) − 2
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = − sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) − 2
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = −2 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝑥) sin(𝜙) − 2 = − sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) − 2
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 1 𝜋 5𝜋
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = 1 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 1 4 4
√2 √2
𝐴( ) = 1 𝐴 (− )=1
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = √2 or 𝐴 = −√2
√2 √2
𝐴( ) = 1 𝐴 (− ) = 1
{ 2 { 2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝐶(𝑥) = √2 cos (𝑥 + ) − 2 or 𝐶(𝑥) = −√2 cos (𝑥 + ) − 2
4 4
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = − sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) − 2
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = −2 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝑥) sin(𝜙) − 2 = − sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) − 2
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −1 3𝜋 7𝜋
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −1 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 1 4 4
√2 √2
𝐴 (− ) = −1 𝐴 ( ) = −1
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = √2 or 𝐴 = −√2
√2 √2
𝐴( ) = 1 𝐴 (− ) = 1
{ 2 { 2
3𝜋 7𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = √2 sin (𝑥 + ) − 2 or 𝑆(𝑥) = −√2 sin (𝑥 + ) − 2
4 4
1 √3
28. 𝑓(𝑥) = − sin(2𝑥) − cos(2𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = − sin(2𝑥) − cos(2𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
⟹ 𝜔 = 2, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(2𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(2𝑥) sin(𝜙) = − sin(2𝑥) − cos(2𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −√3𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −
⟹
2
⟹ 2 ⟹ −√3𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 𝐴 cos(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = − 1 ⟹ 𝜙 = 5𝜋 or 𝜙 = 11𝜋
√3 √3 √3 6 6
{𝐴 cos(𝜙) = − 2 {
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −
2
1 1 1 1
𝐴( ) = 𝐴 (− ) =
2 2 2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = 1 or 𝐴 = −1
√3 √3 √3 √3
𝐴 (− ) = − 𝐴( ) = −
{ 2 2 { 2 2
5𝜋 11𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = cos (2𝑥 + ) or 𝐶(𝑥) = − cos (2𝑥 + )
6 6
1 √3
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = − sin(2𝑥) − cos(2𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
⟹ 𝜔 = 2, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(2𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(2𝑥) sin(𝜙) = − sin(2𝑥) − cos(2𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = − √3𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −
⟹
2
⟹ 2 ⟹ √3𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = √3 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝜋 or 𝜙 = 4𝜋
√3 √3 3 3
{𝐴 sin(𝜙) = − 2 {
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −
2
1 1 1 1
𝐴( ) = − 𝐴 (− ) = −
2 2 2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = −1 or 𝐴 = 1
√3 √3 √3 √3
𝐴( ) = − 𝐴 (− ) = −
{ 2 2 { 2 2

Solutions
𝜋 4𝜋
𝑆(𝑥) = − sin (2𝑥 + ) or 𝑆(𝑥) = sin (2𝑥 + )
3 3
29. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2√3 cos(𝑥) − 2 sin(𝑥)
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 2√3 cos(𝑥) − 2 sin(𝑥)
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 2√3 cos(𝑥) − 2 sin(𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 2√3 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 2√3 1 𝜋 7𝜋
⟹{ ⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 2 𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) = 2√3 √3 6 6
√3 √3
𝐴 ( ) = 2√3 𝐴 (− ) = 2√3
⟹ 2 or 2 ⟹ 𝐴 = 4 or 𝐴 = −4
1 1
𝐴( ) = 2 𝐴 (− ) = 2
{ 2 { 2
𝜋 7𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = 4 cos (𝑥 + ) or 𝐶(𝑥) = −4 cos (𝑥 + )
6 6
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 2√3 cos(𝑥) − 2 sin(𝑥)
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 2√3 cos(𝑥) − 2 sin(𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −2 −𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = 2√3 2𝜋 5𝜋
⟹{ ⟹{ ⟹ −𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −√3 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 2√3 𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 2√3 3 3
1 1
𝐴 (− ) = −2 𝐴 ( ) = −2
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = 4 or 𝐴 = −4
√3 √3
𝐴 ( ) = 2√3 𝐴 (− ) = 2√3
{ 2 { 2
2𝜋 5𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 4 sin (𝑥 + ) or 𝑆(𝑥) = −4 sin (𝑥 + )
3 3
3 3√3
30. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(2𝑥) − sin(2𝑥) + 6
2 2
3 3√3
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = cos(2𝑥) − sin(2𝑥) + 6
2 2
3 3√3
⟹ 𝜔 = 2, 𝐵 = 6 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(2𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(2𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 6 = cos(2𝑥) − sin(2𝑥) + 6
2 2
3 3√3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) =
⟹
2
⟹ 2 ⟹ 𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = √3 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝜋 or 𝜙 = 4𝜋
3√3 3√3 3 3
{𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 2 {
𝐴 sin(𝜙) =
2
1 3 1 3
𝐴( ) = 𝐴 (− ) =
2 2 2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = 3 or 𝐴 = −3
√3 3√3 √3 3√3
𝐴( ) = 𝐴 (− ) =
{ 2 2 { 2 2
𝜋 4𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = 3 cos (2𝑥 + ) + 6 or 𝐶(𝑥) = −3 cos (2𝑥 + ) + 6
3 3
3 3√3
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = cos(2𝑥) − sin(2𝑥) + 6
2 2
3 3√3
⟹ 𝜔 = 2, 𝐵 = 6 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(2𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 cos(2𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 6 = cos(2𝑥) − sin(2𝑥) + 6
2 2
3√3 3√3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = − −𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 1 5𝜋 11𝜋
⟹ 2 ⟹ 2 ⟹ −𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = − ⟹𝜙= or 𝜙 =
3 3√3 √3 6 6
{𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 2 {
𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) =
2
√3 3√3 √3 3√3
𝐴 (− ) = − 𝐴( ) = −
⟹ 2 2 or 2 2 ⟹ 𝐴 = 3 or 𝐴 = −3
1 3 1 3
𝐴( ) = 𝐴 (− ) =
{ 2 2 { 2 2
5𝜋 11𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 3 sin (2𝑥 + ) + 6 or 𝑆(𝑥) = −3 sin (2𝑥 + )+6
6 6
1 √3
31. 𝑓(𝑥) = − cos(5𝑥) − sin(5𝑥)
2 2

Solutions
1 √3
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = − cos(5𝑥) − sin(5𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
⟹ 𝜔 = 5, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(5𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(5𝑥) sin(𝜙) = − cos(5𝑥) − sin(5𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = − −𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) =
⟹
2
⟹ 2 ⟹ −𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −√3 ⟹ 𝜙 = 2𝜋 or 𝜙 = 5𝜋
√3 √3 3 3
{ 𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 2 {
𝐴 sin(𝜙) =
2
1 1 1 1
𝐴 (− ) = − 𝐴( ) = −
2 2 2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = 1 or 𝐴 = −1
√3 √3 √3 √3
𝐴( ) = 𝐴 (− ) =
{ 2 2 { 2 2
2𝜋 5𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = cos (5𝑥 + ) or 𝐶(𝑥) = − cos (5𝑥 + )
3 3
1 √3
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = − cos(5𝑥) − sin(5𝑥)
2 2
1 √3
⟹ 𝜔 = 5, 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 sin(5𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(5𝑥) sin(𝜙) = − cos(5𝑥) − sin(5𝑥)
2 2
√3 √3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = − 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = − 1 𝜋 7𝜋
⟹ 2 ⟹ 2 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
1 √3 √3 6 6
{ 𝐴 sin(𝜙) = − 2 {
𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) = −
2
√3 √3 √3 √3
𝐴( ) = − 𝐴 (− ) = −
⟹ 2 2 or 2 2 ⟹ 𝐴 = −1 or 𝐴 = 1
1 1 1 1
𝐴( ) = − 𝐴 (− ) = −
{ 2 2 { 2 2
𝜋 7𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = − sin (5𝑥 + ) or 𝑆(𝑥) = sin (5𝑥 + )
6 6
32. 𝑓(𝑥) = −6√3 cos(3𝑥) − 6 sin(3𝑥) − 3
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = −6√3 cos(3𝑥) − 6 sin(3𝑥) − 3
⟹ 𝜔 = 3, 𝐵 = −3 ⟹ 𝐴 cos(3𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(3𝑥) sin(𝜙) − 3 = −6√3 cos(3𝑥) − 6 sin(3𝑥) − 3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −6√3 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −6√3
⟹{ ⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −𝐴√3 sin(𝜙)
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 6 −𝐴√3 sin(𝜙) = −6√3
1 5𝜋 11𝜋
⟹ tan(𝜙) = − ⟹𝜙= or 𝜙 =
√3 6 6
√3 √3
𝐴 (− ) = −6√3 𝐴 ( ) = −6√3
⟹ 2 or 2 ⟹ 𝐴 = 12 or 𝐴 = −12
1 1
𝐴( ) = 6 𝐴 (− ) = 6
{ 2 { 2
5𝜋 11𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = 12 cos (3𝑥 + ) − 3 or 𝐶(𝑥) = −12 cos (3𝑥 + )−3
6 6
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = −6√3 cos(3𝑥) − 6 sin(3𝑥) − 3
⟹ 𝜔 = 3, 𝐵 = −3
⟹ 𝐴 sin(3𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(3𝑥) sin(𝜙) − 3 = −6√3 cos(3𝑥) − 6 sin(3𝑥) − 3
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −6 𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = −6√3 𝜋 4𝜋
⟹{ ⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴√3 cos(𝜙) = 𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = √3 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −6√3 𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −6√3 3 3
1 1
𝐴 ( ) = −6 𝐴 (− ) = −6
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = −12 or 𝐴 = 12
√3 √3
𝐴 ( ) = −6√3 𝐴 (− ) = −6√3
{ 2 { 2
𝜋 4𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 1 = −12 sin (3𝑥 + ) − 3 or 𝑆(𝑥) = 12 sin (3𝑥 + ) − 3
3 3
5√2 5√2
33. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)
2 2
5√2 5√2
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)
2 2

Solutions
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0
5√2
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −
⟹ 2 ⟹ tan(𝜙) = 1 ⟹ 𝜙 = 𝜋 or 𝜙 = 5𝜋 ⟹ 𝐴 (√2) = − 5√2 or 𝐴 (− √2) = − 5√2
5√2 4 4 2 2 2 2
{ 2
⟹ 𝐴 = −5 or 𝐴 = 5
𝜋 5𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = −5 cos (𝑥 + ) or 𝐶(𝑥) = 5 cos (𝑥 + )
4 4
5√2 5√2
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)
2 2
⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0
5√2
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 3𝜋 7𝜋 √2 5√2 √2 5√2
⟹ 2 ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −1 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 = ⟹ 𝐴 (− ) = or 𝐴 ( ) =
5√2 4 4 2 2 2 2
{ 2
⟹ 𝐴 = −5 or 𝐴 = 5
3𝜋 7𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = −5 sin (𝑥 + ) or 𝑆(𝑥) = 5 sin (𝑥 + )
4 4
𝑥 𝑥
34. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 sin ( ) − 3√3 cos ( )
6 6
𝑥 𝑥
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) − 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 3 sin ( ) − 3√3 cos ( )
6 6
1 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −3√3 𝜋 4𝜋
⟹𝜔= ,𝐵 = 0 ⟹ { ⟹ tan(𝜙) = √3 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
6 𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −3 3 3
√3 √3
𝐴 ( ) = −3√3 𝐴 (− ) = −3√3
⟹ 2 or 2 ⟹ 𝐴 = −6 or 𝐴 = 6
1 1
𝐴 ( ) = −3 𝐴 (− ) = −3
{ 2 { 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 4𝜋
⟹ 𝐶(𝑥) = −6 cos ( + ) or 𝐶(𝑥) = 6 cos ( + )
6 3 6 3
𝑥 𝑥
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 3 sin ( ) − 3√3 cos ( )
6 6
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⟹𝜔= , 𝐵 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 sin ( ) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos ( ) sin(𝜙) = 3 sin ( ) − 3√3 cos ( )
6 6 6 6 6
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 3 2𝜋 5𝜋
⟹{ ⟹ tan(𝜙) = −√3 ⟹ 𝜙 = or 𝜙 =
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −3√3 3 3
1 1
𝐴 (− ) = 3 𝐴( ) = 3
2 2
⟹ or ⟹ 𝐴 = −6 or 𝐴 = 6
√3 √3
𝐴 ( ) = −3√3 𝐴 (− ) = −3√3
{ 2 { 2
𝑥 2𝜋 𝑥 5𝜋
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = −6 sin ( + ) or 𝑆(𝑥) = 6 sin ( + )
6 3 6 3
35. In #25-34, you should have noticed a relationship between the phases 𝜙 for the 𝑆(𝑥) and 𝐶(𝑥).
𝜋
Show that if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼) + 𝐵, then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛽) + 𝐵 where 𝛽 = 𝛼 − .
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛽) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼 − ) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼) cos ( ) + 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼) sin ( )
2 2 2
= 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼) ⋅ 0 + 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼) ⋅ 1 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝛼)
36. Let 𝜙 be an angle measured in radians and let 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) be a point on the terminal side of 𝜙 when it
is drawn in standard position. Use Thm 10.3 and the sum identity for sine in Thm 10.15 to show
that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin(𝜔𝑥) + 𝑏 cos(𝜔𝑥) + 𝐵 (with 𝜔 > 0) can be rewritten as
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵.
Theorem 10.3: If 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is the point on the terminal side of an angle 𝜃, plotted in standard
position, which lies on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 then 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃) and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜃). Moreover,
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
cos(𝜃) = = and sin(𝜃) = =
𝑟 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑟 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Solutions
𝑎 𝑏
⟹ cos(𝜙) = , sin(𝜙) =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
Theorem 10.15: For all angle 𝛼 and 𝛽,
 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) + cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin(𝛼) cos(𝛽) − cos(𝛼) sin(𝛽)
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙)) + 𝐵
𝑎 𝑏
= √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (sin(𝜔𝑥) + cos(𝜔𝑥) ) = 𝑎 sin(𝜔𝑥) + 𝑏 cos(𝜔𝑥)
2
√𝑎 + 𝑏 2 √𝑎 + 𝑏 2
2
37. With the help of your classmates, express the domains of the functions in Examples 10.5.4 and
10.5.5 using extended interval notation. (We will revisit this in §10.7)
2 2𝑛 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 2 sec(2𝑥) = 1 − ⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥| cos(2𝑥) ≠ 0} ⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥|2𝑥 ≠ , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}
cos(2𝑥) 2
2𝑛 + 1
⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}
4
1
csc(𝜋 − 𝜋𝑥) − 5 sin(𝜋 − 𝜋𝑥) − 5
𝑦(𝑥) = = ⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥| sin(𝜋 − 𝜋𝑥) ≠ 0}
3 3
⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥|𝜋 − 𝜋𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ} ⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥|1 − 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}
⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 1 − 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ} ⟹ 𝐷: {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}
Graph the function with the help of your calculator and discuss the given questions with your
classmates.
44. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(3𝑥) + sin(𝑥). Is this function periodic? If so, what is the period?
2𝜋
cos(3𝑥) has period , sin(𝑥) has period 2𝜋
3
⟹ sin(𝑥) + cos(3𝑥) has as its period the LCM of these two
numbers ⟹ 2𝜋
sin(𝑥)
45. 𝑓(𝑥) = . What appears to be the horizontal asymptote of the graph?
𝑥
sin(𝑥)
lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

Solutions
46. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥). Graph 𝑦 = ±𝑥 on the same set of axes and describe the behavior of 𝑓.
−1 ≤ sin(𝑥) ≤ 1 ⟹ −𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 sin(𝑥) ≤ 𝑥
1
47. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin ( ). What’s happening as 𝑥 → 0?
𝑥
1 1
lim sin ( ) = sin (lim ) = lim sin(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→∞
which does not exist because of the oscillatory behavior of the sine function.
48. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − tan(𝑥). Graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 on the same set of axes and describe the behavior of 𝑓.
The point of inflection of the graph is positioned based on 𝑦 =

𝑥.
49. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −0.1𝑥 (cos(2𝑥) + sin(2𝑥)). Graph 𝑦 = ±𝑒 −0.1𝑥 on the same set of axes and describe the
behavior of 𝑓.
The amplitude of the function is decreasing at the same

rate as the exponential functions are approaching 0.

Solutions
50. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −0.1𝑥 (cos(2𝑥) + 2 sin(𝑥)). Graph 𝑦 = ±𝑒 −0.1𝑥 on the same set of axes and describe the
behavior of 𝑓.

Solutions
10.6 Exercises
Find the exact value or state that it is undefined.

5 𝜋
155. sin (arcsin ( ) + )
13 4
5 𝜋 5 𝜋
= sin (arcsin ( )) cos ( ) + cos (arcsin ( )) sin ( )
13 4 13 4
√2 √2 5 12 17√2
= (sin(𝜃) + cos(𝜃)) = ( + )=
2 2 13 13 26
156. cos(arcsec(3) + arctan(2))

= cos(𝜃 + 𝛼)
= cos(𝜃) cos(𝛼) − sin(𝜃) sin(𝛼)
1 1 2√2 2
= ( )( ) − ( )( )
3 √5 3 √5
1 − 4√2 √5 − 4√10
= =
3√5 15
3
157. tan (arctan(3) + arccos (− ))
5
tan(𝛼) + tan(𝜃)
= tan(𝛼 + 𝜃) =
1 − tan(𝛼) tan(𝜃)
3 4 5
( ) + (− ) 1
= 1 3 =3=
3 4 5 3
1 − ( ) (− )
1 3 1
4
158. sin (2 arcsin (− )) = sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
5
4 3 24
= 2 (− ) ( ) = −
5 5 25
13
159. sin (2 arccsc ( )) = sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
5
5 12 120
= 2( )( ) =
13 13 169
160. sin(2 arctan(2)) = sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)

2 1 4
= 2( )( ) =
√5 √5 5
3
161. cos (2 arcsin ( )) = cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)
5
3 2 18 7
= 1− 2( ) = 1− =
5 25 25

Solutions
25
162. cos (2 arcsec ( )) = cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)
7
24 2 1152 527
= 1 − 2( ) = 1 − =−
25 625 625
163. cos(2 arccot(−√5)) = cos(2𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃)

1 2 1 2
= 1− 2( ) = 1 − =
√6 3 3
1
arctan(2) 𝜃 1−cos(𝜃) 1−
=√
√5−1
164. sin ( ) = sin ( ) = √ √5
=√ =
2 2 2 2 2√5
√5−√5
10
Rewrite the quantity as algebraic expression of 𝑥 and state the domain on which the equivalence is
valid.
165. sin(arccos(𝑥)) 166. cos(arctan(𝑥)) 167. tan(arcsin(𝑥))
sin(arccos(𝑥)) = sin(𝜃) cos(arctan(𝑥)) = cos(𝜃) tan(arcsin(𝑥)) = tan(𝜃)

𝑥
= √1 − 𝑥 2 1 =
= √1 − 𝑥 2
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 √1 + 𝑥 2 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥∈ℝ
168. sec(arctan(𝑥)) 169. csc(arccos(𝑥)) 170. sin(2 arctan(𝑥))
csc(arccos(𝑥)) = csc(𝜃) sin(2 arctan(𝑥)) = sin(2𝜃)

sec(arctan(𝑥)) = sec(𝜃) 1 1 = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
1 = = 𝑥 1 2𝑥
= = √1 + 𝑥 2 sin(𝜃) √1 − 𝑥 2
cos(𝜃) = 2( )( )=
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥∈ℝ 𝑥∈ℝ
171. sin(2 arccos(𝑥)) 172. cos(2 arctan(𝑥)) 173. sin(arccos(2𝑥))
sin(2 arccos(𝑥) = sin(2𝜃) cos(2 arctan(𝑥)) = cos(2𝜃) sin(arccos(2𝑥)) = sin(𝜃)

= 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 (𝜃) √1 − 4𝑥 2
=
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2
1
= 2( )( ) =1−( )
1 1 √1 + 𝑥 2 = √1 − 4𝑥 2

Solutions
= 2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥2 1 −1 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 1
=1− 2
= 1 1
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 ⟹− ≤𝑥≤
𝑥∈ℝ 2 2
174.
𝑥
sin (arccos ( )) 175.
𝑥
cos (arcsin ( )) 176. cos(arctan(3𝑥))
5 2
𝑥 𝑥 cos(arctan(3𝑥)) = cos(𝜃)
sin (arccos ( )) = sin(𝜃) cos (arcsin ( )) = cos(𝜃) 1
5 2 =
√25 − 𝑥 2 √4 − 𝑥 2 √1 + 9𝑥 2
= = 𝑥∈ℝ
5 2
𝑥 𝑥
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 −1 ≤ ≤ 1
5 2
⟹ −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 ⟹ −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
177. sin(2 arcsin(7𝑥)) 178. sin (2 arcsin (
𝑥√3
)) 179. cos(2 arcsin(4𝑥))
3
sin(2 arcsin(7𝑥)) = sin(2𝜃) 𝑥√3 cos(2 arcsin(4𝑥)) = cos(2𝜃)

= 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) sin (2 arcsin ( )) = cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
3 2
7𝑥 √1 − 49𝑥 2 = sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) √1 − 16𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
= 2( )( ) =( ) −( )
1 1 𝑥√3 √9 − 3𝑥 2 1 1
= 14𝑥 √1 − 49𝑥 2 = 2( )( ) = 1 − 32𝑥 2
3 3
−1 ≤ 7𝑥 ≤ 1 2 −1 ≤ 4𝑥 ≤ 1
1 1 = 𝑥 √3 − 𝑥 2 1 1
⟹− ≤𝑥≤ 3 ⟹− ≤𝑥≤
7 7 𝑥√3 4 4
−1 ≤ ≤1
3
⟹ −√3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √3
180. sec(arctan(2𝑥)) tan(arctan(2𝑥)) 181. sin(arcsin(𝑥) + arccos(𝑥))
sec(arctan(2𝑥)) tan(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑥)) sin(arcsin(𝑥) + arccos(𝑥)) = sin(𝜃 + 𝛼)

1 = sin(𝜃) cos(𝛼) + cos(𝜃) sin(𝛼)
= sec(𝜃) tan(𝜃) = ( ) tan(𝜃)
cos(𝜃) 𝑥 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
= 2𝑥 √1 + 4𝑥 2 = ( )( )+ ( )( )=1
1 1 1 1
𝑥∈ℝ −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
182. cos(arcsin(𝑥) + arctan(𝑥)) 183. tan(2 arcsin(𝑥))
2 tan(𝜃)
tan(2 arcsin(𝑥)) = tan(2𝜃) =
1 − tan2 (𝜃)
cos(arcsin(𝑥) + arctan(𝑥)) = cos(𝜃 + 𝛼)
= cos(𝜃) cos(𝛼) − sin(𝜃) sin(𝛼)

Solutions
√1 − 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥
=( )( ) − ( )( ) 2( ) 2
1 2 1 = √1 − 𝑥 2
= √1 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 2
𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 2 1 − 2𝑥 2
√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 1−( ) 1 − 𝑥 2
= √1 − 𝑥 2
√1 + 𝑥 2 −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,1 − 2𝑥 2 ≠ 0
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 1
⟹ −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 ≠ ±
√2
√2 √2 √2 √2
⟹ (−1, − ) ∪ (− , ) ∪ ( , 1)
2 2 2 2
1
184. sin ( arctan(𝑥)) 1 𝜃 1 − cos(𝜃)
2
sin ( arctan(𝑥)) = sin ( ) = ±√
2 2 2
√1 + 𝑥 2 − 1
1 √ 𝑥≥0
1−
√ 2
√1 + 𝑥 2 = ±√√1 + 𝑥 − 1 = 2√1 + 𝑥 2
=±
2 2√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 − 1
−√ 𝑥>0
{ 2√1 + 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
185. If sin(𝜃) = for − < 𝜃 < , find an expression for 𝜃 + sin(2𝜃) in terms of 𝑥.
2 2 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥
sin(𝜃) = , − < 𝜃 < ⟹ 𝜃 = arcsin ( )
2 2 2 2
cos(𝜃) = √4 − 𝑥 2 ⟹ sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2
= 2 ( )( )=
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2
⟹ 𝜃 + sin(2𝜃) = arcsin ( ) +
2 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
186. If tan(𝜃) = for − < 𝜃 < , find an expression for 𝜃 − sin(2𝜃) in terms of 𝑥.
7 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥
tan(𝜃) = , − < 𝜃 < ⟹ 𝜃 = arctan ( )
7 2 2 7
1 1 1
𝜃 − sin(2𝜃) = 𝜃 − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
2 2 2
1 𝑥 𝑥 7
= arctan ( ) − ( )( )
2 7 2
√𝑥 + 49 √𝑥 + 492
1 𝑥 7𝑥
= arctan ( ) − 2
2 7 𝑥 + 49
𝑥 𝜋
187. If sec(𝜃) = for 0 < 𝜃 < , find an expression for 4 tan(𝜃) − 4𝜃 in terms of 𝑥.
4 2
√𝑥 2 − 16 𝑥
4 tan(𝜃) − 4𝜃 = 4 ( ) − 4 arcsec ( )
4 4
𝑥
= √𝑥 − 16 − 4 arcsec ( )
2
4
Find the two acute angles in the right triangle whose sides have the given lengths. Express your
answers using degree measure rounded to two decimal places.

Solutions
208. 3, 4, and 5 209. 5, 12, and 13 210. 336, 527, and 625
4 4 527
12 cos(𝜃) = ⟹𝜃
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ 𝜃 = arccos ( ) cos(𝜃) = ⟹𝜃 625
5 5 13 527
≈ 36.87∘ 12 = arccos ( )
3 3 = arccos ( ) 625
cos(𝛼) = ⟹ 𝛼 = arccos ( ) 13 ≈ 32.52 ∘
5 5 ≈ 22.62∘ 336
≈ 53.13∘ 5 cos(𝛼) = ⟹𝛼
cos(𝛼) = ⟹𝛼 625
13 336
5 = arccos ( )
= arccos ( ) 625
13 ≈ 57.48∘
≈ 67.38∘
211. A guy wire 1000 feet long is attached to the top of a tower. When pulled taut
it touches level ground 360 feet from the base of the tower. What angle does the
wire make with the ground? Express your answer using degree measure
rounded to one decimal place.
360 360
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ 𝜃 = arccos ( ) ≈ 68.9∘
1000 1000
212. At Cliffs of Insanity Point, The Great Sasquatch Canyon is 7117 feet deep.
From that point, a fire is seen at a location known to be 10 miles away from the
base of the sheer canyon wall. What angle of depression is made by the line of
sight from the canyon edge to the fire? Express your answer using degree
measure rounded to one decimal place.
5280 feet
10 miles⋅ 52800
tan(𝜃) = 1 mile
⟹ 𝜃 = arctan ( ) ≈ 82.3∘
7117 feet 7117
213. Shelving is being built at the Utility Muffin Research Library which is to be 14
inches deep. An 18-inch rod will be attached to the wall and the underside of the
shelf at its edge away from the wall, forming a right triangle under the shelf to
support it. What angle, to the nearest degree, will the rod make with the wall?
14 14
sin(𝜃) = ⟹ 𝜃 = arcsin ( ) ≈ 51∘
18 18
214. A parasailor is being pulled by a boat on Lake Ippizuti. The cable is 300 feet
long and the parasailor is 100 feet above the surface of the water. What is the
angle of elevation from the boat to the parasailor? Express your answer using
degree measure rounded to one decimal place.
100 100
sin(𝜃) = ⟹ 𝜃 = arcsin ( ) ≈ 19.5∘
300 300
215. A tag-and-release program to study the Sasquatch population of the
eponymous Sasquatch National Park is begun. From a 200 foot tall tower, a ranger
spots a Sasquatch lumbering through the wilderness directly towards the tower.
Let 𝜃 denote the angle of depression from the top of the tower to a point on the
ground. If the range of the rifle with a tranquilizer dart is 300 feet, find the
smallest value of 𝜃 for which the corresponding point on the ground is in range of
the rifle. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a degree.
200 200
cos(𝜃) = ⟹ 𝜃 = arccos ( ) ≈ 48.18∘
300 300

Solutions
Rewrite the given function as a sinusoid of the form 𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) using Ex 35 and 36 in
§10.5 for reference. Approximate the value of 𝜙 (which is in radians, of course) to four decimal
places.
From angle sum identities in Thm 10.16:
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥 + 𝜙) + 𝐵 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵
216. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 sin(3𝑥) + 12 cos(3𝑥)
𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 5 sin(3𝑥) + 12 cos(3𝑥) ⟹ 𝜔 = 3, 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 sin(3𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(3𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 5 sin(3𝑥) + 12 cos(3𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 5
⟹{ ⟹ 12𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 5𝐴 sin(𝜙)
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 12
12
⟹ tan(𝜙) = > 0 ⟹ 𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐼𝐼
5
12 5 12
𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜙) = , cos(𝜙) = ⟹ 𝐴 = 13, 𝜙 = arcsin ( )
13 13 13
12
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 13 sin (3𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
13
≈ 13 sin(3𝑥 + 1.1760)
217. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 cos(2𝑥) + 4 sin(2𝑥)

𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 4 sin(2𝑥) + 3 cos(2𝑥) ⟹ 𝜔 = 2, 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 sin(2𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(2𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 4 sin(2𝑥) + 3 cos(2𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 4
⟹{ ⟹ 3𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 4𝐴 sin(𝜙)
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 3
3
4
3 4 3
𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜙) = , cos(𝜙) = ⟹ 𝐴 = 5, 𝜙 = arcsin ( )
5 5 5
3
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 5 sin (2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) ≈ 5 sin(2𝑥 + 0.6435)
5
218. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥) − 3 sin(𝑥)

𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = −3 sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) ⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 sin(𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝑥) sin(𝜙) = −3 sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −3 1
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −3𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = − < 0
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = 1 3
⟹ 𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑉
1 3 −3
𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜙) = , cos(𝜙) = − ⟹ 𝐴 = √10, 𝜙 = arccos ( )
√10 √10 √10
3
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = √10 sin (𝑥 + arccos (− )) ≈ √10 sin(𝑥 + 2.8198)
√10
219. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 sin(10𝑥) − 24 cos(10𝑥)

𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 7 sin(10𝑥) − 24 cos(10𝑥) ⟹ 𝜔 = 10, 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 sin(10𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(10𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 7 sin(10𝑥) − 24 cos(10𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 7 24
⟹{ ⟹ −24𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 7𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = − <0
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −24 7
24 7 24
𝐼𝑉 ⟹ sin(𝜙) = − , cos(𝜙) = ⟹ 𝐴 = 25, 𝜙 = arcsin (− )
25 25 25
24
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 25 sin (10𝑥 + arcsin (− )) ≈ 25 sin(10𝑥 − 1.2870)
25

Solutions
220. 𝑓(𝑥) = − cos(𝑥) − 2√2 sin(𝑥)

𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = −2√2 sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥) ⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 sin(𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝑥) sin(𝜙) = −2√2 sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −2√2
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 2√2𝐴 sin(𝜙)
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −1
1
2√2
1 2√2 1
𝐼𝐼𝐼 ⟹ sin(𝜙) = − , cos(𝜙) = − ⟹ 𝐴 = 3, 𝜙 = arcsin ( ) + 𝜋
3 3 3
1
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = 3 sin (𝑥 + 𝜋 + arcsin ( )) ≈ 25 sin(𝑥 + 3.4814)
3
221. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)

𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑥) sin(𝜙) + 𝐵 = 2 sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥) ⟹ 𝜔 = 1, 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 sin(𝑥) cos(𝜙) + 𝐴 cos(𝑥) sin(𝜙) = 2 sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)
𝐴 cos(𝜙) = 2 1
⟹{ ⟹ 𝐴 cos(𝜙) = −2𝐴 sin(𝜙) ⟹ tan(𝜙) = − < 0
𝐴 sin(𝜙) = −1 2
1 2 1
𝐼𝑉 ⟹ sin(𝜙) = − , cos(𝜙) = ⟹ 𝐴 = √5, 𝜙 = arcsin (− )
√5 √5 √5
1
⟹ 𝑆(𝑥) = √5 sin (𝑥 + arcsin (− )) ≈ √5 sin(𝑥 − 0.4636)
√5
Find the domain of the given function. Write your answers in interval notation.
222. 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsin(5𝑥) - Domain of arcsin(𝑥) is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ Domain of arcsin(5𝑥) is −1 ≤
1 1
5𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ − ≤ 𝑥 ≤
5 5
3𝑥−1 3𝑥−1
223. 𝑓(𝑥) = arccos ( ) - Domain of arccos(𝑥) is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ Domain of arccos ( ) is
2 2
3𝑥−1
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 ⟹ −2 ≤ 3𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2 ⟹ −1 ≤ 3𝑥 ≤ 3
2
1
⟹− ≤𝑥≤1
3
224. 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsin(2𝑥 2 ) - Domain of arcsin(𝑥) is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ Domain of arcsin(2𝑥 2 ) is −1 ≤
1 1 1 1 1
2𝑥 2 ≤ 1 ⟹ − ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ ⟹ − ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2 2 2 √2 √2
1 1
225. 𝑓(𝑥) = arccos ( ) - Domain of arccos(𝑥) is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ Domain of arccos ( ) is
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −4
1 2 2 2 2
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 ⟹ 𝑥 − 4 ≥ 1 or 𝑥 − 4 ≤ −1 ⟹ 𝑥 ≥ 5 o𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 3 ⟹ 𝑥 ≤ −√5 or 𝑥 ≥ √5 or −
𝑥 2 −4
√3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √3
⟹ (−∞, −√5] ∪ [−√3, √3] ∪ [√5, ∞)
226. 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan(4𝑥) - domain of arctan(𝑥) is ℝ ⟹ domain of arctan(4𝑥) is ℝ
2𝑥 2𝑥
227. 𝑓(𝑥) = arccot ( 2 ) - domain of arccot(𝑥) is ℝ ⟹ domain of arccot ( 2 )
𝑥 −9 𝑥 −9
{𝑥|𝑥 2 − 9 ≠ 0} ⟹ (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3,3) ∪ (3, ∞)
1
228. 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan(ln(2𝑥 − 1)) - domain of ln(2𝑥 − 1) is 2𝑥 − 1 > 0 ⟹ 𝑥 > - domain of
2
1
arctan(𝑥) is ℝ - so domain of the composition is 𝑥 >
2
1
229. 𝑓(𝑥) = arccot(√2𝑥 − 1) - domain of √2𝑥 − 1 is 2𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≥ - domain of arccot(𝑥) is
2
1
ℝ - so domain of the composition is 𝑥 ≥
2
230. 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsec(12𝑥) – domain of arcsec(𝑥) is |𝑥| ≥ 1 ⟹ domain of arcsec(12𝑥) is |12𝑥| ≥
1 1 1
1 ⟹ |𝑥| ≥ ⟹ (−∞, − ] ∪ [ , ∞)
12 12 12
231. 𝑓(𝑥) = arccsc(𝑥 + 5) - domain of arccsc(𝑥) is |𝑥| ≥ 1 ⟹ domain of arccsc(𝑥 + 5) is
|𝑥 + 5| ≥ 1 ⟹ 𝑥 + 5 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 + 5 ≥ 1 ⟹ 𝑥 ≤ −6 or 𝑥 ≥ −4

Solutions
⟹ (−∞, −6] ∪ [−4, ∞)

𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3
232. 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsec ( ) - domain of arcsec(𝑥) is |𝑥| ≥ 1 ⟹ domain of arcsec ( ) is | | ≥ 1 ⟹
8 8 8
3
|𝑥 | ≥ 8 ⟹ |𝑥| ≥ 2 ⟹ (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞)
233. 𝑓(𝑥) = arccsc(𝑒 2𝑥 ) – domain of arccsc(𝑥) is |𝑥| ≥ 1 ⟹ domain of arccsc(𝑒 2𝑥 ) is |𝑒 2𝑥 | ≥ 1 ⟹
2𝑥
𝑒 ≥ 1 ⟹ 2𝑥 ≥ 0 ⟹ 𝑥 ≥ 0
1 𝜋 𝜋
234. Show that arcsec(𝑥) = arccos ( ) for |𝑥| ≥ 1 as long as we use [0, ) ∪ ( , 𝜋] as the range of
𝑥 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = arccsc(𝑥).
1
235. Show that arccsc(𝑥) = arcsin ( ) for |𝑥| ≥ 1 as long as we use
𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
[− , 0) ∪ (0, ] as the range of 𝑓(𝑥) = arccsc(𝑥).
2 2
𝜋
236. Show that arcsin(𝑥) + arccos(𝑥) = for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
2
238. Use the following picture and the series of exercises on the next page to show that
arctan(1) + arctan(2) + arctan(3) = 𝜋
a. Clearly 𝛥𝐴𝑂𝐵 and 𝛥𝐵𝐶𝐷 are right triangles because the line through 𝑂 and 𝐴 and
the line through 𝐶 and 𝐷 are perpendicular to the 𝑥-axis. Use the distance formula
to show that 𝛥𝐵𝐴𝐷 is also a right triangle (with ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 being the right angle) by
showing that the sides of the triangle satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.
b. Use 𝛥𝐴𝑂𝐵 to show that 𝛼 = arctan(1)
c. Use 𝛥𝐵𝐴𝐷 to show that 𝛽 = arctan(2)
d. Use 𝛥𝐵𝐶𝐷 to show that 𝛾 = arctan(3)
e. Use the fact that 𝑂, 𝐵, and 𝐶 all lie on the 𝑥-axis to conclude that 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 𝜋.
Thus arctan(1) + arctan(2) + arctan(3) = 𝜋

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114 - Instructor Solutions (In Progress 2-7-2017) PDF

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Kristen Campbell

Not For Student Distribution

Not For Student Distribution Page i

Convert the angle from radian measure into degree measure.

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linear speed is given – no computation necessary – 70 mph

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Let 𝑅 = the radius of the Earth in feet

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2 2 4 117 117 √117

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Solve the equation for 𝑡. (See comments following Theorem 10.5.)

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42. cos(𝑡) = 3, | cos(𝑡) ≤ 1 ⟹ no solution

45. sin(𝑡) = −2, |sin(𝑡)| ≤ 1 ⟹ no solution

46. cos(𝑡) = 1 ⟹ quadrantal angle of 0 ⟹ 𝑡 = 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

Not For Distribution to Students Page 7

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67. 𝑅(5, −9)

Find the equation of motion for the given

Not For Distribution to Students Page 9

simple horizontal curve shift

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24. sec(𝜃) = 7 with 𝜃 in IV

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26. cot(𝜃) = −23 with 𝜃 in II

27. tan(𝜃) = −2 with 𝜃 in IV

28. sec(𝜃) = −4 with 𝜃 in II

29. cot(𝜃) = √5 with 𝜃 in III

Not For Distribution to Students Page 12

Find all of the angles which satisfy the equation.

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Solve the equation for 𝑡. Give exact values.

Use Theorem 10.10 to find the requested identities.

Theorem 10.10. Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle residing in a right triangle. If the

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122 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 ⟹ 144 + 144 cot 2 (56∘ ) = 𝑐 2

𝑎2 + 62 = 𝑐 2 ⟹ 𝑐 2 = 36 cot 2 (47∘ ) + 36 ⟹ 𝑐 ≈ 8.204

𝑏 2 + (2.5)2 = 𝑐 2 ⟹ 𝑐 2 = 6.25 cot 2 (40∘ ) + 6.25

Use Theorem 10.10 to answer the questions. Assume that 𝜃 is an angle in a

Theorem 10.10. Suppose 𝜃 is an acute angle residing in a right triangle. If the

Not For Distribution to Students Page 15

78. On pg 753 we defined the angle of inclination (AKA the angle

a. Show that if the horizontal is above and

b. From a firetower 200 feet above level ground in the

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c. The ranger is part 78b sees a Sasquatch running

79. When I stand 30 feet away from a tree at home, the

80. From the observation deck of the lighthouse at

Not For Distribution to Students Page 17

Verify the identity. Assume that all quantities are defined.

83. tan(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = sin(𝜃)

84. sin(𝜃) csc(𝜃) = 1

85. tan(𝜃) cot(𝜃) = 1

86. csc(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = cot(𝜃)

Not For Distribution to Students Page 18

97. 4 cos2 (𝜃) + 4 sin2 (𝜃) = 4

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98. 9 − cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) = 8

99. tan3 (𝜃) = tan(𝜃) sec 2 (𝜃) − tan(𝜃)

100. sin5 (𝜃) = (1 − cos2 (𝜃))2 sin(𝜃)

101. sec10 (𝜃) = (1 + tan2 (𝜃))4 sec 2 (𝜃)