RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PALATE

 partition (nasal cavity /oral cavity)

HARD PALATE
 bone; supports palate anteriorly

SOFT PALATE
 unsupported posterior part

PARANASAL SINUSES
 surrounds the nasal cavity
 frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoid, & maxillary bones
 lighten the skull; speech (resonance chambers);
produce mucus

NOSE NASOLACRIMAL DUCT

 only externally visible part  drains tears from eyes; empty into the nasal
cavities
NASAL SEPTUM
 divides nasal cavity PHARYNX (THROAT)
 musculomembranous tube
NOSTRILS, OR NARES  acts as a passage between nose & larynx for air
 passageway of air that enters the nose during & between mouth & esophagus for food
breathing  Consist 3 parts:
 NASOPHARYNX
NASAL CAVITY  Passage for air
 interior of the nose  Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil) -lymphoid
tissue
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS  Eustachian tube
 smell (Pharyngotympanic)extends from middle
ear - equalize atmospheric pressure
RESPIRATORY MUCOSA  OROPHARYNX
 lines the nasal cavity thin walled veins - warms  Passage for air & food; behind the mouth
air  Palatine tonsils (2) - lateral wall of
oropharynx (end of soft palate)
STICKY MUCUS  Lingual tonsils (2) - base of tongue
 moistens the air & traps bacteria  LARYNGOPHARYNX
 Opens anteriorly into larynx & posteriorly
CILIA into esophagus
• Ciliated Cells
 moves contaminated mucus posteriorly toward LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
the throat  passage between pharynx & trachea
• Ciliary Action  eight rigid hyaline cartilages &
 extreme cold; sluggish  a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
cartilage(epiglottis) Contains vocal cords to
CONCHAE produce sound
 increase surface area of the mucosa
 increase air turbulence VOCAL FOLDS or TRUE VOCAL CORDS
 Mucus-Coated Surfaces- traps & prevent  allows us to speak
inhaled particles

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GLOTTIS
 slitlike passageway between vocal folds PULMONARY, OR VISCERAL PLEURA
 covers lung surface
EPIGLOTTIS
 “guardian of the airways” PARIETAL PLEURA
 lines the walls of thoracic cavity
THYROID CARTILAGE
 largest hyaline cartilages (shieldshape) PLEURAL MEMBRANES
 Adam’s apple.  produce pleural fluid (lungs glide over thorax
wall during breathing)
COUGH REFLEX
 expel substance & prevent it from continuing AIR (BRONCHI )
into the lungs.  warm, clean& humidified
• Conscious reflex  smaller subdivisions of main bronchi - direct
routes to air sacs.

TRACHEA (WINDPIPE) BRONCHIAL, OR RESPIRATORY TREE

 10-12 cm (4 inches)  branching & rebranching of respiratory
 5th thoracic vertebrae, approx. midchest. passageways
 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
 trachealis muscle - abuts the esophagus BRONCHIOLES
 Ciliary movement - opposite the incoming air  smallest of the conducting passageways

SMOKING TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

 inhibits ciliary activity  smaller conduits that terminate in alveoli
& destroys the cilia
 Smokers- Avoid medications that inhibit cough
reflex

COUGHING
 prevent mucus accumulation

MAIN BRONCHI
 Right & left main (primary) bronchi - division of
the trachea
 depression (hilum)

RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS

 wider, shorter, & straighter RESPIRATORY ZONE
 site for lodged foreign object  respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar
sacs, and alveoli
LUNGS
 occupies entire thoracic cavity ALVEOLI
 Mediastinum  (alveol=small cavity), or air sacs; clustered
 Apex – narrow superior portion; deep to the millions
 clavicle  only site of gas exchange
 Base- broad area resting on the diaphragm
 Divided into lobes by fissures: STROMA
 left lung - 2 lobes;  elastic connective tissue; allows passive lung
 right - 3 lobes recoil
 (exhale)

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 •Transport of Respiratory Gases
 Transport of oxygen & carbon dioxide via the
bloodstream

•Internal Respiration (systemic capillary gas exchange)

 gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in
systemic capillaries.

DUST CELL
 wander in & out of the alveoli picking up
bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

 Respiratory system’s final defense
SURFACTANT
 Lipid molecule which coats the alveolar surfaces
 important in lung function
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 the use of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon
dioxide (cornerstone of all energy-producing
chemical reactions occurring in all cells)
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
 Pulmonary Ventilation = Mechanical Process
 Depends on volume changes in the thoracic
cavity
 Volume changes lead to pressure changes,
 which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the
 pressure.

INSPIRATION
 size of the thoracic cavity increases –
inspiratory muscles contract
 As diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly &
flattens out
 Height of the thoracic cavity increases
 Contraction of the external intercostal -
increases anterior posterior & lateral
dimensions of the thorax

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

RESPIRATION
 supply the body with oxygen and dispose
carbon dioxide.

Respiratory Processes

•Pulmonary Ventilation
 moving air into and out of the lungs
 breathing

•External Respiration (Pulmonary Gas Exchange)

 Gas exchange (oxygen loading and carbon
dioxide unloading)
 Gas exchanges between pulmonary blood &
alveoli
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EXPIRATION PNEUMOTHORAX
 exhalation  air in the intrapleural space
 passive process - depends on natural elasticity
of the lungs
 rib cage descends & the lungs recoil – both RESPIRATORY VOLUMES & CAPACITIES
thoracic& intrapulmonary volume decrease
 intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY CAPACITY:
than atmospheric pressure • Size
• Sex
• Age
• Physical Condition

NORMAL BREATHING
 500 ml of air in & out of the lungs

RESPIRATORY VOLUME
 TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
 a person can inhale much more air than is
taken during a normal/tidal breath

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)

 amount of air that can be taken in forcibly
over the tidal volume (around 3100ml)

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)

 amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
(approx. 1200ml)

EXPIRATION = EFFORTLESS RESIDUAL VOLUME

 becomes an active process:  about 1200 ml remains in the lungs
 asthma  allows continuous gas exchange
 chronic bronchitis  helps to keep the alveoli open (inflated).
 pneumonia
 Internal intercostal muscle ; abdominal muscles VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
 total amount of exchangeable air
 sum of TV +IRV+ERV
 M - 4800ml; F - 3100 ml

DEAD SPACE VOLUME

 air that remains in the conducting zone (about
150 ml)

FUNCTIONAL VOLUME
 air that reaches the respiratory zone &
contributes to gas exchange (about 350 ml)

SPIROMETER
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE  measures respiratory capacity;
 ATELECTASIS (lung collapse)  evaluate losses in respiratory function & in
 air enters the pleural space through a chest monitoring respiratory diseases
wound; rupture of the visceral pleura

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NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS
RESPIRATORY SOUNDS
 2 sounds (stethoscope)
1. BRONCHIAL SOUNDS
 produced by air rushing through a large
respiratory passageways (trachea &
bronchi)
2. VESICULAR SOUNDS
 air fills the alveoli
GAS TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD (2)
 Oxygen attaches to Hemoglobin molecules
inside RBCs (oxyhemoglobin/HbO2 )
 Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as the
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-); blood buffer system
ACID-BASE BALANCE
 Responds to changes in blood acidity
 When carbon dioxide is converted (bicarbonate
or carbonic acid) the blood’s pH becomes either
more alkaline or more acidic.
 Acid base problem – respiratory system
responds to changing the rate & depth of
respiration
RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS:
 PONS
 Apneustic center – prolongs inspiration
 Pneumotaxic center – contributes to
exhalation
 Pons centers - smooth out the basic rhythm
of inspiration (medulla)
 MEDULLA
 inspiratory center & expiratory center
 VRG (Ventral Respiratory Group)-
pacemaker
 Eupnea = 12-15 respirations/ minute
ACTIVITY OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLES IS TRANSMITTED
TO & FROM THE BRAIN BY:
 PHRENIC NERVE
 INTERCOSTAL NERVES
 regulates activity of the respiratory muscles,
diaphragm & external intercostals
In response to OVERINFLATION
 protective reflex initiated
 stretch receptors (bronchioles & alveoli)
 VAGUS nerves to medulla
 inspiration ends & expiration occurs
HYPERPNEA
 vigorous & deep breathing
 brain centers send more impulses to respiratory
muscles
NONNEURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING RR & DEPTH
1. PHYSICAL FACTORS
 Talking
 Coughing
 Exercising
 Increased Body Temperature
2. VOLITION (Conscious Control)
 Singing, swallowing, swimming under water
 Respiratory centers ignore messages from the
cortex when O2 supply in the blood is getting
low or blood pH is falling
 Holding breath “to death” – involuntary
controls take over thus continuing respiration
3. EMOTIONAL FACTORS
 Horror movie; scared ; touched cold
clammy & gasped
 reflexes initiated by emotional stimuli
(hypothalamus)
4. CHEMICAL FACTORS
 Most important factor
 CO2 & O2 in the blood
 Increased levels of CO2 & decreased blood pH -
 Most important stimuli →increase in the rate
depth of breathing
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTOR
 Aorta; common carotid
 Detect changes in O2 concentration in the
blood
 Impulses are sent to the medulla
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CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
 stimulus for breathing (healthy person)

O2 (Oxygen)
 stimuli when dangerously low

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

 HYPERVENTILATION
 deep & rapid breathing
 Blows of more CO2; decreases amount of
Carbonic acid thus returning blood pH to
normal range
 HYPOVENTILATION
 extremely slow or shallow breathing
 Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood thus
bringing blood pH to normal range

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT
 FETUS
 Placenta-respiratory exchanges
 lungs are filled with fluid

RESPIRATORY RATE
 Newborn infants (40-80 rpm/ cpm)
 Infant it is around 30 per min.
 5years it is around 25 per min.
 Adults it is 12-18 per min.
 Increase again in old age

SMOKING
 Young adulthood – alveolar formation
 People smoking during early teens - never
completely mature
 Additional alveoli are lost forever

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