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MECHANIC
VIRTUAL WORK
MATHEMATICS
B.SC
BY:
KALEEM ARIF
International Islamic University
ISLAMABAD
Virtual Work Page | 1
Proof:
As any system of forces acting on rigid body can be reduced to a single
force and single couple. Let "R" be the single force and "G" be the moment of
single couple. As body is in equilibrium so R= 0, and G=0 further Ra Rc 0 and
Ga Gc 0 where R a and R c are the total applied and constraint forces. Similarly G a
and G c be the total applied torques and torque of constraints. Let r & be any
arbitrary infinitesimal linear and angular displacement consistent with the
constraints.
Ra Rc . r 0 And Ga Gc . 0
Example#01:
A Particle of mass 20lb is suspended by a force of magnitude x lbs,
which make an angle of 30 with the inclined plane of inclination 60 . Find "x" and
also the reaction of the plane on the particle?
Solution:
Let r be the infinitesimal displacement along the plane. As the system is
in equilibrium. By applying principle of virtual work, we have
3 3
xCos 30 r 20Sin 60 r 0
x
2
20
2
x 20 lbs
Example #02:
A light thin rod, 12 ft long, can turn in a vertical plane about one of its points
which is attached to a pivot. If weights of 3 lbs and 4 lbs are suspended from its ends,
it rests in a horizontal position. Find the position of the pivot and its reaction on the
rod.
Solution:
Let "x" be the distance of pivot from end A. Let " " be infinitesimal angular
displacement of the rod. As the rod is in equilibrium. So by applying p. v.w,
We have 3 x 4 12 x 0
6
3 x 48 4 x 0 , x 6 ft
7
Let " r " be the infinitesimal displacement along the direction of reaction. As system
is in equilibrium so by applying p. v.w,
R. r 3 r 4 r 0, R=7 lbs
Example #03:
Four equal uniform rods are smoothly jointed to form a rhombus ABCD,
which is placed in a vertical plane with AC vertical and A resting on a horizontal
plane. The rhombus is kept in shape, with the measure of angle BAC equal to , by a
light string joining B and D. Find the tension in the string.
Solution:
Four equal uniform rods each of length l and weight w are freely jointed to
form rhombus with A fixed in horizontal. Angle BAC = . Shape of rhombus is kept
joining B and D by a string.
Height of C.G of rod AB and AD = ( )
Height of C.G of rod BC and CD = ( )
Length of String BD = 2 ( )
Applying principle of Virtual Work,
3
−2 ( ) −2 ( ) − 2 ( ) =0
2 2
3
−2 ( ) −2 − ( ) − 2 ( ) =0
2 2
=2 ( )
Example# 04:
A heavy elastic string whose natural length is 2 , is placed round a
smooth cone whose axis is vertical and whose semi-vertical angle has measure . If
W be the weight and l the modulus of string, prove that it will be in equilibrium
when in the form of a circle of radius (1 + ( ))?
l
Solution:
A heavy elastic string of natural length 2 is placed on a smooth cone,
whose axis is vertical and semi-vertical angle is . And l is the modulus of string.
Let "x" be the radius of string when placed on the cone then
= l( )
Or, = − + ( )=
l l
( )
= (1 + )
l
Example# 05:
Six equal rods AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FA are each of weight W and
are freely jointed at their extremities so as to form a hexagon. The rod AB is fixed in
a horizontal position and the middle points of AB and DE are jointed by a string.
Prove that its tension is 3W?
Solution:
Six equal uniform rods of length l and weights W are freely jointed to
form a hexagonal. Rod AB is fixed in horizontal position. Mid points of AB and DE
are joined by a string.
Depth of C.G of AF and BC = ( )
Depth of C.G of CD and EF = ( )
Depth of C.G of DE = 2 ( )
Length of string = 2 ( )
By applying principle of virtual work
3
2 ( ) +2 ( ) + (2 ( )− 2 ( ) =0
2 2
3
( ) +2 ( ) + 2 ( ) − 2 ( ) =0
2 2
6 =2 ℎ =2
Example# 06:
A weightless tripod, consisting of three legs of equal length l, smoothly
jointed at the vertex, stands on a smooth horizontal plane. A weight W hangs from the
apex. The tripod is prevented from collapsing by three inextensible strings, each of
√
length l/2, joining the mid-points of legs. Show that tension in each string is
√
Solution:
Three equal uniform rods of length l are freely jointed to form a tripod which is
placed on smooth plane. Mid points of rods are jointed by three inextensible strings
each of length l/2. A weight W hangs from the apex.
Height of pt of application of W = ( )
Height of the rod DG = ( ), Height of rod DH = ( )=√ ( )
√
Height of rod DE = ℎ =2 = ( )
By applying principle of virtual work,
√3
− ( ) −3 ( ) =0
2
3√3
( ∝) − ( ) =0
2
2
= tan ( )
3√3
√
As length of string is = = ( ∝) ℎ ∝= , tan∝=
√ √
√
So, = =
√ √
Exercise # 6
Question # 01:
A uniform ladder rests with its upper end against a smooth vertical wall and its foot
on rough horizontal ground. Show that the force of friction at the ground is ( ),
where W is weight of the ladder and is its inclination with the vertical.
Solution:
A uniform rod of length "l" and weight "W" rests with end A on a rough
horizontal ground and end B on a smooth vertical wall. Inclination of the ladder with
the vertical is ,
Question# 02:
Four equal heavy uniform rods are freely jointed to form a rhombus
ABCD which is freely suspended from A, and kept in shape of a square by an
inextensible string connecting A and C. Show that tension in the string is 2W, where
W is the weight of one rod.
Solution:
Four equal uniform rods each of length "l" and weight "W" are freely jointed
to form a rhombus which is suspended at A. Shape is kept by joining A and C by an
inextensible string AC,
Depth of C.G of rods AB and AD = ( )
3
Depth of C.G of rods BC and CD = lCos
2
Length of String = 2lCos
By applying principle of virtual work
l 3
2w Cos 2w lCos T 2lCos 0
2 2
l 3
2w Sin 2w lSin T 2lSin 0
2 2
T 2W
Question# 03:
Six equal uniform rods AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA, each of weight "W"
are freely jointed to form a regular hexagon. The rod AB is fixed in a horizontal
position, and the shape of the hexagon is maintained by a light rod joining C and F.
Show that the thrust in the rod is 3W .
Solution:
Six equal uniform rods each of length "l" and weight "W" are freely jointed
to form a regular hexagon, with rod AB fixed in horizontal position. C and F are
joined by a light rod to maintain the shape.
l
Height of C.G of the rod's BC and AF = Sin
2
3l
Height of C.G of the rod's CD and EF = Sin
2
Height of C.G of the rod's DE = 2lSin , Length of rod CF = l 2lCos
By applying principle of virtual work
Question# 04:
A hexagon ABCDEF, consisting of six equal heavy rods, of weight w,
freely jointed together, hangs in a vertical plane with AB horizontal, and the frame is
kept in the form of a regular hexagon by a light rod connecting the mid-points of CD
and EF. Show that the thrust in the light rod is 2 3w ?
Solution:
l
Depth of C.G of rod's BC and AF = Sin
2
3
Depth of C.G of rod's CD and EF = lSin
2
Depth of C.G of rod's DE = 2lSin , length of rod GH = l lCos
By applying principle of virtual work
l 3
2w Sin 2w lSin w 2lSin T l lCos 0
2 2
l 3
2w Cos 2w Cos w 2lCos T lSin 0
2 2
1
T 6w 2 3w
3
Question# 05:
Three equal rods, each of weight "w" are freely jointed together at one
extremity of each to form a tripod, and rest with their other extremities on a smooth
horizontal plane, each rod inclined at an angle of measure to the vertical,
equilibrium being maintained by three equal light strings each joining two of these
tan
extremities. Prove that the tension in each string is w
2 3
Solution:
Three equal uniform rods each of length "l" and weight "W" are freely jointed
at one end to form a tripod. The other extremities are placed on a horizontal plane.
Angle of each rod with the vertical is . Extremities are joined by three equal length
strings.
l
Height of C.G of rods OA, OB, OC = Cos
2
3
From figure it is clear, that CG lSin , CH CG Cos 30 lSin
2
Length of each strings = 2CH 3lSin
By applying principle of virtual work
l
3w Cos 3T 3lSin 0
2
w
T tan
2 3
l
3w Cos 3T 3lSin 0
2
l
3w Sin 3T 3lCos 0
2
w
T tan
2 3
As length of rod = l = 3lSin
w 1 w
So, T
2 3 2 2 6
Que stion# 07
Four equal un ifo rm rods, e ach of weight w, are
connected at one end of eac h by mean s o f a s mo oth joint, and the
othe r ends rest on a smooth table a nd are connected by e qual s trings .
A weight W is s uspended fro m the joint. Sh ow that the tens ion in each
W 2w a
string is ?
4 4l 2 2a 2
Solution:
Four equal un ifo rm rods OA, OB, OC, and OD each of length
"l" an d weight "W " are free ly jointed at O. The othe r extremitie s a re
placed on a s mo oth table. Shape is kept by joining e ach of the
extremitie s b y four equal le ngth string (each o f length a). A weight W
hangs at O. Le t be the an gle of ea ch rod with the vertical.
l
Height o f C.G o f OA, OB, OC, a nd OD = Cos
2
Height o f C.G o f weight W = lCos
1
From figure, BG lSin , an d BH BGCos 45 lSin
2
Length of e ach string is given by = 2 BH 2lSin
By applyin g princ iple of vir tua l work
l
4w Cos W lCos 4T 2lSin 0
2
2w W Sin = 2w W tan
T
4 2Cos 4 2
a
As length o f string = a = 2lSin , therefore tan
2l 2 a 2
a 2w W a a 2w W
By putting this value in T, get T 2 2
2 2
4 2 2l a 4 4l 2a
l l l l
w1 1 Cos1 w2 2 Cos2 w1l2Cos2 1 Cos1 w2lCos
1 1 2 Cos2 T lCos
1 1 l2Cos2 0
2 2 2 2
w w
1 2
T l1Sin 1 1 w1 w2 T l2 Sin 2 2 0
1
T 2w1 2 w2 , which is half o f wh ole weight.
2
b
2w Sin w bSin T 2bSin 0
2 2
b 1
2w Cos w bCos T 2bCos 0
2 22
2wCos
T
Cos
2
a
AS len gth of string =a = 2bSin and Sin
2 2 2b
2w 2b 2 a 2
Therefore, T
4 4b2 a 2
b 3
1
the wall at an angle Sin ?
a
Solution:
A u niform rod of le ngth "2 a" res t in equilibrium with one end
on a smoo th vertical wall and supported at "p " by a peg at a distance
"b " from the wa ll. Let be the angle o f rod with the wall.
b
Sin , and AP bCsc
From th e figu re it is c le ar tha t
AP
PG AG AP a bCo sec
Height o f the rod abo ve peg = PGCos aCos bCot
By applying p rin cip le of virtu al work
b 3
Sin 1
a
The total weight o f both the particles is "2w". Let "T" be th e tens ion
in the s tring. Consider the virtual displace ment such that x chan ges to
x x .
By applyin g prin ciple of vir tu al work
2w y T 2 x 0 2w y 2 T x 0
x
As given th at tan , therefore
y
y دو ں ف ١ وا ت
x w
2w 2 T 0 2w 2 T tan So T= Cot
y
Question# 12:
A regula r octahe dron formed of twelve equal rods, each of
weight w, freely jointe d together is suspended from one corner. Show that the
3
thrust in each horizontal rod is 2w ?
2
Solutio n:
Twelve equal u niform rods ea ch of length "" and
weigh t "w" are freely jointed to form a octahedron which is suspen ded
at O. Let " " be the angle of each ro d with vertical.
Depth o f C.G o f rod OA, OB, OC, an d OD = Cos
2
3
De pth of C.G of rods O'A, O'B, O'C, and O'D = Cos
2
Depth of C.G of rods AB, BC, CD, DA = Cos and from fig,
Sin
DG Sin , DH DGCos 45 ,then CD= 2 Sin
2
By applyin g prin ciple of vir tu al work
3
4w Cos 4w Cos 4w Cos 4T
2 2
2 Sin 0
3 2
12wSin 4 2TCos , Finally T= w
2
Question# 13:
A rhombus ABCD o f s mo othly jointe d rods, rests on a
smooth table with th e rod BC fixed in position . The middle p oints of
AD, DC are connected by a s tring which is kept taut by a couple G
applied to the rod AB. Pro ve that the tension o f string is
2G 1
Cos ABC
AB 2
Solutio n:
A rhombus ABCD is p laced on a s moo th horizon tal table. Rod
BC is fixe d in position. Middle points of AD a nd CD are join ed b y
strin g. A couple G is applie d o n the rod AB to keep the s tring tight.
Then fro m figure, EG Sin , And length of string is 2 EG Sin
2 2 2
By applyin g prin ciple of vir tu al work
G T Sin 0
2
1
G T Cos 0
22
2G
T
Cos
2
2G
T
1
ABCos ABC
2