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- Focuses on the study of observable and - Once the dog has been conditioned to associate
measurable behavior. the bell with food, another unconditioned
- Emphasizes that behavior is mostly learned stimulus, such as a light may be flashed at the
through conditioning and reinforcement. same time that the bell is rung. Eventually the
dog will salivate at the flash of light without the
Ivan Pavlov
sound of the bell.
- A Russian physiologist well known for his work
in classical conditioning or stimulus
substitution. Edward L. Thorndike
- the number of correct repetitions of the correct - An organism learns by pursuing signs to a goal
response for reinforcement varies.
Tolman’s Key Concepts
Implications of Operant Conditioning:
1. Learning is always purposive and goal-
1. Practice should take the form of question directed.
(stimulus) – answer (response) frames 2. Cognitive maps
which expose the student to the subject in Organisms will select the
gradual steps. shortest or easiest path to
2. Require that the learner makes a response achieve a goal.
for every frame and receives immediate 3. Latent Learning
feedback. A kind of learning that remains
3. Try to engage the difficulty of the questions or stays with the individual
so the response is always correct and until needed.
hence, a positive reinforcement. 4. Intervening Variables
4. Ensure that good performance in the lesson Variables that are not readily
is paired with secondary reinforcers such seen but serve as determinants
as verbal praise, prizes and good grades. of behavior.
Neo behaviorism
Edward Tolman
- Purposive Behaviorism
Purposive Behaviorism