Lincoln University College Malaysia

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Design of Retaining Wall

Density of sand,  =19 kN/m3

Friction angle,  = 35
Sucharge, w =10 kN/m 2
Allowable bearing pressure, P =150 kN/m 2
Coefficient of friction,  = 0.5

Solution
Active Earth Pressure, Pa
1 − sin  1 − sin 35
Coefficient of active pressure, K a = = = 0.271
1 + sin  1 + sin 35
Pa = K a (  h + w )  Pa ,o m = 0.271(19  0 + 10 ) = 2.71kN/m 2
Pa ,5m = 0.271(19  5 + 10 ) = 28.46 kN/m 2
Pa ,5.4m = 0.271(19  5.4 + 10 ) = 30.51kN/m 2

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 1

Lincoln University College Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Part Lever arm Moment (kNm)

Load (kN/m) from A (m)

1.
1
 0.15  5  24 = 9.0 0.9 8.1
2

0.25  5  24 = 30.0 1.075 32.25

2 0.4  3.8  24 = 36.48 1.9 69.312

3 Sand & surcharge (19  5 ) + 10   2.6 = 273 2.5 682.5

4 Horizontal force, 2.71 5.4 = 14.64 2.7 39.53
Hk
1
 27.8  5.4 = 75.06 1.8 135.108
2
 FV = 348.48 kN/m
792.16 174.64
 H K = 89.7 kN/m

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 2

Lincoln University College Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Overturning Moment Check

Overturning Moment , M o =174.64 kNm /m 1.4 = 244.496 kN/m
Resisting Moment , M R = 792.16 kNm /m
M R  M o → Satisfied

Check for sliding

Sliding Force , FS =1.4 (  H K ) = 1.4  89.7 = 125.58 kN/m
Frictional Resisting Force , FR =   (  FV ) = 0.5  348.48 =174.24 kN/m
FR  FS → Satisfied

Bearing Pressure
Resisting moment, MR = 792.16 kNm /m

Overturning moment, M 0 = 174.64 kNm /m (unfactored)

M = M R − M 0 = 792.16 − 174.64 = 617.52 kNm /m
 FV = 348.48 kN /m
M 617.52
x= = = 1.77 m from A
 FV 348.48
B 3.8
e= −x= − 1.77= 0.13m from the center
2 2
B  B
= 0.63  e   → No negative pressure
6  6

 V   6e 
Bearing Pressure , q =   1  
 B  B
 348.48   6 ( 0.13) 
=  1  
 3.8   3.8 
=111kN/m 2 & 72.4 kN/m 2
qmax =111kN/m 2 150 kN/m 2 → OK

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 3

Lincoln University College Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Shear Force and Bending Moment

 (101.4 + 93.3) 
Va − a = 1.4   0.8 =109.0 kN/m
 2 
 1  1 2 
M a − a = 1.4  0.8  93.3   0.8  +   0.8  8.1  0.8   = 44.2 kNm/m
 2  2 3 
 (15.8 + 42.2 ) 
Vb −b = 1.4   2.6  =105.6 kN/m
 2 
 1  1 2 
M b −b = 1.4  2.6  15.8   2.6  +   2.6  26.4   2.6   = 158.0 kNm/m
 2  2 3 
 ( 2.71 + 28.46 ) 
Va −b = 1.4   5 =109.1kN/m
 2 
 52  1 1 
M a −b = 1.4  2.71  2.6  +   25.75  5   5   = 197.6 kNm/m
 2  2 3 

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 4

Lincoln University College Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Main Reinforcement
a) Wall
M a −b = 197.6 kNm/m d = 400 − 40 − 10 = 350 mm
M 197.6  106
k=  0.156  k = = 0.054  0.156
f cu bd 2 30 1000  350 2
K 0.054
z = d [0.5 + (0.25 − )]  z = d [0.5 + (0.25 − )] = 0.94d
0.9 0.9
M 197.6  106
As = = = 1374 mm 2
0.95 f y Z 0.95  460  0.94  350
(0.13)(b)( h) (0.13)(1000)(400)
A s, min = = = 520 mm 2 , As  A s, min
100 100
As ,request = 1374 mm 2 , thus, Provide T20 − 200 mm c/c As , prov = 1570 mm 2

b) Base (Inner)
M b −b = 158kNm/m d = 400 − 40 − 10 = 350 mm
M 158  106
k=  0.156  k = = 0.043  0.156
f cu bd 2 30 1000  3502
K 0.043
z = d [0.5 + (0.25 − )]  z = d [0.5 + (0.25 − )] = 0.95d
0.9 0.9
M 158  106
As = = = 1088 mm 2
0.95 f y Z 0.95  460  0.95  350
(0.13)(b)(h) (0.13)(1000)(400)
A s, min = = = 520 mm 2 , As  A s, min
100 100
As ,request = 1088 mm 2 , Thus, Provide T20 − 225 mm c/c As , prov = 1396 mm 2

c) Base (Outer)
M a − a = 44.2 kNm/m d = 400 − 40 − 10 = 350 mm
M 44.2  106
k=  0.156  k = = 0.012  0.156
f cu bd 2 30  1000  3502
K 0.012
z = d [0.5 + (0.25 − )]  z = d [0.5 + (0.25 − )] = 0.99d  0.95d
0.9 0.9
M 158  106
As = = = 305 mm 2
0.95 f y Z 0.95  460  0.95  350
(0.13)(b)( h) (0.13)(1000)(400)
A s, min = = = 520 mm 2 , As <A s, min
100 100
As ,request = 520 mm , Thus, Provide T16 − 300 mm c/c As , prov = 670 mm 2
2

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 5

Lincoln University College Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Shear check
 100AS 
Check the most critical section a-a  the lowest 
 bd 
Va − a =109.0 kN/m
109 103
v= = 0.31N/mm 2
1000  350
1/3 1/4 1/3
0.79  100 As   400   f cu 
Vc =
 m  bd   d   25 
0.79  100  670   400   30 
1/3 1/4 1/3

Vc =
 m  1000  350   350   25 
= 0.4N/mm 2  0.31N/mm 2 → Ok

Cracking Check
3.12.11.2.7 f y = 460 N/mm 2 , h = 400 mm  200 mm
100 AS
a - b: = 0.45  0.3 ( Table 3.30)
bd
160
Allowable spacing = = 356 mm
0.45
Actualspacing = 200 − 20 = 180 mm  356 mm → Ok
100 AS
b - b: = 0.4  0.3 ( Table 3.30)
bd
160
Allowable spacing = = 400 mm
0.4
Actualspacing = 225 − 20 = 205 mm  400 mm → Ok
100 AS
a - a: = 0.19  0.3
bd
Allowable spacing = 750 mm
Actualspacing = 300 − 16 = 284 mm  750 mm → Ok

Detailing
Distribution Bars;
(0.13)(b)( h) (0.13)(1000)(400)
A s, min = = = 520 mm 2
100 100
Provide T16 − 300 mm c/c As , prov = 670 mm

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 6

Lincoln University College Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Technology

Foundation Engineering (BCE 3153) Page 7