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Cologne Making
Martinez, Chelsea M.
26 February 2016
Industrial Chemistry Laboratory 2
Abstract
This experiment primarily aims to give knowledge on the preparation of cologne. Various
materials were used and each has its own role in the overall product. Varying the amounts
of both alcohol and essential oil corresponds to change in the quality of the product.
Temperature also plays a vital role in the evaluation of the final product. There are three
types of components that can be used to make hand blended perfumes, essential oils,
fragrance oils and aroma chemicals. Manufactured perfumes use "aroma chemicals"
which are the broken down constituents of fragrance oils and synthesized constituents of
natural essential oils. In this experiment, a cologne rather than a perfume was made. Its
quality was examined by evaluating its fragrance, persistence and effect on skin and
fabrics. Basically, fragrances have three basic constituents – vehicle, fixatives and
odorous substances. The most common solvent or vehicle, used for holding and blending
fragrances, is highly refined ethyl alcohol. It can contain substantial amount of water
depending on the solubility of the oil employed. The odour of the vehicle must be removed
to avoid odour interference with the fragrant product. Meanwhile, fixatives are substances
that have lower volatility compared to odorous oils. It can retard and even up the rate of
evaporation of various odorous constituents. These odorous constituents give the
significant scent to the fragrance, and are generally categorized as essential oils, isolates
and synthetic or semi-synthetic chemicals.
The first source of aroma chemicals is Because essential oils are highly
from isolates of essential oils -- the concentrated they cannot be used directly
second source is chemically modified on the skin.
isolates from essential oils. -- The third Fragrances are products that make a
source of aroma chemicals is from the major contribution to the cosmetic
petrochemical industry. industry, as well as to the production of
soaps and detergents. These products
Essential oils are the volatile essences
are industrially useful in masking,
extracted from various parts of living
neutralizing, and altering the odor of
plants. They are said to be the "life force"
various products. It can provide additional
of the plant. Of the thousands of plants in
crating aroma for normally odorless
the world, only 200 produce essential oils
products.
that are used in the art of perfumery.
Egyptians were responsible for the origin
Essential oils are very intense and must of perfume. They utilized scents in
be diluted when using to make everything from religious ceremonies to
burial preparations and even daily wear.
Industrial Chemistry Laboratory 3
1
Austin, G.T., 1984, Shreve’s Chemical Process
Industries. 5th edition. McGraw-Hill: USA
Industrial Chemistry Laboratory 4
Table 3. Colognes stored at room temperature ( several hours after the laboratory
experiment)
Formulation Fragrance Persistence Effect on Skin Effect on Fabric
C-1 The smell of alcohol is 15 mins Non-irritating. The cologne
stronger than the oil at Feels smooth spread easily on
first but the longer the the fabric.
time it takes to stay, Becomes pale
the more pleasing the yellow at
smell indefinite reason
C-2 The smell of alcohol 2 mins Sticky feeling Fabric absorbed
overpowers the scent the cologne faster
of oil but eventually relative to C-1
the smell of the oil
fades
C-3 The cologne smells 3 hours Sticky feeling and It takes time
just fine. The the cologne is a before the fabric
combination little bit viscous absorbed the
becomes great and compared to the cologne. It is quite
other two ironic, because it
exact.
has the higher %
(w) alcohol and
essential oil.
Industrial Chemistry Laboratory 5
Conclusion and
Recommendations
In this experiment, cologne was
successfully prepared at different
concentration using different cologne
formulations consisting of the main
constituents of fragrance namely, the
vehicle, odorous substance and water.
Industrial Chemistry Laboratory 6
It can be inferred that cologne has least the same pressure (atmospheric
amount of odorous substance, as for its pressure).
concentration in the mixture ranges about
2-3% wt/wt. For further enhancement of the product,
more research on the right proportions of
Higher concentration of essential oil the reagents is recommended, something
essentially leads to stronger cologne that will improve the persistence and
fragrance. On the other hand, vehicle scent of the cologne.
(commonly ethyl alcohol) can mask or
interfere with the fragrance, leading to
less concentrated smell, although it can References
improve persistence as proven by the
evaluation made. Water, also reduces the Forteneau, A. (2004). Chemistry
strength of fragrance because it acts as perfumes your daily life. Journal of
the diluter, producing cheaper but lowers Chemical Education. 56(7):327-40.
the quality of the cologne.
Grant, N. Perfumes and the art of
Regarding the temperature at which perfumery. Journal of Chemical
colognes are stored, those stored at Education. March 10, 1972, p. C3 (N).
colder temperature were proved to last
longer than those stored at room Shiner, L. (2015). Art scents: perume,
temperature. By the virtue of temperature design and olfactory. Oxford Journal.
dependence of vapor pressure, essential 34(1):234-31
oils can readily vaporize at higher
temperature than at lower temperature at