PROJECT REPORT

ROBOTICS- Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of

engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering,
electronics engineering, computer science, and others.
Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and
use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control,
sensory feedback, and information processing.
These technologies are used to develop machines that can
substitute for humans and replicate human actions. Robots can
be used in any situation and for any purpose, but today many
are used in dangerous environments (including bomb detection
and deactivation), manufacturing processes, or where humans
cannot survive. Robots can take on any procedure, but some
are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to
help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative
behaviours usually performed by people. Such robots attempt
to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, and basically
anything a human can do. Many of today's robots are inspired
by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

Mechanics- Mechanics is that area of science concerned

with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces
or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on
their environment. The scientific discipline has its origins in
Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes.
During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo,
Kepler, and Newton laid the foundation for what is now known
as classical mechanics. It is a branch of classical physics that
deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with
velocities significantly less than the speed of light. It can also
be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion
of and forces on objects. The field is yet less widely understood
in terms of quantum theory.
TYPES OF ENERGIES INVOLVED:-
ELECTRICAL ENERGY - Electrical energy is the energy
newly derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy.
When loosely used to describe energy absorbed or maybe
delivered by an electrical circuit (for example, one provided by
an electric power utility) "electrical energy" talks about energy
which has been converted from electric potential energy. This
energy is supplied by the combination of electric current and
electric potential that is delivered by the circuit. At the point that
this electric potential energy has been converted to another
type of energy, it ceases to be electric potential energy. Thus,
all electrical energy is potential energy before it is delivered to
the end-use. Once converted from potential energy, electrical
energy can always be called another type of energy (heat, light,
motion, etc.)

ROTATIONAL ENERGY- For the kinetic energy of an

object that rotates in three dimensions, see rigid rotor.
Rotational energy or angular kinetic energy is kinetic energy
due to the rotation of an object and is part of its total kinetic
energy. Looking at rotational energy separately around an
object's axis of rotation, the following dependence on the
object's moment of inertia is observed:
The mechanical work required for / applied during rotation is
the torque times the rotation angle. The instantaneous power of
an angularly accelerating body is the torque times the angular
velocity. For free-floating (unattached) objects, the axis of
rotation is commonly around its centre of mass.
In the rotating system, the moment of inertia, I, takes the role of
the mass, m, and the angular velocity, takes the role of the
linear velocity, v. The rotational energy of a rolling cylinder
varies from one half of the translational energy (if it is massive)
to the same as the translational energy (if it is hollow).
An example is the calculation of the rotational kinetic energy of
the Earth. As the Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours, it
has an angular velocity of 7.29×10−5 rad/s. The Earth has a
moment of inertia, I = 8.04×1037 kg·m2. Therefore, it has a
rotational kinetic energy of 2.138×1029 J.
Another example of actually using earth's rotational energy is
the locating of opportune spaceports. The European spaceport
in French Guiana (Guiana Space Centre) is within about 5
degrees of the equator, so space rocket launches (for primarily
geo-stationary satellites) from here to the east obtain nearly all
of the full rotational speed of the earth at the equator (about
1,000 mph, sort of a "sling-shot benefit). Rocket launches
easterly from Kennedy (USA) on the other hand obtain only
about 400 mph added benefit, due to the lower relative
rotational speed of the earth at that northerly latitude. This
saves significant rocket fuel per launch, so this tends to be a
relatively more economic spaceport.
Part of the earth's rotational energy can also be tapped using
tidal power. Additional friction of the two global tidal waves
creates energy in a physical manner, infinitesimally slowing
down Earth's angular velocity ω. Due to the conservation of
angular momentum, this process transfers angular momentum
to the Moon's orbital motion, increasing its distance from Earth
and its orbital period.

Components:-
GEAR- A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having
cut like teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to
transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque,
and direction of a power source. Gears almost always produce
a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through
their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine.
The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.
Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called
a gear train or a transmission. A gear can mesh with a linear
toothed part, called a rack, producing translation instead of
rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a
crossed, belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the
teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
When two gears mesh, if one gear is bigger than the other, a
mechanical advantage is produced, with the rotational speeds,
and the torques, of the two gears differing in proportion to their
diameters.
In transmissions with multiple gear ratios—such as bicycles,
motorcycles, and cars—the term "gear" as in "first gear" refers
to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term
describes similar devices, even when the gear ratio is
continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not
actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable
transmission.

WIRING- Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling

and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards,
sockets and light fittings in a structure.
Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation.
Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are specified
according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current
capability, with further restrictions on the environmental
conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture
levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals.

REMOTE CONTROL- In electronics, a remote control or

clicker is a component of an electronic device used to operate
the device from a distance, usually wirelessly. For example, in
consumer electronics, a remote control can be used to operate
devices such as a television set, DVD player, or other home
appliance, from a short distance. A remote control is primarily a
convenience feature for the user, and can allow operation of
devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of
controls. In some cases, remote controls allow a person to
operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to
reach, as when a garage door opener is triggered from outside
or when a Digital Light Processing projector that is mounted on
a high ceiling is controlled by a person from the floor level.

Motors- An electric motor is an electrical machine that

converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. An electric
generator operates in the reverse direction, converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between
the motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate
force. In certain applications, such as in regenerative braking
with traction motors, electric motors can be used in reverse as
generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as
heat and friction.

BRAIN- An artificial brain (or artificial mind) is software and

hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal
or human brain.
Research investigating "artificial brains" and brain emulation
plays three important roles in science:
An ongoing attempt by neuroscientists to understand how the
human brain works, known as cognitive neuroscience.
A thought experiment in the philosophy of artificial intelligence,
demonstrating that it is possible, at least in theory, to create a
machine that has all the capabilities of a human being.
A long term project to create machines exhibiting behavior
comparable to those of animals with complex central nervous
system such as mammals and most particularly humans. The
ultimate goal of creating a machine exhibiting human-like
behavior or intelligence is sometimes called strong AI.
An example of the first objective is the project reported by
Aston University in Birmingham, England where researchers
are using biological cells to create "neurospheres" (small
clusters of neurons) in order to develop new treatments for
diseases including Alzheimer's, motor neurone and Parkinson's
disease.
The second objective is a reply to arguments such as John
Searle's Chinese room argument, Hubert Dreyfus' critique of AI
or Roger Penrose's argument in The Emperor's New Mind.
These critics argued that there are aspects of human
consciousness or expertise that can not be simulated by
machines. One reply to their arguments is that the biological
processes inside the brain can be simulated to any degree of
accuracy. This reply was made as early as 1950, by Alan
Turing in his classic paper "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence".
The third objective is generally called artificial general
intelligence by researchers. However, Ray Kurzweil prefers the
term "strong AI". In his book The Singularity is Near, he focuses
on whole brain emulation using conventional computing
machines as an approach to implementing artificial brains, and
claims (on grounds of computer power continuing an
exponential growth trend) that this could be done by 2025.
Henry Markram, director of the Blue Brain project (which is
attempting brain emulation), made a similar claim (2020) at the
Oxford TED conference in 2009.
Relationship Between Torque and Angular
Acceleration
Torque is equal to the moment of inertia times the angular
acceleration.

 When a torque is applied to an object it begins to rotate

with an acceleration inversely proportional to its moment of
inertia.
 This relation can be thought of as Newton’s Second Law
for rotation. The moment of inertia is the rotational mass
and the torque is rotational force.
 Angular motion obeys Newton’s First Law. If no outside
forces act on an object, an object in motion remains in
motion and an object at rest remains at rest.

 Angular acceleration: The rate of change of angular

velocity, often represented by α.
 Torque: A rotational or twisting effect of a force; (SI unit
newton-meter or Nm; imperial unit foot-pound or ft-lb)
 Rotational inertia: The tendency of a rotating object to
remain rotating unless a torque is applied to it.

Just like Newton’s Second Law, which is force is equal to the

mass times the acceleration, torque obeys a similar law. If you
replace torque with force and rotational inertia with mass and
angular acceleration with linear acceleration, you get Newton’s
Second Law back out. In fact, this equation is Newton’s second
law applied to a system of particles in rotation about a given
axis. It makes no assumptions about constant rotational
velocity.

The net torque about an axis of rotation is equal to the product

of the rotational inertia about that axis and the angular
acceleration, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Relationship between force (F), torque (τ), momentum (p), and angular momentum
(L) vectors in a rotating system

Similar to Newton’s Second Law, angular motion also obeys

Newton’s First Law. If no outside forces act on an object, an
object in motion remains in motion and an object at rest
remains at rest. With rotating objects, we can say that unless
an outside torque is applied, a rotating object will stay rotating
and an object at rest will not begin rotating.

If a turntable were spinning counter clockwise (when viewed

from the top), and you applied your fingers to opposite sides
the turntable would begin to slow its spinning. From a
translational viewpoint, at least, there would be no net force
applied to the turntable. The force that points to one side would
be cancelled by the force that points to the other. The forces of
the two fingers would cancel. Therefore, the turntable would be
in translational equilibrium. Despite that, the rotational velocity
would be decreased meaning that the acceleration would no
longer be zero. From this we might conclude that just because
a rotating object is in translational equilibrium, it is not
necessarily in rotational equilibrium.
BY:

ISHPREET SINGH (XI-A)

AND HARLEEN KAUR (XI-B)