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"ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that
axis"
It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield
strength of the material. More about the definitions below the table.
Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)
Acetals 2.8 65
Acrylic 3.2 70
Antimony 11.3
Aramid 70 - 112
Bismuth 4.6
170
Bone, compact 18
(compression)
Bone, spongy 76
Boron 3100
Bronze 96 - 120
Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)
CAB 0.8
Cadmium 4.6
Chromium 36
Cobalt 30
Concrete 17
40
Concrete, High Strength (compression) 30
(compression)
50
Douglas fir Wood 13
(compression)
Flax fiber 58
50
Glass 50 - 90
(compression)
Gold 10.8 74
Granite 52
Graphene 1000
Hemp fiber 35
Inconel 31
Iridium 75
Lead 2.0
Manganese 23
Marble 15
Mercury
Monel Metal 26
Nickel 25 170
Nickel Steel 29
Niobium (Columbium) 15
Nylon-6 2-4 45 - 90 45
Nylon-66 60 - 80
Platinum 21.3
Plutonium 14 97
Polybenzoxazole 3.5
Polycarbonates 2.6 52 - 62
Polyamide 2.5 85
Polypropylene, PP 1.5 - 2 28 - 36
Polyurethane elastomer 29 - 55
Potassium
Rhodium 42
Sapphire 435
Selenium 8.4
Silver 10.5
Sodium
Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)
Tantalum 27
Thorium 8.5
Tin 47
Titanium 16
Tooth enamel 83
Uranium 25 170
Vanadium 19
Wood
Zinc 12
Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)
Strain - ε
Strain is the "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original value of the
dimension - and can be expressed as
ε = dL / L (1)
where
Stress - σ
Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as
σ=F/A (2)
where
tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the stressed area
compressible stress - stress that tends to compress or shorten the material - acts normal to the
stressed area
shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the material - acts in plane to the stressed area at right-
angles to compressible or tensile stress
Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E
Young's modulus can be expressed as
E = stress / strain
= σ/ε
= (F / A) / (dL / L) (3)
where
named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young
Elasticity
Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after
distortion.
A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it
back to its original length. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's
Law.
Hooke's Law
It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement
upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as
Fs = -k dL (4)
where
Note that Hooke's Law can also be applied to materials undergoing three dimensional stress (triaxial loading).
Yield strength - σy
Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo
before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.