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TERRORISM VERSUS "SINGLE AUTHORITY" A Case Study of Philippine Office

for Transportation Security (OTS) and other agencies to carry out tasks
mandated to prevent acts of terrorism...

Article · January 2016

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 TERRORISM VERSUS “SINGLE AUTHORITY”
A Case Study of Philippine Office for Transportation Security (OTS) and other agencies to
carry out tasks mandated to prevent acts of terrorism in the transportation system

By: Jonathan D. Maliwat 1

ABSTRACT

In the Philippines, the challenges as regards to the single authority designated for transport
security of the Office for Transportation Security (OTS) came from within the government
bureaucracy itself. Most notable among these challenges is the refusal of certain government
agencies and instrumentalities (e.g. Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, Maritime
Industry Authority) to recognize the authority of OTS to adopt security standards. They
invoke their respective legislative charters and argue that they cannot be subjected to the
oversight authority of an agency like OTS, which was created by “mere” Executive Orders
(EO) (E.O. 277 2 amended by E.O. 3113). These agencies and instrumentalities ignore the fact
that the OTS succeeded to certain functions of the National Action Committee on Anti-
Hijacking (NACAH), which is a statutorily-created agency, as well as to the fact that
Philippine Congress has consistently affirmed the creation of OTS by regularly providing its
operational budget in the annual appropriations law.

Keywords: Transportation Security, Civil Aviation Security, Maritime Security, International

Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO),
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code), Civil Aviation Authority of
the Philippines (CAAP), Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)

1
Jonathan D. Maliwat is a student in ASEAN Studies at the University of the Philippines - Open University. His
research interest focuses on ASEAN regional policies particularly on counter-terrorism, transportation security
& cyber security. Presently, he works for the Philippine Government. He is currently connected with the Office
for Transportation Security (OTS), an attached agency to the Department of Transportation. He holds the
position of Information Officer V. Among the successful projects he initiated in OTS, where he undertakes a
national information campaign for transport security programs and the concept development of transport
security risk management data center.
2
EO 277, approving and adopting the National Civil Aviation Security Programme, creating the Office for
Transportation Security in the Department of Transportation and Communications, and reconstituting the
National Council for Aviation Security as the National Civil Aviation Security Committee
3
EO 311, designating the Office for Transportation Security as the single authority responsible for the security
of the transportation systems of the country, expanding its powers and functions and for other purposes
I. INTRODUCTION

Transportation Security is a major concern of the Philippine government.

Hence, significant efforts have been exerted to guarantee the safe movement of people
and goods in the civil aviation, maritime and land / rail sectors. However, the
increasing demands for security require a proactive posture in order to truly ensure a
secured transport environment.

The Philippines, being one of the Contracting States of the ICAO as well as of the
IMO is bound to comply with international standards for ensuring the security of the
civil aviation and maritime sectors respectively. Hence, the OTS was created as the
single authority to effectively carry out the mandate of securing all modes of
transportation systems in the Philippines.

The challenges as regards to the single authority designated for transport security of
the OTS came from within the government bureaucracy itself. Most notable among
these challenges is the refusal of certain government agencies and instrumentalities
(e.g. CAAP, MARINA) to recognize the authority of OTS to adopt security standards.
They invoke their respective legislative charters and argue that they cannot be
subjected to the oversight authority of an agency like OTS, which was created by
“mere” EOs (E.O. 277 amended by E.O. 311). These agencies and instrumentalities
ignore the fact that the OTS succeeded to certain functions of the National Action
Committee on Anti-Hijacking (NACAH), which is a statutorily-created agency, as
well as to the fact that Philippine Congress has consistently affirmed the creation of
OTS by regularly providing its operational budget in the annual appropriations law.

But before one can appreciate the OTS role as a regulatory agency, let us take a
glimpse at the past and see what have triggered to the creation and legal foundation of
OTS in the next page of this paper.
 II. FROM ANTI-HIJACKING TO CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY

The 1976 hijacking of a Philippine Air Lines BAC-111 plane from

Zamboanga, which resulted in the death of ten (10) passengers and three (3) hijackers,
ushered in the creation, through the issuance of Presidential Letter of Instruction
4
(LOI) Number 339 on April 28, 1976, of the National Action Committee on Anti-
Hijacking (NACAH) with the Secretary of National Defense (SND) as Chairman.
5
Because of the enactment of Republic Act (RA) 6975 in December of 1990, the
chairmanship of the NACAH was transferred from the SND to the Secretary of the
6
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) through EO 452 issued on
April 5, 1991.

7
On May 18, 1995, EO 246 further reconstituted NACAH into the National Action
Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Anti-Terrorism (NACAHT) in response to the need
to monitor the activities of suspected terrorists and to develop the capabilities of local
law enforcement agencies to contain the threat of terrorism. However, to forestall
confusion that will arise with the overlapping functions of the Philippine Center for
Transnational Crime and the National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Anti-
8
Terrorism, EO 336 was issued on January 5, 2001, which reconstituted NACAHT
into the National Council for Civil Aviation Security (NCCAS), this time to provide
and establish a more effective mechanism primarily to contain aviation-related
terrorist acts.

4
In view of the series of aircraft hijackings which have threatened the airline industry and civil aviation, it has
now become necessary to institute further adequate measures to secure effectively all airports against such
offensive and terroristic acts.
The LOI 399 series 1976 is hereby constituted into a National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking, with the
Secretary of National Defense as Chairman, to formulate plans for, coordinate, integrate, direct, control and
supervise all measures aimed at preventing/suppressing any and all forms of hijacking; ensuring the safe and
continuous operation of civil aviation; and handling all incidents of hijacking to include immediate and follow-
up actions to be taken up to the termination or resolution thereof.
5
RA 6975 series 1990, An act establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department of
the Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes.
6
EO 452 series 1991, Reconstituting the National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking
7
EO 246 series 1995, Reconstituting the National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Anti-Terrorism
8
EO 336 series 2001, Reconstituting the National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Anti-Terrorism
(NACAHT) as the National Council for Civil Aviation Security (NCCAS)
III. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE TRANSPORTATION SECURITY

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 necessitated key changes to the air
travel industry which saw heightened security. Among these requirements was the
need to comply with Standard 3.1.2 of the ICAO Annex 17, Amendment 11 which
provides that “Each Contracting State shall designate and specify to ICAO an
appropriate authority within its administration to be responsible for the development,
implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation security program.”

In 2004, two (2) Executive Orders, EO 277 and EO 311 were issued which created the
OTS. EO 277 was issued on January 30, 2004. EO 277 created the OTS as an
attached agency of Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)
headed by an Undersecretary, responsible for the implementation of the: ICAO Annex
17 - Security: Standards and Recommended Practices under the 1944 Chicago
Convention, and Doc 8973 or the Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation
Against Acts of Unlawful Interference. It also approved and adopted the National
Civil Aviation Security Program (NCASP) to implement Annex 17 of ICAO & Doc
8973. Finally EO 277 reconstituted the National Council for Civil Aviation Security
(NCCAS) into the National Civil Aviation Security Committee (NCASC) with OTS
as the Secretariat.

On April 26, 2004, EO 311 was issued designating OTS as the single authority
responsible for the security of the transportation system in the country, such as: Civil
aviation, Maritime transportation and Land & Rail transportation system. EO 311
further expanded the powers and functions of OTS to include, in addition to the
9 10
implementation of ICAO Annex 17, the implementation of the IMO ISPS Code
and the National Security Program for Sea Transport and Maritime Infrastructure, and

9
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations which is
responsible for measures to improve the safety and security of international shipping and to prevent pollution
from ships. It is also involved in legal matters, including liability and compensation issues and facilitation of
international maritime traffic. It was established by means of a Convention adopted under the auspices of the
United Nations in Geneva on 17 March 1948 and met for the first time in January 1959.
10
The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is a comprehensive set of measures to
enhance the security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to the perceived threats to ships and port
facilties in the wake of the 9/11 attacks in United States. The ISPS Code is implemented through chapter XI-2
Special measures to enhance maritime security in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS). The Code has two parts, one mandatory and one recommendatory.
 the National Security Program for Land Transportation, Rail System and
Infrastructure. EO 311 now directed OTS to assume all the functions of the NCASC
as enumerated in Section 4 of EO 277, as well as all other powers and functions of the
NCASC. Moreover, the OTS shall be the authority responsible for the formulation,
implementation and coordination of national transportation security measures, plans,
programs and activities including but not limited to civil aviation security, sea
transport and maritime infrastructure, and land transportation and rail system in
accordance with international obligations and standards to enhance the security of the
transportation systems of the country.

As additional for maritime security, the President has issued EO 197 (s-2016) to
strengthen the effective and efficient compliance of the Philippines as contracting
states to the IMO with clear power of enforcement and sanction. The Secretary of
Transportation shall prescribe the guidelines for the imposition of such sanctions in
accordance with applicable laws and international agreements.

IV. REGULATOR OF TRANSPORTATION SECURITY STANDARDS

In 2004, as our legally binding to the international conventions, EO 277 was

issued creating the OTS who shall be primarily responsible for the implementation of
Annex 17 of the ICAO Convention on Aviation Security. It was in the same year that
EO 311 was issued expanding the power of the OTS to be a single authority
responsible for the security of the transportation system of the country, to include
maritime and land transportation, to elaborate further on this given note, let’s now
take a closer look at the real function of OTS in the transportation security:

(1) Ensuring security at all airports in the country

As a backgrounder, the Sept 11 attack incident that occurred in the United

States more than 15 years ago is perhaps the most tragic and devastating terror attack
in civil aviation history. The attack resulted in the death of approximately 10,000
people and around 10 billion US dollars’ worth of property and infrastructure either
destroyed or damaged. The destruction alone of the twin towers caused serious
 damage to the economy of the United States and had a significant effect on global
markets with the closing of the Wall Street and the civilian airspace. Worst of all, it
diminished consumer confidence in air transport, particularly in the area of security.
This was manifested with a decline in the number of travelers using aircraft as a mode
of transportation and to restore back consumer confidence in air transport, there is a
need to review existing security measures in all airports and airlines. It is in this
context that ICAO address lapses in its implementation as manifested in the technical
audit made by ICAO after the Sept 11 attack. Amendment 10 is perhaps one of the
more important ICAO amendment issuances. 11

The major role of OTS in civil aviation security is to set aviation security standards,
practices and provides guidance materials and security program templates through
developing the NCASP and also the submission programs of airport, airline and cargo
operators that will lead to evaluation, inspection, audit and tests to monitor the
effectiveness and assess effectiveness. (Recomono, 2016)

(2) Ensuring security at all port facilities in the country

Terrorism is the reason for the crafting of the IMO’s ISPS Code, an
amendment to the SOLAS Convention in 2002 primarily to address the threat of
terrorism in ports and ships. Taking effect in 2004, the code is meant to enhance the
security measures of ports and ships against threats in the wake of the 9/11 terror
attacks in the US. In this sense, the role of OTS is to ensure that the ISPS Code is
implemented and that a national security program for sea transport and maritime
infrastructure is formulated, developed, and effectively implemented. (Recomono,
2014)

The ISPS Code provides for the creation of a designated authority by the contracting
government to focus on the implementation of its provisions in that state. OTS
mandate and functions in the context of its maritime security regulatory framework.

11
Remarks of Commo. Roland S. Recomono (Ret) former OTS Administrator, for the Closing Ceremony of
Airport Security Management Course at the PNP Training Service, Camp Crame, Quezon City Philippines, 16
June 2016
 As regulator, OTS implements international protocols on port security in the country.
This is done through its approval of the security plan and the issuance of security
compliance certificates. OTS also conducts security verifications and survey and
inspections at the various ports, especially the major ones, in the country. These
measures are meant to determine the threats and gaps, and the appropriate security
measures to address them. 12

(3) Development of the national security program for land transportation, rail
system and infrastructure

In accordance with the provisions of EO 311, it is designed to be responsive to

the identified needs and demands of the country’s continuously evolving security
situation and of international community pertaining to land transportation.
Consultation with various concerned agencies for the development of this program
and its implementing rules and regulations is on-going.
In 2008, part of the priorities set by Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Leaders and Ministers is the project for the Land International Security and
Commuters Advocacy Protocol (Land IS-CAP) that intends to draw up and design a
set of Terms of Reference & Rules of Engagement to establish an Advocacy
Campaign to refocus the culture of Public Land Transport Commuters and enhance
their vigilance & awareness on pro-active security program plan of actions against
terrorism, particularly in Public Transport Critical and Strategic Infrastructures and
Services (PLT-CSIS). 13

In 2014, OTS hosted two Bus Anti-Terrorism Workshops during the tenure of
Administrator Recomono. The said event was attended by APEC member economies
where it serve as a venue for sharing best practices on anti-terrorism security
measures on a bus transportation system, highlighting the need to develop bus anti-
terrorism within APEC member economies. It provides resources for surface
transportation professional to discover relevant insights into security practices.
12
Remarks of Commo. Roland S. Recomono (Ret) former OTS Administrator, for the International Networks
Association of Ports (INAP) Subic Bay Management Authority (SBMA) Olangapo City Philippines, 11-13
November 2014
13
APEC Transportation Working Group (TPT), 2008, “Land International Security and Commuters Advocacy
Protocol” (Land IS-CAP)
 V. CONFLICT WITH CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY FUNCTIONS

OTS is confronted with challenges, the most pressing of which is the conflict
with CAAP on the issue of who the designated authority for aviation security is in the
country. The issue impinges on the smooth implementation of aviation security
measures under the NCASP considering the confusion to ICAO as to the States
appropriate Aviation Security (AVSEC) authority, which clearly identified OTS as
14
the ‘Appropriate Authority’ but CAAP will always challenge this in all forums, in
or out of the country.

Concomitant to the foregoing, since OTS and CAAP are attached agency to the
Department of Transportation (DOTr) 15. Clearly, it seeks guidance to the Secretary of
the DOTr with the finality that the designated appropriate authority for civil aviation
security in the Philippines is the OTS. This concern should not impede the gains and
the objective of the national civil aviation security program to ensure a secured civil
aviation system in the country. Our legislation (EO 277 & 311) specifies this and was
earlier communicated to ICAO. State guidance was provided to both CAAP and OTS,
with the distinction to the authority for aviation safety (CAAP) and the latter for
aviation security (OTS).

CAAP on the other hand, explains their authority in the oversight function in the
aspect of security of all airports falls under their jurisdiction by virtue of the Civil
Aviation Authority Act of the Philippines (RA 9497 s-2008) and through their CAAP
Aviation Security Inspector to ensure compliance with ICAO Standards.

While OTS is based on its compliance with Standards 3.4.5 and 3.4.7 of ICAO Annex
17 Amendment 14 which requires all Contracting States, including the Philippines, to
ensure that “the implementation of security measures is regularly subjected to

14
RA 9497 series 2008, An act creating the Civil Aviation Authroity of the Philippines, authorizing the
appropriation of funds therefor, and for other purposes.
15
RA 10844 series 2016, An act creating the Department of Information and Communications Technology,
Defining its Powers and Functions appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes. Section 15 Transfer of
Agencies and Personnel. All operating units of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)
with functions and responsibilities dealing with communications. All offices, services, divisions, units and
personnel not otherwise covered by this Act for transfer to the Department shall be retained under the DOTC
which is hereby renamed as the Department of Transportation (DOTr).
 verification of compliance with the national civil aviation security quality control
program which shall be undertaken independently from the entities and persons
responsible for the implementation of the measures taken under the national civil
aviation security program” the compliance monitoring activities shall focus on the
implementation of security measures applied for passengers and baggage, as well as
non-passengers and personal effects. In addition, regular inspection of security
measures implemented by the airlines shall be carried out to verify compliance with
the relevant provisions of the NCASP. Also, aircraft operator activities to be covered
include check-in process, hold baggage security, ramp security, air cargo security and
aircraft security, among others.

VI. OVERLAPPING FUNCTIONS IN MARITIME SECURITY TRAINING

In maritime, OTS is confronted with challenges in the oversight function of

maritime security training. MARINA as designated authority responsible for oversight
in the implemention of the 1978 International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. 16 While OTS by virtue of EO 311
designated as the single authority responsible for the security of all modes of
transportation in the Philippines, the former Secretary of Transportation issues a
17
Department Order (DO) designating OTS as both designated “Authority” and
“Administration” in the maritime transport security based on ISPS Code. OTS
regulatory capacity deals with the development of national transportation security
training programs and accreditation of training courses / institutions which also
involves certifying instructors and transport security personnel.

16
EO 75, series 2012, Designating the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC), through
the Maritime Industry Authority, as the single administration in the Philippines responsible for oversight in the
implementation of the 1978 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping
for Seafarers, As amended.
17
Department Order (DO) 2004-29, Designating the Office for Transportation Security (OTS) as the
“Designated Authority” and “Administration” in compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility
Security (ISPS) Code, as adopted on December 12, 2002, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,
1974 (SOLAS), “Special Measures to Enhance Maritme Security”
VII. CHALLENGES IN PERFORMING TRANSPORT SECURITY OVERSIGHT

When I joined OTS way back in 2012, I was designated as one of the OTS
supervisors of airport Security Screening Officer (SSO) and the following year, I was
reassigned at the OTS Central Office and then designated as Public Information
Officer and concurrent Officer-In-Charge of Systems Development and Data
Management Division. I felt honored and privileged at the opportunity given to me
and with my first time experience in the government service, not to mention the
memorable experience I had in the private sector as Security Officer for the past ten
(10) years. My role in information management which is of crucial importance to this
office has laid down the plans and programs to improve our communications effort.
Consistent with our organizational mandate and looking at our major final output as a
reference, I was able to develop a strategic communication program.

18
It was during the Administration of Retired Commodore Roland Recomono when
OTS took a critical look at its mandate pursuant to the Philippine’s treaty obligations
and commitments under the Chicago Convention and the SOLAS Convention
specifically ICAOs Amendment 10 of Annex 17 for Civil Aviation and IMOs ISPS
Code for maritime.

I remember the time that we had our first road mapping in March 2012 at Heritage
Hotel, Pasay City, Philippines. We were on finalizing the OTS Transformation
Roadmap and Administrator Recomono laid all his reform initiatives towards a
general transformation of the whole OTS concentrating more on human resources
development, morale and welfare, facilities and equipment enhancement,
development of systems and procedures focusing especially on oversight and
regulatory management. He emphasized the word “Compass Check” (in Navy
terminology) that its successful implementation will dictate the direction of the OTS
Transformation Roadmap 2016. 19

18
Tour of Duty Report, Commo. Roland Recomono (Ret) Administrator, Office for Transportation Security
(January 2012 – June 2016)

19
OTS Journal Issue No. 2011-4 June 2012
Despite various efforts and commitments made by the former Administrator to
transform and redirect OTS into a regulatory agency mandated to comply with the
international obligations set by ICAO and IMO, some challenges still remained
unresolved, with that we identified three (3) key challenges:

1. No Power to Enforce Sanctions

Both EOs 277 & 311 which created OTS as the Philippine Designated
Authority did not grant OTS enforcement powers to implement and ensure
continuous compliance with the international standards, nor did the EOs grant
OTS the authority to impose penalties or require erring facilities to suspend
operations. Essentially, the inability by OTS to impose sanctions for non-
compliance and to issue regulations are presently insufficient because of a
perceived lack of appropriate legislation, and hence, a legislative mandate
granting OTS appropriate enforcement powers to pursue its mandate is
imperative. Having the authority to impose a range of enforcement options
will significantly enhance OTS to ensure that effective security measures in
the transportation sector are implemented in all modes across the country.

2. Administering OTS Regulatory Shift

Since 2004 and up until the start of 2012 when the President has appointed the
new set of OTS top management, OTS was mainly focused on security
screening operations of passengers and cargoes in civil aviation to ensure that
no security risk items are allowed into the conveyance that can be used in
committing acts of unlawful interference. Obviously, with the present set-up it
is difficult to appreciate how OTS could efficiently conduct security screening
operations on the other modes of transportation, and at the same time attend to
its other equally important functions as indicated in its mandate.

As OTS transforms into a purely regulatory agency, OTS gradually discharge

its existing operator’s role in transportation security operations, particularly in
the screening of passengers, baggage and cargoes as well as in the hiring,
retention and training of security screening personnel.
 Henceforth, the office shall refocus its exercise of responsibility towards
oversight of passenger / baggage / cargo screening operations supported with
capacitating the transport security auditors through the provision of necessary
training. The structural separation, of being a regulator and an operator is
deemed necessary in order to guarantee an efficient and effective oversight of
transport security operations. This also resolves the issue of duplication of
functions as to whether OTS is an operator (screening function) or regulator
(standards-setting and oversight).

3. Capability and Capacity of OTS as Regulator

Given all these advantage the office stresses out the significance of
development, training, and empowering its workforce. OTS workforce crafted
its organizational restructuring towards its goals and functions as a single
authority in transportation security. Only a few of the existing personnel are
performing administrative and regulatory functions assigned in the central
office for the remaining large number of staff are SSOs deployed in all airport
stations nationwide.

Likewise, continuous training of existing and new personnel is highly

recommended in order to gain knowledge, skills and competencies in their
respective fields.

VIII. CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD

Each year, the OTS encounters numerous challenges which might either be typical or
unusual rooted from the challenges brought about by the modern world. And of
course, OTS is eyeing for a safe and secure transportation system that contributes to
the Philippine’s social development and security objectives and to provide an efficient
transportation system that contributes to Philippine’s economic growth and trade
objectives.
Being the designated “Single Authority” responsible for the security of the country’s
transportation system is a conflict with other agencies as regards to the OTS primary
role is therefore apparent.

At present, the CAAP, MARINA and OTS bear the same responsibilities of being a
regulator and an operator. Now that we have learned the OTS mandate, functions and
roles in the different modes of transportation, it might be helpful as well to consider
the issues and concerns that this Office might face in the near future. The perceived
overlapping of functions in Aviation and Maritime Security with two (2) transport
agencies namely, CAAP and MARINA claims oversight security function both for
aviation and maritime. They invoke their respective legislative charters and argue that
they cannot be subjected to the oversight authority of an agency like OTS, which was
created by “mere” Executive Orders.

In line with this, we have identified three challenges and they are as follows: (1) No
Power to Enforce Sanctions, (2) Administering OTS Regulatory Shift and (3)
Capability and Capacity of OTS as Regulator. While the EO 311 specifically states
that OTS has been designated to perform audits, tests and verification of compliance,
the actualization and accomplishment are hampered by restrictions imposed by
CAAP, MARINA and some other transport offices questioning the mandate and
authority of OTS.

Considering these challenges, we have come up with the recommendation. We

therefore recommend the OTS to be legislated as ‘Regulator of Transportation
Security’. In the meantime, OTS recommends to Philippine Congress endorsement for
the issuance of a strong legislation to rationalize existing OTS role in transportation
security. As part of our Office’s responsibility as a regulator, we believe that OTS has
a duty of setting national standards, developing and maintaining security programs,
and approving transport operators security programs.

And at the end of the day, we still conclude that it is a “Responsibility” not just an
“Authority” but a Responsible Agency mandated to serve all Filipino’s “riding
public” and to prevent acts of terrorism in the transportation system of the country.
IX. REFERENCES

Letter of Instruction (LOI) Number 339, s. 1976, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/1976/04/28/letter-of-instruction-no-399-s-1976/ [last accessed 03
October 2016])

Republic Act No. 6975, s. 1990, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ [last accessed 03 October
2016])

Executive Order (EO) 452, s. 1991, The LAWPHiL Project, (available at

http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1991/eo_452_1991.html [last accessed
03 October 2016])

Executive Order (EO) 246, s. 1995, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/1995/05/18/executive-order-no-246-s-1995/ [last accessed 03
October 2016])

Executive Order (EO) 336, s. 2001, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/2001/01/05/executive-order-no-336-s-2001/ [last accessed 03
October 2016])

Executive Order (EO) 277, s. 2004, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/2004/01/30/executive-order-no-277-s-2004/ [last accessed 03
October 2016])

Executive Order (EO) 311, s. 2004, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/2004/04/26/executive-order-no-311-s-2004/ [last accessed 03
October 2016])

Republic Act No. 9497, s. 2008, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/2008/03/04/republic-act-no-9497/ [last accessed 04 October
2016])
 Executive Order (EO) 75, s. 2012, Official Gazette (available at
http://www.gov.ph/2012/04/30/executive-order-no-75-s-2012/ [last accessed 03
October 2016])

Republic Act No. 10844, s. 2016, Official Gazette (available at

http://www.gov.ph/2016/05/23/republic-act-no-10844/ [last accessed 03 October
2016])

Official Website of International Maritime Organization (IMO) (available at

http://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/FAQs.aspx [last accessed 22 September 2016])

International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code), Official Website of
International Maritime Organization (IMO) (available at:
http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=897#what [last accessed 22
September 2016])

Remarks of Commo. Roland S. Recomono (Ret) former OTS Administrator, for the
Closing Ceremony of Airport Security Management Course at the PNP Training
Service, Camp Crame, Quezon City Philippines, 16 June 2016

Remarks of Commo. Roland S. Recomono (Ret) former OTS Administrator, for the
International Networks Association of Ports (INAP) Subic Bay Management
Authority (SBMA) Olangapo City Philippines, 11-13 November 2014

APEC Transportation Working Group (TPT), 2008, “Land International Security and
Commuters Advocacy Protocol” (Land IS-CAP)

Tour of Duty Report, Commo. Roland Recomono (Ret) Administrator, Office for
Transportation Security (January 2012 – June 2016)

OTS Journal Issue No. 2011-4 June 2012

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