Common Derivatives and Integrals Common Derivatives and Integrals

Derivatives Integrals
Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules
d
( cf ( x ) ) = cf ′ ( x ) , c is any constant. ( f ( x ) ± g ( x ) )′ =f ′ ( x ) ± g ′ ( x ) ∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx , c is a constant. ∫ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
dx
f ( x=
) dx F (=
x ) a F ( b ) − F ( a ) where F ( x ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx
b
∫a
b
d n
dx
( x ) = nx n−1 , n is any number. d
dx
( c ) = 0 , c is any constant.
∫ a cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant. ∫ a f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx= ∫ a f ( x ) dx ± ∫ a g ( x ) dx
b b b b b

 f ′ f ′ g − f g ′
(f =g )′ f ′ g + f g ′ – (Product Rule)   =
∫ a f ( x ) dx = 0 ∫ a f ( x ) dx = −∫b f ( x ) dx
– (Quotient Rule) a b a
g g2
d
( )
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ′ ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) (Chain Rule) f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx dx c ( b − a )
b c b b

dx ∫=
a a c ∫a c=
g′( x)
( ) If f ( x ) ≥ 0 on a ≤ x ≤ b then f ( x ) dx ≥ 0
b
d g ( x)
e = g′( x) e ( )
g x d
( ln g ( x ) ) = g x ∫a
dx dx ( )
If f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ a f ( x ) dx ≥ ∫ a g ( x ) dx
b b

Common Derivatives
Polynomials Common Integrals
d
dx
(c) = 0
d
dx
( x) = 1
d
dx
( cx ) = c
d n
dx
( x ) = nx n−1 d
dx
( cx n ) = ncx n−1 Polynomials
1 n +1
∫ dx= x+c ∫ k dx
= k x+c ∫ x dx
= x + c, n ≠ −1
n

n +1
Trig Functions
⌠ 1= 1
∫x = ∫
−n
d d d  dx ln x + c
−1
dx ln x + c =
x dx x − n +1 + c, n ≠ 1
( sin x ) = cos x ( cos x ) = − sin x ( tan x ) = sec2 x ⌡x −n + 1
dx dx dx p p p+q
⌠ 1 = 1 1 q +1 q
d
( sec x ) = sec x tan x
d
( csc x ) = − csc x cot x
d
( cot x ) = − csc2 x  ln ax + b + c ∫= x= +c +c
q q
dx x dx x
dx dx dx ⌡ ax + b a p
q +1 p+q

Inverse Trig Functions Trig Functions

d
( sin −1 x ) = 1 2 d
( cos−1 x ) = − 1 2 d
( tan −1 x ) = 1 +1x 2 ∫ cos u=
du sin u + c ∫ sin u du = − cos u + c ∫ sec u= du tan u + c 2

dx 1− x dx 1− x dx
∫ sec u tan u=
du sec u + c ∫ = − + ∫ du = − cot u + c 2
csc u cot udu csc u c csc u
d
( sec −1 x ) =
1 d
( csc −1 x ) = −
1 d
( cot −1 x ) = − 1 +1x 2 ∫ tan
= u du ln sec u + c ∫ cot
= u du ln sin u + c
dx x x2 −1 dx x x2 −1 dx

∫ sec u du= ln sec u + tan u + c ∫ sec =u du

1
2
( sec u tan u + ln sec u + tan u ) + c
3

Exponential/Logarithm Functions
( a ) = a x ln ( a )
d x d x
(e ) = ex ∫ csc u du= ln csc u − cot u + c ∫ csc
3 1
u du =−
2
( csc u cot u + ln csc u − cot u ) + c
dx dx
d
dx
( ln =
( x )) , x > 0
1
x
d
dx
( ln=
x)
1
x
, x≠0
d
dx
( log
= a ( x ))
1
x ln a
, x>0 Exponential/Logarithm Functions
au
∫e
u
du= eu + c ∫a =
u
du +c ∫ ln u=
du u ln ( u ) − u + c
Hyperbolic Trig Functions ln a
d d d e au
( sinh x ) = cosh x ( cosh x ) = sinh x ( tanh x ) = sech 2 x au
) du 2 2 ( a sin ( bu ) − b cos ( bu ) ) + c
∫ e sin ( bu= ∫ ue du =( u − 1) e
u u
+c
dx dx dx a +b
d d d
( sech x ) = − sech x tanh x ( csch x ) = − csch x coth x ( coth x ) = − csch 2 x e au
) du 2 2 ( a cos ( bu ) + b sin ( bu ) ) + c ⌠ 1=
∫ e cos ( bu
=  du ln ln u + c
au
dx dx dx a +b ⌡ u ln u

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus I & II notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus I & II notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins

Common Derivatives and Integrals Common Derivatives and Integrals

Inverse Trig Functions

⌠ 1 u Trig Substitutions
du sin −1   + c ∫ sin
−1
 = du u sin −1 u + 1 − u 2 + c
u= If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula.
⌡ a2 − u2 a
a
⌠ 1 u a 2 − b2 x2 ⇒ x= sin θ and cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
du u tan −1 u − ln (1 + u 2 ) + c
1 1
tan −1   + c ∫ tan
−1
= du u= b
⌡ a +u a
2 2
a 2 a
b2 x2 − a 2 ⇒ x = sec θ and tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ − 1
⌠ 1 1 u
sec −1   + c ∫ cos b
−1
 = du du u cos −1 u − 1 − u 2 + c
u=
⌡ u u2 − a2 a a a
a 2 + b2 x2 ⇒ x= tan θ and sec 2 θ =1 + tan 2 θ
b
Hyperbolic Trig Functions Partial Fractions
∫ sinh=
u du cosh u + c ∫ sech u tanh u du =
− sech u + c ∫ sech =
u du tanh u + c ⌠ P ( x)
2

If integrating  dx where the degree (largest exponent) of P ( x ) is smaller than the

∫ cosh=
u du sinh u + c ∫ csch u coth u du =
− csch u + c ∫ csch u du =
2
− coth u + c ⌡ Q ( x)
degree of Q ( x ) then factor the denominator as completely as possible and find the partial
∫=
tanh u du ln ( cosh u ) + c =
∫ sech u du tan sinh u + c
−1

fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction

decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the
Miscellaneous
decomposition according to the following table.
⌠ 1 du 1 ln u + a + c ⌠= 1 1 u−a
=  2 du ln +c
⌡ a2 − u2 2a u − a ⌡ u − a2 2a u + a Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D
u 2 a2
∫ a 2 + u 2 du
= a + u 2 + ln u + a 2 + u 2 + c
ax + b
A
( ax + b )
k
A1
+
A2
+ +
Ak
2 2
ax + b ax + b ( ax + b )2 ( ax + b )
k

u 2 a2
∫ u 2 − a 2 du
= u − a 2 − ln u + u 2 − a 2 + c Ax + B A1 x + B1 Ak x + Bk
( ax + bx + c ) + +
k
2 2 ax 2 + bx + c
2
ax 2 + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )
k
u 2 a2 u ax 2 + bx + c
∫ a 2 − u 2 du
=
2
a − u 2 + sin −1   + c
2 a
u−a Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions
a2  a −u 
∫ 2au −=
u 2 du
2
2au − u 2 + cos −1 
2  a 
+c ∫ sin x cos x dx
n m

1. If n is odd. Strip one sine out and convert the remaining sines to cosines using
Standard Integration Techniques sin 2 x = 1 − cos 2 x , then use the substitution u = cos x
Note that all but the first one of these tend to be taught in a Calculus II class. 2. If m is odd. Strip one cosine out and convert the remaining cosines to sines
using cos 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x
u Substitution 3. If n and m are both odd. Use either 1. or 2.
∫ a f ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) dx then the substitution u = g ( x ) will convert this into the
b
Given 4. If n and m are both even. Use double angle formula for sine and/or half angle
formulas to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated.
g (b)
integral, ∫ f ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( u ) du . ∫ tan x sec x dx
b n m

a g(a)
1. If n is odd. Strip one tangent and one secant out and convert the remaining
Integration by Parts =
tangents to secants using tan 2
x sec 2 x − 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x
The standard formulas for integration by parts are, 2. If m is even. Strip two secants out and convert the remaining secants to tangents
b b using sec x = 1 + tan x , then use the substitution u = tan x
2 2

∫ udv =
uv − ∫ vdu ∫ a udv =
uv a − ∫ vdu
b
a 3. If n is odd and m is even. Use either 1. or 2.
Choose u and dv and then compute du by differentiating u and compute v by using the 4. If n is even and m is odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.
( cos x ) = (1 − sin x )
3 3
fact that v = ∫ dv . Convert Example : cos 6 x= 2 2

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus I & II notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus I & II notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins