MAIMUUTTUNUTULUIROMANI INIUS009742252B2

(12) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 9 ,742 ,252 B2

Annis (45) Date of Patent : Aug. 22 , 2017
(54 ) MAGNETIC ELECTRICITY GENERATOR USPC .... 310/46, 166 – 172 , 216.021 -216.039, 153,
(71) Applicant: Transducing Energy Devices, LLC , 310 / 154 , 155 , 156 , 49.09 , 49.22 , 49.41,
Ann Arbor , MI (US)
310 /178 , 190 , 192, 266, 113, 268
See application file for complete search history .
( 72 ) Inventor: Theodore C . Annis , Ann Arbor, MI ( 56 ) References Cited
(US )
U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
(73 ) Assignee : Transducing Energy Devices, LLC ,
Ann Arbor, MI (US ) 3,673,446 A * 6 /1972 Watai .................. HO1H 53/ 10
310 / 172
( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 3 ,745,388 A * 7/1973 Frederick ............. HO2K 37/ 08
310 /264
patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,606 ,230 A * 2/1997 Drury ............... B60L31011/ 102
/ 1805R
U . S .C . 154 (b ) by 663 days .
( 21) Appl. No.: 14 /306 ,805 (Continued )
(22) Filed : Jun . 17, 2014 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
DK WO 0133700 A1 * 5 / 2001 ....... B62J 6 /06
(65 ) Prior Publication Data JP WO 9411940 A1 * 5/ 1994 ............ HO2K 21/ 38
US 2015 /0364979 A1 Dec. 17 , 2015
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
(51 ) Int. Cl.
HO2K 21/ 38 ( 2006 . 01) Ijima (WO 9411940 A1, English translation ).*
HO2K 21/40 ( 2006 .01) (Continued )
HO2K 21/42 ( 2006 .01)
HO2K 21/ 24 ( 2006 .01 ) Primary Examiner — Naishadh Desai
H02K 16 / 04 ( 2006 .01 ) Assistant Examiner — Alexander Moraza
HO2K 1/ 17 ( 2006 .01) (74 ) Attorney , Agent, or Firm — John G . Posa; Belzer PC
HOZK 1/ 14 ( 2006 .01)
(52 ) U .S . CI. (57) ABSTRACT
CPC . ........... ... HO2K 21/ 38 (2013 .01); H02K 1/ 141 An electricity generator using a six -segment rotating flux
(2013.01) ; HO2K 16 /04 ( 2013.01); HO2K switch , a 2x2 switching sequence with four magnetic flux
21/ 24 (2013.01) ; HO2K 21/40 (2013 .01); switch sites, and a unique magnetic circuit design , all of
HO2K 21 /42 ( 2013 .01) which together alternate the magnetic flux from a stationary
permanent magnet through a stationary magnetic segment
(58 ) Field of Classification Search around which is wound a pickup coil thereby inducing
CPC ........ HO2K 21/38 ; HO2K 21/ 40 ; HO2K 21/42 ; electricity in the pickup coil. Both the vector direction and
HO2K 1 / 141; HO2K 1 /143 ; HO2K 21/ 225; the scalar value of the magnetic flux are alternated within the
HO2K 21/18; HO2K 19 / 24 ; HO2K 1 / 17 ; stationary magnetic segment resulting in a high power
HO2K 16 / 04 ; HO2K 21/026 ; HO2K output of AC electricity.
21/185 ; HO2K 21/24 ; HO2K 37/ 16 ; HO2K
53/00 ; HO2K 1/2793 1 Claim , 9 Drawing Sheets

102 O
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104

742

(166
 US 9,742 ,252 B2
Page 2

(56 ) References Cited

U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
6 ,246 , 561 B1 6 / 2001 Flynn
6 , 362,718 B1 3 / 2002 Patrick et al.
6 ,946 , 938 B1 9 / 2005 Pedersen
7 ,804 ,386 B2 * 9 /2010 Yonnet ....... FOIL 9 /04
123 / 90 . 11
2005 /0116569 A1 * 6 / 2005 Fahy C23F 11 /00
. ...............
310 / 168
2005 /0156702 Al 7 /2005 Marshall
2007 /0194647 A1 * 8 /2007 Maeda . ........... HO2K 99 / 20
310 / 152
2008/0001491 A1 * 1/2008 Qu ................. HO2K 19 / 103
310 / 179
2009/0096219 A14 / 2009 Annis et al.
2009/0121571 A1 * 5/ 2009 Onuma F04D 29 /058
310 /90 . 5
2013/ 0015741 A1 * 1/ 2013 Kim .............. HO2K 21/ 18
310 / 114
2013 /0093295 A1* 4 /2013 Rabal .................. HO2K 47 / 14
310 / 68 B
2014 /0091890 AL 4 /2014 Annis et al.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Konrad et al., An Improved Method for Virtual Air Gap Length
Computation , IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 41 ( 10 ), Oct. 2005 .
Moskowitz , “ Permanent Magnet Design and Application Hand
book ” 1995 , p . 52 .
U .S . Navy publication, “Navy Electricity and Electronics Series,
Module 8 — Introduction to Amplifiers” , pp . 3 -64 to 3 -66 , Sep. 1998 .
* cited by examiner
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 US 9 ,742,252 B2
MAGNETIC ELECTRICITY GENERATOR One electrical reluctance switch implementation uses a
control coil or coils wound around a magnetic path or a
FIELD OF THE INVENTION sub -member that affects the path . U . S . Navy publication ,
“ Navy Electricity and Electronics Series, Module 8 — Intro
This invention relates generally to electrical energy gen - 5 duction to Amplifiers ” September 1998 , page 3 -64 to 3 -66
eration and , in particular, to methods and apparatus wherein describes how to modulate alternating current by changing
magnetic flux is switched through a flux path to produce the reluctance of the entire primary magnetic path by these
electricity. means, one of which is used in a saturable -core reactor and
the other in a magnetic amplifier. Flynn , U . S . Pat. No.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 10 6 , 246 ,561; Patrick et al., U . S . Pat. No . 6 ,362,718 ; Pedersen ,
U . S . Pat. No . 6 , 946 , 938 ; Marshall, and US Patent Applica
Magnetic flux may exist in “ free -space,” in materials that tion 2005/01256702 -A1 all disclose methods and apparatus
have the magnetic characteristics of free - space , and in that employ this type of reluctance switch for switching
materials with magnetically conductive characteristics. The magnetic flux from a stationary permanent magnet or mag
degree of magnetic conduction in magnetically cally conductive 15 nets for the purpose of generating electricity (and /or motive
materials is typically indicated with a B - H hysteresis curve , force ).
by a magnetization curve, or both . Another electrical means of implementing a reluctance
Permanent magnets may now be composed of materials switch is the placement within the primary magnetic path of
that have a high coercively (He), a high magnetic flux 2020 certain classes of materials that change (typically increase )
density (Br) , a high magneto motive force (mmf), a high their reluctance upon the application of electricity. A differ
maximum energy product (BHmax ), with no significant ent way of implementing a reluctance switch is to saturate a
sub -region of a primary magnetic path by inserting conduct
deterioration of magnetic strength over time. An example is ing electricalwires into the material comprising the primary
the N52 NdFeB permanent magnet from magnet supplier, magnetic path . Such a technique is described by Konrad and
www .magnet4sale .com , which has an Hc of 1, 079 ,000 25 Brudny in “ An Improved Method for Virtual Air Gap Length
Amperes/meter, a Br of 1.427 Tesla , an mmf ranging up to Computation ,” in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41 ,
575 ,000 Ampere -turns, and a BHmax of 392 ,000 Joules / No . 10 , October 2005 . A further electrical means of imple
meter .
According to Moskowitz ,“ PermanentMagnet Design and menting a reluctance switch is described by Valeri Ivanov of
Bulgaria on the website www .inkomp - delta .com .
Application Handbook ” 1995 , page 52 , magnetic flux may 30
be thought of as flux lines which always leave and enter the SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
surfaces of ferromagnetic materials at right angles , which
never can make true right-angle turns , which travel only in An electricity generator using a six -segment rotating flux
straight or curved paths , which follow the shortest distance , switch , a 2x2 switching sequence with four magnetic flux
and which follow the path of lowest reluctance ( resistance to 35 switch sites , and a unique magnetic circuit design , all of
magneto motive force ). which together alternate the magnetic flux from a stationary
Free space presents a high reluctance path to magnetic permanent magnet through a stationary magnetic segment
flux . There are many materials that have the magnetic around which is wound a pickup coil thereby inducing
characteristics similar to those of free space . There are other electricity in the pickup coil. Both the vector direction and
materials that offer a low or lower reluctance path for 40 the scalar value of the magnetic flux are alternated resulting
magnetic flux , and it is these materials that typically com
com- in a high power output of AC electricity .
prise a defined and controllable magnetic path .
High -performance magnetic materials for use as magnetic BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
paths within a magnetic circuit are now available and are
well suited for the (rapid ) switching of magnetic flux with a 45 FIG . 1 is an oblique drawing of a preferred embodiment
minimum of eddy currents. Certain of these materials are of the invention ;
highly nonlinear and respond to a “ small” applied magneto FIG . 2 is a detail drawing of the magnetic flux delivery
motive force (mmf) with a robust generation of magnetic subsystem including the rotating disk ;
flux ( B ) within the material. The magnetization curves of FIG . 3 is a detail drawing of the magnetic flux delivery
such materials show a high relative permeability ( ur ) until 50 subsystem without the disk ;
the “ knee of the curve ” is reached , at which point ur F IG . 4 is a detail drawing of the electromagnetic induction
decreases rapidly approaching unity as magnetic saturation subsystem ;
(Bs) is reached . FIGS. 5A - 5G illustrate how an alternating current is
A “ reluctance switch ” is a device or means that can induced in a coil via rotation of the disk ; and
significantly increase or decrease the reluctance of a mag - 55 FIG . 6 is a magnetic equivalent circuit of the preferred
netic path . This is ideally done in a direct and rapid manner, embodiment.
while allowing a subsequent restoration to the previous
reluctance , also in a direct and rapid manner. A reluctance DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
switch typically has analog characteristics . By way of con INVENTION
trast, an off/on electric switch typically has a digital char - 60
acteristic , as there is no electricity “bleed -through .” With the FIG . 1 is an oblique drawing of a preferred embodiment
current state of the art, however, reluctance switches exhibit of the invention depicted generally at 100 . The apparatus
somemagnetic flux bleed -through . Reluctance switches may broadly comprises a magnetic flux delivery subsystem 102
be implemented mechanically , such as to cause keeper and an electromagnetic induction subsystem 104 separated
movement to create an air gap , or rotating a lower reluctance 65 by a rotating disk 106 . As will be seen , in contrast to typical
material through an air gap (a high reluctance path segment) electrical generators , the system induces electricity in a
or electrically by various other means. stationary winding, wound around a magnetic path in which
 US 9 ,742,252 B2
electricity is generated to a varying magnetic field , thereby material, most preferably HF - 10 C5, with laminations hav
generating electrical energy , without the use of rotating ing thicknesses in the range of 0 .010 inches . Laminations are
windings . used to inhibit eddy currents and improve efficiency . In
FIG . 2 is a detail drawing of the magnetic flux delivery terms of dimensions, the apparatus may be constructed in
subsystem including the rotating disk , and FIG . 3 is a detail 5 different sizes . In one example , the various bars have cross
drawing of the magnetic flux delivery subsystem without the sections with dimensions ranging from 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 inches .
disk .
The magnetic flux delivery subsystem comprises a plate Disk which
106 may have a diameter on the order of 14 inches, in
case the surfaces facing the disk are about 0 .010
103 to which there is coupled two C - shaped members 105 , inches apart .
114 . Each C -shaped member comprises two arms extending 10 The disk may rotate in either direction , at different speeds,
away from plate 103 and toward the rotating disk 106 . In
particular,member 105 includes arms 107 , 108 , and member though constant speeds in the range of 1000 to 4000 RPM
114 includes arms 116 , 118 . Arm 107 terminates in a flat are preferred . Any mechanical energy may be used to turn
surface N1; arm 108 terminates in flat surface N2 , arm 116 the disk , including wind , water, manual cranking, and so
terminates in flat surface S1; and arm 118 terminates in flat 15 forth . The disk may also be motor -driven , using at least a
surface S2. All of the flat surfaces N1, N2 , S1, S2 lie in a portion of the alternating current produced by the electro
common first plane. The ends of the arms 107 , 108 , 116 , 118 magnetic induction subsystem .
are preferably chamfered as shown so that the surfaces Ni, FIGS. 5A - 5G illustrate how an alternating current is
N2, S1 , S2 better conform to the magnetically conductive induced in coil 164 via rotation of disk 106 . FIG . 5A
wedges of the rotating disk described below . 20 illustrates an arbitrary starting position , with rotation arbi
A magnet is interposed between the back surfaces of one trarily proceeding in a counter- clockwise direction . In FIG .
or both of the C - shaped members and the plate 103 . As seen 5A , flux from surface N1 of the magnetic flux delivery
in FIGS. 2 , 3, two permanentmagnets 124, 126 are shown . subsystem (behind insert A ), is able to conduct through
If two magnets are used , they are arranged in ‘ series ,' that is, insert A , into surface 1 , through bar 162, through insert D ,
with their poles alternating such that their magnetic fields 25 and into surface S2 of the magnetic flux delivery subsystem
are additive . Arbitrarily, surfaces N1, N2 are ‘ north ’ poles, (behind insert D ). Arbitrarily, then , magnetic flux may be
whereas surfaces S1, S2 are ‘ south ' poles . If the magnet( s ) thought of as ' flowing ' from right to left through bar 162
are reversed so , too , would these arbitrary poles . around which wire 164 is wound . A meter 500 in series with
The electromagnetic induction subsystem , illustrated in wire 164 shows a positive current in one direction ( assuming
FIG . 4 , also comprises a pair of C - shaped members 142 , 30 continuous rotation and a previous flux reversal as described
152. Each C - shaped member also has a pair of arms oriented below ) .
toward rotating disk 106 . In particular, member 142 includes In FIG . 5B , the disk has rotated 5 degrees CCW . Inserts
arms 144, 146 , and member 152 includes arms 154 , 156 . A , D are no longer as well aligned with the corresponding
Arm 144 terminates in a flat surface 1 ; arm 146 terminates surfaces of the magnetic flux delivery and electromagnetic
in flat surface 2 ; arm 154 terminates in flat surface 3 ; and 35 induction subsystems, causing the current induced in the coil
arm 156 terminates in flat surface 4 . All of the flat surfaces to diminish somewhat, as indicated by meter 500. In FIG .
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 lie in a common second plane, spaced -apart from 5C , at 10 degrees of rotation , the overlap and induced
and parallel to the first plane. current continue to diminish . In FIG . 5D , the overlap of
Continuing the description of the electromagnetic induc - insert A and surface N1, the overlap of insert B and S1; the
tion subsystem , a bar 160 shown in FIG . 1 is disposed 40 overlap of insert D and surface S2, and the overlap of insert
between the mid -sections of C - shape members 142 , 152 . A E and surface N2 are all equal, resulting in little if any
coil of wire 164 , wrapped around bar 160 , is interconnected induced current .
to a utilization device 166 . As described in detail below , In FIG . 5E , however , at 20 degrees of rotation , the overlap
during operation , magnetic flux reverses direction through of inset B and surface Si, as well as the overlap of insert E
bar 160 , thereby inducing an alternating current through 45 and surface N2 begin to increase , now causing a left -to - right
wire 164 . flux to develop though bar 160 . This overlap continues to
The surfaces of the arms associated with themagnetic flux increase in FIGS . 5F and 5G , maximizing the induced
delivery subsystem are axially aligned with the surfaces of current from left -to -right in the drawing. As rotation con
the arms associated with the electromagnetic induction tinues, the process described abovewill repeat, involving the
subsystem . The first and second planes are spaced apart at a 50 other inserts , such that the flux will reverse precisely three
distance to receive rotating disk 106 . In the preferred times through bar 160 for each full rotation of disk 106 .
embodiment, the surfaces are as close as possible to the front
and back surfaces of the disk while allowing it to rotate The invention claimed is :
freely . 1. An electrical energy generator, comprising :
Disk 106 is constructed from a non -magnetic material 55 a plate ;
such as aluminum , but includes six flux -carrying inserts A , a pair of first C - shaped members, each having a midsec
B , C , D , E , F best seen in FIG . 2 . The wedge -shaped inserts , tion with a back side coupled to the plate;
which extend all the way through the disk 106 from front to each first C -shaped member having a pair of arms extend
back surface , are constructed from a high magnetic perme ing away from the plate ;
ability material such as iron or other ferromagnetic material. 60 each arm terminating in a surface such that all four ofthe
Disk 106 is supported on a rod 130 that rotates about a surfaces are tangent to a first plane ;
central axis. The ends of the rod include some form of at least one magnet disposed between the back of one of
bearing structure 132 engineered to minimize friction . the C -shaped members and the plate, such that the
Needle or gas bearing may be used , for example . surfaces associated with the arms of one of the first
The C - shaped members of the magnetic flux delivery and 65 members is a north magnetic pole , and the surfaces
electromagnetic induction subsystems, as well as bar 160 , associated with the arms of the other one of the first
are preferably constructed from laminated electrical steel members is a south magnetic pole;
 US 9 ,742,252 B2
a pair of second C - shaped members , each having a
midsection with a back side and a pair of arms extend
ing toward the plate;
each arm terminating in a surface such that all four of the
surfaces are tangent to a second plane parallel to the 5
first plane;
the surfaces of the arms of the first C -shaped member
being aligned with the surfaces of the of the arms of the
second C - shaped member in facing relationship across
the gap ; 10
a central arm coupling the midsections of the pair of
second C - shaped members;
wherein the plate , the first and second C - shaped members ,
and the central arm are all constructed of a magnetic
flux conductive material; 15
a coil of electrically conductive wire wrapped around the
central arm , the wire having two ends interconnected to
an electricity utilization device ;
a rotating disk with opposing outer surfaces disposed in
the gap ; 20
the disk being constructed of a non -magnetizable material
with exception of a six spaced apart, radial inserts of
magnetic flux conductive material extending entirely
through the disk from one outer surface to the other ;
and
wherein the inserts of the disk and the aligned surfaces of
the arms of the first and second C - shaped members
being geometrically configured such that as the disk
rotates , the magnetic flux from the magnet conducts
through the inserts in sequence, thereby reversing the 30
direction of the flux through the central arm , inducing
an alternating current in the coil of wire .
* * *