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P
Psyche and Logos combined: study of mind and soul. Scientific study
S
and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes
Y
of organisms.
C

H • Science application of one or more scientific methods.

O Factual information are necessary to prove certain
L phenomena.
O
• Study of behavior associate the way of thinking of an
G
individual to his behavior
Y
• Mental Processes form of cognition, reasoning, perception,
attention and capability to remember and solve problems.

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

OVERT & Overt: observable and can be manifested outwardly (i.e. walking
COVERT playing writing)

Covert: not directly visible (i.e. lying thinking learning)

CONCIOUS, Conscious: actions that is within one’s awareness ( problem solving

UNCONSCIOUS & skills, emotional feelings)
NON-CONSCIOUS
Unconscious: actions without awareness ( hunger and thirst)

Non-conscious: bodily activities ( food digestion, blood pressure)

RATIONAL & Rational: within the realm of sanity and adequate reasons (admiring
IRRATIONAL someone because of its physique)

Irrational: without apparent reasons and explanation.

VOLUNTARY & Voluntary: done with full will and discretion. ( moving some parts of
INVOLUNTARY your body intentionally)

Involuntary: actions done automatically ( blinking of eyes)

SIMPLE & COMPLEX Simple: actions that requires fewer neurons. Complex: more neurons

Psychology and other sciences

Biopsychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychotropics, psychosurgery, social

psychology, psycholinguistics or psychology of language
 PSYCHOGENESIS OF PSYCHOLOGY

ANCIENT PERIOD Animism is used to explain a certain behavior. Gods and spirits who
were attributed to be the direct cause of events and activities of
man.

GREEK PERIOD
Began with the Greek’s earliest quest for the knowledge of human nature
DEMOCRITUS (460-370 BCE ) human mind is composed of atoms which penetrates
in and out of our system.
PLATO (428/427-348/347 BCE) Soul is distinct to man and it is God given. The
BODY as: knower, thinker, determiner.
• Element of Reason ( in the head ) highest level of value
• Spirited Element ( in the heart) expressing of emotions
• Element of Bodily Appetites and Desires (diaphragm)
pattern of personality and goal in life.
ARISTOTLE (384 BC – 322 BC) considered as the father of psychology. Believes
that human brain is just a gland that performs minor functions.
Three functions of soul:
• Vegetative deals with basic maintenance of life
• Growth and reproduction; does not have rational
thought
• Appetitive focuses on desires and motives
• Moral virtues
• Rational located in the heart; governs reason.
• Possessed by humans; has the rational though
HIPPOCRATES (460-370 BCE) Father of medicine; first to classify different mental
disorders during classical period; believes that mental disorders
arose from natural causes.
GALEN (129- 216 AD) Theorized the relation of temperament and
physiological factors; believes that behavior is attributed to the
“humors” or the vital juices of the body or the bile.
TEMPERMENTS:
• Sanguine - yellow bile: Cheerfulness
• Phlegmatic - green bile: Sluggishness
• Melancholic - black bile: Sadness
 • Choleric – red bile: Irascibility

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

ST. AUGUSTINE OF Catholic saint; combined the Greek Platonic though with
HIPPO Christian thinking and introduce the method of introspection:
how does an individual describe his own conscious processes.
ST. THOMAS OF Believes that the mind is a living matter to his idea of immortality.
AQUINAS When the body dies, the soul separates and becomes a spirit.
PRE-MODERN PERIOD

RUDOLF GӦCKEL German scholastic philosopher; attributed for the initial use of
psychology
“Yucologia hoc est de hominis perfection, anima, ortu.”
("Psychology, that is, on the perfection arising from the soul of
man.)

FRANCIS BACON Propose the idea that psychology should separate from philosophy
and should be treated as natural science. This is his concept of
naturalism.
RENE DESCARTES Introduced the idea of dualism and concept of reflex action. That
means body and mind interact or work together to make an
individual functional.
• Body – physical or material entity
• Mind – spirited entity
THOMAS HOBBES Sees human beings as physical objects and sophisticated
machines whose functions and activities can be described and
explained in purely mechanistic terms; his ideas refers to the
specific desires and appetites in the human body and are
experienced as discomforts and pain that needs to be overcome.
Each of us are driven to relieve those discomforts to preserve our
well-being.

JOHN LOCKE Introduced the idea that all experiences may be analyzed. Tabula
Rasa: mind is like a blank tablet compose of the collection of
experiences that an individual will have throughout his life and this
will reflect his behavior.
GEORGE BERKELY Your ideas become the only reality; the idea of an individual
becomes true only to himself. Because he believes in it.
CHRISTIAN VON He divided Reality into Two parts
WOLFF • ONTOLOGY- possible things;
• METAPHYSICS- actual things; universe, soul and God
DAVID HUME Gave the difference between impressions and ideas and between
created images and direct sensation
FRANZ ANTON Utilized the method of “animal magnetism” to cure hysteria a.k.a
MESMER hypnosis. This is used as a form of psychotherapy, relaxation, and
an alternative to anesthesia.
IMMANUEL KANT Mind is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory
experiences.
JOHANN FRIEDRICH Made psychology as a science.
HERBART
ERNST WEBER It is necessary to be stimulated first to be able to gain sensation.
HERMANN von Made the theory of color vision; the eye only see the basic color.
HELMHOLTZ Other colors are just product of mixture of different colors.
CHARLES DARWIN Introduced the concept natural selection. In his theory the origin of
species: man evolved from primitive species.
GUSTAV FECHNER The law of the connection between the mind and the body can be
found in a statement of quantitative relation between material
sensation and material stimulus.
PAUL BROCA A person with a damage on the specific area of the brain’s left
hemisphere may lose their ability to speak fluently. It became
popular that this part of the brain was eventually called as the
Broca’s Brain
FRANCIS GALTON He is the father of the Behavioral Genetics. he introduced the idea
of individual differences.

MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

WILHELM WUNDT Established the first psychological laboratory in Germany. He iwas

recognized as the father of modern/scientific psychology

WILLIAM JAMES He is the founder of the American Psychology. Worked with Wundt.

EMIL KRAEPLIN A German psychiatrist, Father of modern psychiatry and was the
first to describe bipolar disorder.
• Manic Depressive - mania an depression both affect the
patient. This leads to advancement of classifying, treating
and predicting the course of mental illness.
EDWARD TITCHENER He also worked with Wundt and develop the idea of structuralism.
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY

SIGMUND FREUD Father of Psychoanalysis. Studied the unconscious mid and develop
the psychoanalytic process of free association.
CARL JUNG Develop the theory of origin of neurosis. He was a neo Freudian
and established the analytic psychology. Gave emphasis on the
importance of the collective unconscious as the basis of affect to
behavior.
ALFRED ADLER Also a Neo-Freudian. He conceptualized the importance of
 superiority and inferiority as a factor that affects man existence.
KAREN HORNEY Human beings have the basic need for love and security. Humans
feel anxious and agitated when they are alienated or isolated.
KARL PEARSON Statistical evaluation of human nature, correlational analysis,
develop the chi-squared statistic with intellectual encouragement
from Galton.
These analyses were important components leading to multivariate
statistical analysis.
CHARLES SPEARMAN The first systematic Psychometrician, father of classical test
theory, made the statistical technique called factor analysis and was
able to discover a general factor (g) in correlational among mental
tests.
ALFRED BINET & Develop the first intelligence Quotient Test; Binet-Simon Scale
THEODRE SIMON was honored in 1984 by the journal science as one of twenty of
twentieth century’s most significant developments and discoveries.
IVAN PAVLOV Russian Psychologist; hi physiology of digestion led to the
development of the first experimental model of learning.
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
WILLIAM McDOUGAL Recognized as the foremost psychologist of all English-speaking
countries. He is the exponent of the hormic psychology.
There is an end or purpose which goads us to action, without any
real knowledge and without thought of pleasure.
Human progress can only be determined in terms of horme and
drive.
Human behavior can be determined by both instinctive and
intentional strivings.
EDWARD THORNDIKE Father of Education Psychology
Known for his early animal studies and principle of Instrumental
Learning the law of effect
BF SKINNER Contributed the system of operant conditioning
• OPERANT CONDITIONING the organism is in the process
of operating on the environment.
His theory led to the development of behaviorism as a theory of
personality and as a basis of behavioral modifications.
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY
a.k.a School of thought; an organized explanations of a certain phenomena believed by groups
of people supporting the principle
1. STRUCTURALISM Believes in the importance of the structure of the mind. It focuses
William Wundt and on breaking down mental processes into the most basic
Edward Titchener components.
The mind is structured through conscious experiences; basic
skin sensations, warmth, cold, pain, and pressure.
They analyzed the sensation of coolness as the combined
 experience of cold and smoothness.
They used the method introspection. Subjects were trained to
observe and report as accurately as they could their mental
processes, feelings, and experiences.
2. FUNCTIONALISM Retract the idea of structuralism. Emphasize the functional
John Dewey, William adjustment of an organism to his environment.
James, James Rowland Function the mind rather than structure of the mind.
Angell, Harvey Carr. The function of matter which is the whole system of the stimulus
and response, makes them human and functional.
3. BEHAVIORISM
John B. Watson, Ivan
Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner
4. GESTALT
Max Wertheimer
5. PSYCHOANALYSIS
6. COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
7. EXISTENTIALIST
PSYCHOLOGY
8. HUMANISTIC