ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher miss NIMISHA SINGH
MADAM, who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project of biology on
‘DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE’, who also
helped me in completing my project. I came to
know about so many new things. I am really
thankful to her. Secondly I would like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that master SURAJ KUMAR YADAV
of class XII-science has successfully completed his
biology investigatory project. He has taken proper
care and utmost sincerity in completion of his
project. All the work related to the investigatory
project was done by the candidate himself. The
approach toward the subject has been sincere and
scientific.

[TEACHER SIGNATURE] [EXTERNAL EXAMINER

SIGNATURE]
CONTENTS
 Introduction to drugs
 Drugs abuse
 Kind of drugs
-opioids
-cannabinoids
-cocaine
-hallucinogens
-tobacco
-Alcohol
 Side effects of drugs and alcohol
 Prevention and control
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION TO DRUG
 What is meant by DRUGS?
- Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or
treatment of disease is called a DRUG.
- A drug may also be define as the chemical
which, when taken in some way after the
body function.
- Drug is also known as medicine.
- The term drug applied to any stimulating or
depressing substance that can be habituating
or addictive.

 ADDICTION
- Addiction is the habitual, psychological and
physiological dependence on a substance or
practice.
- Which is be beyond voluntary control. A
person who is habituated to a substance or a
practice, especially a harmful one is called an
addict.
 DRUGS ABUSE
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all
aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug. Drug is also known as a
medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or addictive. Drug are broadly categorized
in many ways; hard or soft, uppers or downers, addictive or non-addictive,
most harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.

Drug abuse is also called substance abuse or chemical abuse. It is a disorder

that is characterized by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads
to significant problems or distress.

KINDS OF DRUGS
1. OPIOIDS:
- These are the drugs which binds to opioids receptors in central nervous
system and gastrointestinal tract.
Eg: - morphine and heroin
-morphine is obtained from latex of poppy plant.
- It is a pain killer used to reduce pain after surgery.

-heroin is bitter, white, odourless crystalline compound.

-heroin is generally taken by injections and it slow down the body function.
2. CANNABINOIDS:
These are the group of chemical which interact with cannabinoids
receptors present mainly in the brain.
-natural cannabinoids are obtained from the flower top of cannabis sativa.
-hashish, ganja, and charas are the different form of cannabinoids.
-these are taken by inhalation or oral ingestion.
-they affect the cardiovascular system of the body.

3. COCA ALKALOIDS/COCAINE:

Commonly called coke or crack, obtained from erythroxylon coca.

-cocaine interferes with the transport of neurotransmitter.
-usually taken by smoking.
-It has a stimulating action on CNS.

4. HALLUCINOGENS:

Product from plants like datura spp. are hallucinogenic.

-LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is obtain from fungus.
5. TOBACCO:
Tobacco are usually chewed or smoked or used as snuff.
-It contain mainly nicotine, which is stimulant or toxin.
-smoking of tobacco increases the chance of lung cancer, cancer of urinary
blood, cancer of throat, etc.
-smoking of tobacco also increases the carbon monoxide content of blood.
-chewing of tobacco causes oral cancer.

6. Alcohol:
- Alcohol is depressant.
-it affect the central nervous system.
 SIDE EFFECT OF DRUGS/ALCOHOL
1. A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and
infection.

2. Heart conditions ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart attacks

and collapsed veins and blood vessel infections from injected drugs.

3. Nausea and abdominal pain, which can also lead to changes in

appetite and weight loss.

4. Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of

significant liver damage or liver failure.

5. Problems with memory, attention and decision-making, which make

daily living more difficult.

6. Global effects of drugs on the body, such as breast development in

men and increases in body temperature, which can lead to other
health problems.
7. Excess doses can leads to coma and death due to cerebral
hemorrhage, respiratory and heart failure.
8. A combination of drugs or their intake with alcohol leads to death.
9. When drugs are taken intravenously, it can lead to infections like
AIDS and hepatitis.
10. Use of alcohol during adolescence can lead to heavy drinking in
adulthood.
11. Chronic use of drugs and alcohol damages CNS and liver.

12. The most commonly warning signal of drug/alcohol abuse:

- Drop in academic performance.
- Lack of interest in personal hygiene and hobbies.
- Fluctuations in weight.
- Change in eating and sleeping habits.
13. Misuse of anabolic steroids can cause the following in females:
-Masculinization -mood swings
-Deepening of voice -abnormal menstrual cycle
-excess hair growth on face and body
-increased aggressiveness

14. Misuse of anabolic steroids can cause the following in males:

-Acne -depression
-Decreased sperm production -enlargement of prostate gland
-reduction in size of testicles

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

1. Avoid undue peer pressure to perform beyond his/her limits, in
academics, sports and other activities.

2. Educating and counselling to face problems and stresses and to

accept failure and disappointment as part of life.

3. Seeking help from parents and peers, could help to vent their feelings
of anxiety and guilt.

4. Looking for danger signals would help in initiating proper remedial

steps or treatment.

5. Seeking professional and medical help for deaddiction and

rehabilitation would help individuals to overcome the problem
completely
 CONCLUSION
Drugs and alcohol use and addiction cause a lot of disease
and disability in the world. Recent advances in neuroscience
may help improve policies to reduce the harm that the use of
tobacco, alcohol and other psychoactive drugs impose on
society.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT TEXTBOK

 TOGRTHER WITH {REFRESHER}

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

 COMPRENSIVE BIOLOGY PRACTICAL