1

Chapter No. 7
Important Definitions:
Kinematics: The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without
reference to the forces which cause the motion.
Dynamics: The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects with
reference to the forces which cause the motion.
Displacement: Shortest distance between two points is called displacement, and it is
a vector quantity.
Velocity: Time derivative of displacement is called velocity or time rate of change of
displacement.
Acceleration: Time derivative of velocity or time rate of change of velocity.
Example: A particle is moving in such a way that its position at any time 𝑡 is
specified by

𝑟̅ = (𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 )𝑖̂ + (cos 𝑡 + sin2 𝑡)𝑗 + (𝑒 𝑡 + log 𝑡)𝑘

Find its velocity and acceleration.
Solution:
𝑑𝑟̅ 1
𝑣̅ = = (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡)𝑖 + (2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑗 + (𝑒 𝑡 + ) 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
1
𝑣̅ = (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡)𝑖 + (sin 2t −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑗 + (𝑒 𝑡 + )𝑘
𝑡
𝑑𝑣̅ 1
𝑎̅ = = (6𝑡 + 2)𝑖 + (2 cos 2𝑡 − cos 𝑡)𝑗 + (𝑒 𝑡 − 2 ) 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Cartesian Components of Velocity and Acceleration:
In plane cartesian coordinates displacement of any point can be written as
𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 (1)
Where 𝑖 & 𝑗 are the unit vectors along x and y axis.
𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑣̅ = = (𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗) = 𝑖+ 𝑗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑣̅ = 𝑖+ 𝑗 (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
In eq(2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are the cartesian component of velocity along x-axis and y-axis
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
respectively.
The magnitude of the velocity is given by

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑣 = |𝑣̅ | = √( ) + ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Now,
𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
𝑎̅ = = ( 𝑖+ 𝑗) = 2 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
In eq(3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are the cartesian component of acceleration along x-axis and y-
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
axis respectively.
Example: At any time, the position of a particle in a plane, can be specified by
(𝑎 cos 𝜔 𝑡, 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡), where 𝑎 & 𝜔 are constants. Find components of velocity and
acceleration.
Solution:
Along x-axis component of 𝑟̅ is
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡
Component of velocity along x-axis
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑎𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Component of acceleration along x-axis
𝑑2𝑥
2
= −𝑎𝜔2 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Similarly component of velocity and acceleration along y-axis are
𝑎 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑎𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 respectively.
Radial and Transverse Components:
In polar coordinates the position of a particle is specifed by radius vector 𝑟̅ and polar
angle 𝜃. The direction of the radius vector is known as the radial direction and that
perpendicular to it in the direction of increassing 𝜃 is called the transverse direction.

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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Let 𝑟̂ , 𝑠̂ be the unit vector in the radial and transverse direction respectively as shown
in fig.

𝑠̂

𝑃
𝜋
𝑟̂ +𝜃
2
𝜃
𝑥

In polar coordinates the relation between 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 is as

𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
We know in cartesian coordinates
𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
⇒ 𝑟̅ = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑖 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗
𝑟̅
⇒ = cos 𝜃 𝑖 + sin 𝜃 𝑗
𝑟
⇒ 𝑟̂ = cos 𝜃 𝑖 + sin 𝜃 𝑗 (1)
Similarly for transverse components
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠̂ = cos ( + 𝜃) 𝑖 + sin ( + 𝜃) 𝑗
2 2
⇒ 𝑠̂ = − sin 𝜃 𝑖 + cos 𝜃 𝑗 (2)
Now

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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𝑑𝑟̂ 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= − sin 𝜃 𝑖 + cos 𝜃 𝑗 = (− sin 𝜃 𝑖 + cos 𝜃 𝑗)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
By using (2)
𝑑𝑟̂
⇒ = 𝑠̂ 𝜃̇ (3)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠̂ 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= − cos 𝜃 𝑖 − sin 𝜃 𝑗 = −(cos 𝜃𝑖 + sin 𝜃 𝑗)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
By using (1)
𝑑𝑠̂
⇒ = −𝑟̂ 𝜃̇ (4)
𝑑𝑡
Components of Velocity
𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑
𝑣̅ = = (𝑟̂ 𝑟)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟̂ 𝑑𝑟
⇒ 𝑣̅ = 𝑟 + 𝑟̂
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (3)
𝑣̅ = 𝑟̇ 𝑟̂ + 𝑟𝜃̇𝑠̂
So radial component of velocity 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟̇ , transverse component is 𝑣𝜃 = 𝑟𝜃̇
Components of acceleration
𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑑
𝑎̅ = = (𝑟̇ 𝑟̂ + 𝑟𝜃̇𝑠̂ )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟̂ 𝑑𝑠̂
= 𝑟̈ 𝑟̂ + 𝑟̇ + 𝑟̇ 𝜃̇𝑠̂ + 𝑟𝜃̈𝑠̂ + 𝑟𝜃̇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑟̈ 𝑟̂ + 𝑟̇ 𝜃̇𝑠̂ + 𝑟̇ 𝜃̇𝑠̂ + 𝑟𝜃̈𝑠̂ − 𝑟𝜃̇ 𝜃̇𝑟̂
2
𝑎̅ = (𝑟̈ − 𝑟(𝜃̇) ) 𝑟̂ + (2𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ + 𝑟𝜃̈)𝑠̂
2
So, 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟̈ − 𝑟(𝜃̇) and 𝑎𝜃 = 2𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ + 𝑟𝜃̈
Theorem:
The velocity of a particle at any point is along the tangent at that point.

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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Proof: Consider the motion of a particle along path 𝐴𝐵. Suppose at times 𝑡 and
𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡 the particle travels the distance 𝑠 and 𝑠 + 𝛿𝑠 from the fixed point A to the point
𝑃 and 𝑄 whose position vectors are 𝑟̅ and 𝑟̅ + 𝛿𝑟̅ respectively.

𝐴 𝑄

𝛿𝑠
𝑟̅ + 𝛿𝑟̅ 𝛿𝑟̅
𝑣̅
𝑃
𝑟̅
𝐵

If 𝑣̅ is the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡.

Then
𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑𝑠
𝑣̅ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Now
𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑𝑠
𝑣̅ = = ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟̅
𝑣̅ = 𝑣 (1)
𝑑𝑠
𝒅𝒓̅
Direction of :
𝒅𝒔

Since
𝑑𝑟̅ 1
= lim ( ) 𝛿𝑟̅
𝑑𝑠 𝛿𝑠→0 𝛿𝑠
𝑑𝑟̅
∴ is a vector along the tangent to the path at point P.
𝑑𝑠
𝒅𝒓̅
Magnitude of :
𝒅𝒔

𝑑𝑟̅ ̅
𝛿
| | = | lim ( 𝑟 ) | = 1
𝑑𝑠 𝛿𝑠
𝛿𝑠 →0

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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𝑑𝑟̅
Hence is unit vector along tangent.
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑟̅
So we can say = 𝑡̂
𝑑𝑠

Eq (1) becomes
𝑣̅ = 𝑣𝑡̂
Above equation show that velocity of a particle at point 𝑃 is along the tangent at 𝑃.
Tangential and normal components of velocity and acceleration:
Consider the motion of a particle along path 𝐴𝐵. Suppose at times 𝑡 and 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡
the particle travels the distance 𝑠 and 𝑠 + 𝛿𝑠 from the fixed point A to the point 𝑃 and
𝑄 whose position vectors are 𝑟̅ and 𝑟̅ + 𝛿𝑟̅ respectively. Clearly 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ = 𝛿𝑟̅

𝐴 𝑄

𝛿𝑠
𝑟̅ + 𝛿𝑟̅ 𝛿𝑟̅
𝑣̅
𝑃
𝑟̅

If 𝑣̅ is the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡.

Then
𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑𝑠
𝑣̅ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Now
𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑑𝑠
𝑣̅ = = ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟̅
𝑣̅ = 𝑣 (1)
𝑑𝑠

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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𝑑𝑟̅
Direction of :
𝑑𝑠

Since,
𝑑𝑟̅ 1
= lim ( ) 𝛿𝑟̅
𝑑𝑠 𝛿𝑠→0 𝛿𝑠
𝑑𝑟̅
∴ is a vector along the tangent to the path at point P.
𝑑𝑠

𝒅𝒓̅
Magnitude of :
𝒅𝒔

𝑑𝑟̅ ̅
𝛿
| | = | lim ( 𝑟 ) | = 1
𝑑𝑠 𝛿𝑠
𝛿𝑠 →0

𝑑𝑟̅
Hence is unit vector along tangent.
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑟̅
So we can say = 𝑡̂
𝑑𝑠

Eq (1) becomes
𝑣̅ = 𝑣𝑡̂ (2)
Above equation show that velocity of a particle at point 𝑃 is along the tangent at 𝑃, by
above equation we can see that velocity have no component along the normal.
Components of Acceleration:
If 𝑎̅ is the acceleration of the particle at time, then
𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑑
𝑎̅ = = (𝑣𝑡̂) 𝑏𝑦 (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡̂
̂
𝑎̅ = ( ) 𝑡 + 𝑣 (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒕̂
Direction of :
𝒅𝒕

Since 𝑡̂ is a unit vector so

𝑡̂ ∙ 𝑡̂ = 1
𝑑
(𝑡̂ ∙ 𝑡̂) = 0
𝑑𝑡

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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𝑑𝑡̂
𝑡̂ ∙ =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡̂
⇒ 𝑡̂ ⊥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡̂
Hence is along the normal. Thus if 𝑛̂ is a unit vector along the normal then
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡̂ 𝑑𝑡̂
= | | 𝑛̂ (4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑡̂ + 𝛿𝑡̅ 𝛿𝑡̅

𝐹
𝛿𝜇 𝑡̂

𝒅𝒕̂
Magnitude of :
𝒅𝒕

Suppose at times 𝑡 and 𝛿𝑡 + 𝑡 the unit tangents at 𝑃 and 𝑄 are 𝑡̂ and 𝑡̂ + 𝛿𝑡̂ be
̅̅̅̅ with angle 𝛿𝜇 .
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐸𝐺
represented by 𝐸𝐹
Now
𝐸𝐹 + ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝐹𝐺 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐺
̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐺 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐺 − ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹
̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐺 = 𝛿𝑡̂
𝑑𝑡̂ 𝛿𝑡̂ 𝛿𝑡̂ 𝛿𝜇 𝛿𝑠
| | = lim | | = lim | ∙ ∙ |
𝑑𝑡 𝛿𝑡 →0 𝛿 𝑡 𝛿𝑡 →0 𝛿𝜇 𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑡̂
𝛿𝜇 →0
𝛿𝑠 →0

𝛿𝑡̂ 𝛿 𝛿 𝑑𝑠
Here lim | | = 1, lim | 𝜇| = 𝜅, lim | 𝑠̂ | = =𝑣
𝛿
𝛿𝜇 →0 𝜇 𝛿𝑠 →0 𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑡 →0 𝛿𝑡 𝑑𝑡

So

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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𝑑𝑡̂ 1
| | = 𝜅𝑣 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝜌
𝑑𝑡̂ 𝑣
⇒ = 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑡 𝜌
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
⇒ ̂
𝑎̅ = ( ) 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑡 𝜌
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
(1+( ) )
𝑑𝑥
Where 𝜌 = 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦2

Example:
A particle is moving along the parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 with constant speed.
Determine the tangential and normal components of its acceleration when it reaches
the point whose abscissa is √5𝑎.
Solution:
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 (1)
5𝑎 5𝑎
Put 𝑥 = √5𝑎 in (1) we get 𝑦 = , thus the point will be 𝑝 (√5𝑎 ),
4 4

𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
We know 𝑎̅ = 𝑡̂ + 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑡 𝜌

𝑑𝑣
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
=0 v is constant.

For 𝜌

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 = 4𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ = (2)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 1
⇒ 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
Hence

𝑑𝑦 √5 𝑑2 𝑦 1
( ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( 2) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑝 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑝 2𝑎

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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3
𝑑𝑦 2 2 3
52
[1 + ( ) ] [1 + 4]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= =
𝑑2 𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑎
3
9 2 27
= 2𝑎. ( ) = 𝑎
4 4
𝑣2 4𝑣 2
So 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜌
= 27𝑎

Example:
A particle moves in a plane in such a way that at any time 𝑡 its distance from a fixed point o, is 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 2
3
and the line connecting 𝑜 and 𝑝 makes an angle is 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑡 2 with a fixed line. Find radial and transverse
components of velocity and acceleration at t=1.

Solution:
Here

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑟̇ = 𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑡
⇒ 𝑟̈ = 2𝑏
3
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑡 2
3 1
⇒ 𝜃̇ = 𝑐𝑡 2
2
3 1
⇒ 𝜃̈ = 𝑐
4 √𝑡

𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1,
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑟̇ = 𝑎 + 2𝑏, 𝑟̈ = 2𝑏
3 3
𝜃 = 𝑐, 𝜃̇ = 𝑐, 𝜃̈ = 𝑐
2 4
Radial and transverse Components of velocity:
𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟̇ = 𝑎 + 2𝑏
3
𝑣𝜃 = 𝑟𝜃̇ = 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)
2
Radial and transverse Components of acceleration:

𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟̈ − 𝑟𝜃̇ 2

3 2
= 2𝑏 − (𝑎 + 𝑏) ( 𝑐)
2

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

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9
𝑎𝑟 = 2𝑏 − 𝑐 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
4
𝑎𝜃 = 𝑟𝜃̈ + 2𝑟̇ 𝜃̇
3 3
= (𝑎 + 𝑏). 𝑐 + 2(𝑎 + 2𝑏). 𝑐
4 2
3
𝑎𝜃 = 𝑐(5𝑎 + 9𝑏)
4

Exercise
Q#1 A particle starts from 𝑂 at 𝑡 = 0. Find its velocity and acceleration.

i. 𝑟̅ = (𝑡 3 + 2𝑡)𝑖 + (5𝑡 2 − 7)𝑗

𝑑𝑟̅
𝑣̅ = = (3𝑡 2 + 2)𝑖 + 10𝑡𝑗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣̅
𝑎̅ = = 6𝑡𝑖 + 10𝑗
𝑑𝑡
ii. 𝑟̅ = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑖 + 4𝑎𝑡𝑗
iii. 𝑟̅ = 𝑎 cos 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 𝑡 𝑗
iv. 𝑟̅ = 𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 )𝑖 + 𝑎(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑗

Q#2 The position of a particle moving along an ellipse is given by 𝑟̅ = 𝑎 cos 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 𝑡 𝑗 a>b.
Find the position of the particle where its velocity has a maximum or minimum magnitude.

Solution:
𝑟̅ = a cos 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 𝑡 𝑗
𝑑𝑟̅
𝑣̅ = = −𝑎 sin 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑏 cos 𝑡 𝑗
𝑑𝑡

𝑣 = √(−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)2 + (𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)2

𝑣 = √𝑎2 sin2 𝑡 + 𝑏 2 cos2 𝑡

𝑣 = √𝑎2 (1 − cos 2 𝑡) + 𝑏 2 cos2 𝑡

𝑣 = √𝑎2 − (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) cos2 𝑡

Now v is minimum if cos 2 𝑡 = 1 or cos 𝑡 = ±1 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0, 𝜋

Thus for min v
𝑟̅ = a cos 0 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 0 𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖
𝑟̅ = a cos 𝜋 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 𝜋 𝑗 = −𝑎𝑖
𝜋 3𝜋
Now v is maximum if cos 2 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 2 , 2

Thus for maximum v

𝜋 𝜋
𝑟̅ = a cos 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 𝑗 = 𝑏𝑗
2 2

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

 12

3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑟̅ = a cos 𝑖 + 𝑏 sin 𝑗 = −𝑏𝑗
2 2
𝑎2
Q#3 A particle moving with uniform speed v along the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + ). Show that its
√5
10𝑣 2
acceleration has maximum value .
9𝑎

Solution:
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
We know that 𝑎̅ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑡̂ + 𝜌
𝑛̂

𝑑𝑣
Here 𝑑𝑡 = 0, because v is constant.

Let

2 2
𝑎2
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + )
√5
𝑎3
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2 =
√5
𝑎3 1
𝑦−𝑎 = 2
√5 𝑥
Taking derivative
𝑑𝑦 2𝑎3
=−
𝑑𝑥 √5𝑥 3
𝑑2 𝑦 6𝑎3
=
𝑑𝑥 2 √5𝑥 4
We know
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
(1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) )
𝜌=
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
3
4𝑎6 2
(1 + 6 )
5𝑥
⇒ 𝜌=
6𝑎3
√5𝑥 4
3
5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 2 √5𝑥 4
=( )
5𝑥 6 6𝑎3
3
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2
𝜌=
30𝑎3 𝑥 5
𝑣2 𝑣 2 30𝑎3 𝑥 5
𝑎𝑛 = = 3
𝜌
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

 13

For maximum acceleration check (Hint: Second Derivative Rule FSc. Part II Ex. 2.9)
Differentiation w.r.t.x
3 3 1
𝑑𝑎 ((5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2 . 5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 5 (5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2 30𝑥 5 )
3 2 2
= 30𝑎 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )3

1 (5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎 6 ) 5𝑥 4 − 45𝑥 10
= 30𝑎3 𝑣 2 (5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2 ( )
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )3

𝑑𝑎 𝑥 4 (𝑎6 − 𝑥 6 )
= 600𝑎3 𝑣 2 [ 5]
𝑑𝑥 6 6
(5𝑥 + 4𝑎 ) 2

Again
5
𝑑2 𝑎 4𝑥 3 (𝑎6 − 𝑥 6 ) 𝑥 4 (−6𝑥 5 ) 𝑥 4 (𝑎6 − 𝑥 6 ) (− 2) (30𝑥 5 )
=[ 5+ 5+ 7 ]
𝑑𝑡 2
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2 (5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2 (5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2
𝑑𝑎
Taking 𝑑𝑡
=0

3 2
𝑥 4 (𝑎6 − 𝑥 6 )
600𝑎 𝑣 [ 5] =0
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 ) 2

𝑥 4 (𝑎6 − 𝑥 6 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑥4 = 0 , 𝑎6 − 𝑥 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0, (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑎4 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 ) = 0

𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑎4 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 = 0

Let 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 0, other due to imaginary

𝑥 = ±𝑎
Hence

𝑑2 2 6𝑎9
( ) = 600𝑎3 𝑣 2 [− 5] <0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=𝑎
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2

So acceleration will be maximum at x=a

𝑣 2 30𝑎3 𝑥 5
𝑎= 3
(5𝑥 6 + 4𝑎6 )2
30𝑣 2 𝑎8 30𝑣 2 𝑎8 10𝑣 2
𝑎= 3 = =
(3𝑎3 )3 9𝑎
(9𝑎6 )2

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

 14

Q#4 Find the tangential and normal components of acceleration of a point describing the ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 with uniform speed V when the particle is at (0,b)

Solution:
Since
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2
Taking derivative
𝑑𝑦
2𝑏 2 𝑥 + 2𝑎2 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑏2 𝑥
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑏 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − 2[ ]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑦2

𝑑𝑦
( ) =0
𝑑𝑥 (0,𝑏)

So
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑏2 𝑏 𝑏
( 2 ) = − 2 2
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 (0,𝑏) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
(1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) )
𝜌=
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
1
−𝑏 𝑎2
𝜌= 2 =−
𝑎 𝑏
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
𝑎̅ = 𝑡̂ + 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑡 𝜌
𝑏𝑣 2
𝑎̅ = 0 − 𝑛̂
𝑎
𝑏𝑣 2
𝑎̅ = − 𝑛̂
𝑎
Q#5 Find the radial and transverse components of velocity of a particle moving at curve

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 (1)
At any time t. if polar angle is 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑡 2 .

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)

 15

Solution:
We know 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1)

𝑎𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 1
1
𝑟2 =
𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin2 𝜃
1
𝑟 = (𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin2 𝜃)−2

Also 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝜃̇ = 2𝑐𝑡
𝑐𝑡(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑟̇ = 3
(𝑎 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin2 𝜃)2
𝑐𝑡(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟̇ = 3
(𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin2 𝜃)2
2𝑐𝑡
𝑣𝜃 = 𝑟𝜃̇ = 1
(𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin2 𝜃)2
Q#6 Find the radial and transverse components of acceleration along 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 with constant angular
velocity.
Solution:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (1)
We know 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1)

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2

𝑟 = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃̇ = 𝑐

⇒ 𝑟̇ = 0, 𝑟̈ = 0, 𝜃̈ = 0

𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟̈ − 𝑟𝜃̇ 2 = −𝑎𝑐 2

𝑎𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟̇ 𝜃̇ + 𝑟𝜃̈ = 0

Note: These notes are written for the Chapter no. 7 of the book Mechanics by
Q.K. Ghori.
Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah
Head of Mathematics Department
Controller Examination
ORION COLLEGE, PAKPATTAN
For any suggestions feel free to contact
Email: umairmughal70@gmail.com Mob: +923136504842

Written by: Umair Sabi Ullah (MPhil Mathematics)