Thesis Project 2

A Thesis Proposal Submitted to
The College of Architecture

University of Santo Tomas
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement
for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture
Herculhes H. Ebol
5AR-8
December 2, 2017
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing i
Contents
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF THE PROJECT ................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .............................................................. 4
1.3 PROJECT GOAL ............................................................................................ 5
1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 6
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT ................................................................. 6
1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION ..................................................................... 7
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS .............................................................................. 8
CHAPTER II .................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 In-City Housing in Developing Countries ........................................................... 9
2.1.1 Informal Settlement as an Element of the City............................................ 10
2.1.2 Slum Upgrading in the Context of Sustainability and Disaster Resiliency . 10
2.1.3 Socio-cultural aspect of Slum upgrading through Housing......................... 14
2.1.4 Housing Reforms in Developing Countries................................................. 15
2.1.5 Comparative Analysis of Housing in Developed and Developing Countries
.............................................................................................................................. 16
2.1.6 Housing Case Study in a Developed Country ............................................. 17
2.1.7 Housing Case Study in a Developing Country ............................................ 19
2.2 Housing in the Philippines ................................................................................. 21
2.2.1 Background .................................................................................................. 22
2.2.2 In-city Housing in the Philippines ............................................................... 23
2.2.3 Socialized housing Backlog and Demand ................................................... 24
2.2.4 Institutional Reforms related to Housing Development .............................. 25
2.2.5 Public Policies related to Housing Development ........................................ 27
2.3 Case Study ......................................................................................................... 29
2.3.1 Denmark ...................................................................................................... 29
2.3.2 Iraq ............................................................................................................... 32
2.3.3. Philippines .................................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER III .............................................................................................................. 40
3.1 Research Design ................................................................................................. 40
3.1.1 Qualitative Method ...................................................................................... 40
3.1.2 Historical Method ........................................................................................ 40
3.2 Research Instruments ......................................................................................... 41
3.2.1 Interviews .................................................................................................... 41
3.2.2 Case Studies ................................................................................................. 41
3.2.3 Electronic Sources ....................................................................................... 42
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing ii
3.2.4 Articles......................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER IV .............................................................................................................. 43
4.1 Criteria for Site Selection ................................................................................... 43
4.1.1 Land Size ..................................................................................................... 43
4.1.2 Soil Character .............................................................................................. 43
4.1.3 Topography.................................................................................................. 43
4.1.4 Geological Character ................................................................................... 43
4.1.5 Climate Character ........................................................................................ 44
4.1.6 Natural features............................................................................................ 44
4.1.7 Environmental Concerns ............................................................................. 44
4.1.8 Accessibility and Transportation ................................................................. 44
4.1.9 Adjacent Buildings ...................................................................................... 46
4.1.10 Security ...................................................................................................... 46
4.1.11 Utility Lines ............................................................................................... 46
4.1.12 Sewer Lines ............................................................................................... 47
4.1.13 Electrical Lines .......................................................................................... 48
4.1.14 Drainage System ........................................................................................ 48
4.2 Macro Site Analysis (City/Municipality-MANILA CITY) ............................... 49
4.2.1 Historical Background ................................................................................. 49
4.2.2 Physical Profile ............................................................................................ 50
4.2.3 Demographic Profile.................................................................................... 55
4.2.4 Economic Profile ......................................................................................... 56
4.2.5 Social Service Profile .................................................................................. 56
4.3 Micro Site Analysis (District of PANDACAN) ................................................. 58
4.3.1 Physical Profile ............................................................................................ 58
4.3.2 Demographic Profile.................................................................................... 60
4.3.3 Economic Profile ......................................................................................... 60
4.3.4 Social Service Profile .................................................................................. 61
4.4 Site Profile and Justification .............................................................................. 62
4.4.1 Land Size ..................................................................................................... 63
4.1.2 Soil Character .............................................................................................. 63
4.1.3 Topography.................................................................................................. 63
1.1.3 Geological Character ............................................................................. 63
1.1.4 Climate Character .................................................................................. 64
1.1.5 Natural features ...................................................................................... 64
1.1.6 Environmental Concerns ........................................................................ 64
1.1.7 Accessibility and Transportation ........................................................... 64
1.1.8 Adjacent Buildings................................................................................. 64
1.1.9 Security .................................................................................................. 65
1.1.10 Utility Lines ........................................................................................... 65
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing iii
1.1.11 Sewer Lines ............................................................................................ 65

1.1.12 Electrical Lines ...................................................................................... 65
4.5.1 Flood Maps .................................................................................................. 67
4.5.2 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................... 68
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................... 69
5.1 Historical Background........................................................................................ 69
5.2 Profile of the Client ............................................................................................ 71
5.3 Profile of the User .............................................................................................. 72
5.4 Project Mission and Vision ................................................................................ 75
5.4.1 Vision........................................................................................................... 75
5.4.2 Mission ........................................................................................................ 76
5.5 Personal Function and Organizational Set-up .................................................... 76
5.5.1 Homeowners Association ............................................................................ 76
5.5.2 People’s Organization.................................................................................. 77
5.6 Calendar of Activities......................................................................................... 77
5.7 Legal Framework ............................................................................................... 78
5.7.1. Comprehensive and Continuing Urban Development and Housing
Program, establish the mechanism for implementation, and other purposes. ...... 79
5.7.2 Considerations in making the guidelines according to BP220 .................... 82
5.7.3 Design Parameters ....................................................................................... 83
5.7.4 Classifications and General Requirements .................................................. 93
2.7.5 Rationalizing the Funding Sources and Lending Mechanisms for Home
Mortages ............................................................................................................... 95
2.7.6 Socialized Housing Ceiling Price .......................................................... 95
2.7.7 Land Acquisition .................................................................................... 96
CHAPTER VI ............................................................................................................ 103
6.1 Research Design ............................................................................................... 103
6.1.1 Evolution of housing development in the Philippines. .............................. 103
6.1.2 Innovative solution for sustainable design. ............................................... 103
6.1.3 Necessities of a housing program. ............................................................. 104
6.2 Qualitative Method ........................................................................................... 105
6.2.1 Ar. Verna Sarraga- TAO PILIPINAS........................................................ 105
6.2.2. Engr. Juan Paolo Genzolo- Foundation for the Development of the Urban
Poor..................................................................................................................... 110
6.3 Historical Method ............................................................................................. 112
6.3.1 Application of building techniques apt for housing. ................................. 112
6.3.2 Selecting the most suitable site for the project. ......................................... 112
6.3.3 Appropriateness of housing design in our country. ................................... 116
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing iv
6.4 Research Instruments ....................................................................................... 120

6.4.1 Necessary Considerations .......................................................................... 120
6.4.2 Case Studies ............................................................................................... 126
CHAPTER VII ........................................................................................................... 128
7.1 Identification and list of spatial requirements ............................................. 128
7.2 User flow analysis ............................................................................................ 128
7.3 Matrix Diagram ................................................................................................ 130
7.4 Space Program.................................................................................................. 132
CHAPTER VIII ......................................................................................................... 137
8.1 Design Philosophy............................................................................................ 137
8.2 Design Concept ........................................................................................... 137
8.3 Design Objectives ....................................................................................... 138
8.4 Design Considerations................................................................................. 138
8.4.1 Resiliency .................................................................................................. 138
8.4.2 Culture awareness ...................................................................................... 139
8.4.3 Sustainability ............................................................................................. 139
8.4.4 Social relations .......................................................................................... 139
8.4.5 Connectivity............................................................................................... 139
8.5 Design Criteria ................................................................................................. 140
8.5.1Building form ............................................................................................. 140
8.5.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 140
8.5.3 Sustainable features ................................................................................... 140
8.5.4 Flexibility................................................................................................... 140
8.6 Design Strategies .............................................................................................. 140
8.6.1 Natural Ventilation .................................................................................... 140
8.6.2 Utilization of Local Product ...................................................................... 141
8.6.3 Provision for Expansion and Personalization ............................................ 141
CHAPTER IX ............................................................................................................ 142
Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 153
Appendices ................................................................................................................. 155
1. Official Zoning Map of District VI (2005-2020) ............................................ 155
2. Pandacan ISFs along Estero de Pandacan ....................................................... 156
3. Earthquake- Induced Landslide Map of Metro Manila................................... 157
4. Evolution of Form (Initial Drawing)- 09/30/17 .............................................. 158
5. Demands-Needs Analysis (District VI) .......................................................... 159
6. Zone Boundaries ............................................................................................. 160
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing v
7. Zone Boundaries- (District VI) ....................................................................... 161

8. Age group, sex and Marital Status (Pandacan) ............................................... 162
9. Age group by district ...................................................................................... 163
10. Pandacan Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration and Collaboration ....... 164
11. House-to-house interview Data Sheets ....................................................... 165
12. Interview with the project beneficiaries ...................................................... 175
13. Rough Cost Estimate ................................................................................... 176
List of Figures
Figure 1. Housing units on the production line at Japanese motor manufacturer

Toyota's housing works in Kasugai. ............................................................................ 18
Figure 2. Umoja Estate's identity crisi- mushrooming of blocks of flats that with time,
changed the face of the estate, giving the image of an estate at war with its own being
...................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3. Denmark's Urban Garden and Housing for the Homeless ........................... 29
Figure 4. Room Schemesfor Denmark’s Home for the Homeless............................... 31
Figure 5. Perspective of T-wall dwellings ................................................................... 32
Figure 6. Floor plan of a T-wall dwelling .................................................................... 33
Figure 7. Perspective of Bistekville 2 .......................................................................... 35
Figure 8. Overlooking from a balcony in one of the units in Ernest Ville .................. 38
Figure 9. Buildings 1,2 and 3 of Sambahayan Condominium Inc is strictly for
residential purposes while Buildings 4 and 5 are open for office and other commercial
purposes. ...................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 10. Map of Manila ………………………………………………..…………47
Figure 11. Contour Map of Manila………………………......………………………48
Figure 12. Footprint of Pandacan………………………………………………….....55
Figure 13. Site Analysis……………………………………….……………………..63
Figure 14. 5 year flood- Pandacan………………………...………………………….64
Figure 15. 25 year flood- Pandacan…………………………………………………..64
Figure 16. 100 year flood- Pandacan…………………….……………….…………..64
Figure 17. HOA Organizational Chart……………...………………………………..69
Figure 18. Schools proximity to the site……………………………..........…………94
Figure 19. Markets' Proximity to the site………………………………………...…..95
Figure 20. Health Facilities' proximity to the site …………………….................…..95
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing vi
Figure 21. Police Stations' proximity to the site…………………....………………..96

Figure 22. Fire Stations' proximity to the site………………………………..………96
Figure 23. Floor plan configuration………………….......…………………………106
Figure 24. Space Program of Pandacan socialized housing……………….....……..107
List of Tables
Table 1. Slum Upgrading Indicators ............................................................................ 12

Table 2. NHA's Mandates ............................................................................................ 71
Table 3. Space Allocation ............................................................................................ 80
Table 4. Space Allocation according to BP 220 .......................................................... 82
Table 5. Parks and Playground Allocation based on BP 200 ...................................... 84
Table 6. Facilities According to the Number of Saleable Lots/ Dwelling Units for
Subdivision Projects 1 Hectare and Above .................................................................. 84
Table 7. Hierarchy of Roads ........................................................................................ 86
Table 8. Right of Way.................................................................................................. 86
Table 9. Width of Planting Strips and Sidewalks ........................................................ 87
Table 10. Minimum Lot Area ...................................................................................... 89
Table 11. Minimum Lot Frontages .............................................................................. 89
Table 12. Structural Design Parameters..................................................................... 112
Table 13. Design mitigations and adaptions .............................................................. 116
Table 14. Design Measures for sea-level rise………………………………..……….98
Table 15. Design Measure for high wind speed…………………….....……………..99
Table 16. Design Measures for drought and heat wave……………...……………..100
Space Program Tables

Space Program 1. Dwelling Unit 133
Space Program 2. Daycare Center 133
Space Program 3. Market 134
Space Program 4. Community Center 135
Space Program 5. Commercial Space 136
Space Program 6. Community Snack Kitchen 136
CUP- Capacitating the Urban Poor: The Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF THE PROJECT
We are living in a world where the majority of people live in cities and 1 billion
live in slums, a figure that will double by 2030. Urban populations are growing at a rate
much faster than can be absorbed and managed, causing demands on services and
infrastructure that massively outstrip supply. In many emerging market cities, this
leaves the majority of residents with few options but to live in slums.
Slum dwellers, or often addressed as squatters, in general, provides a negative
impact the way the government supports its community. It reflects the inefficiency and
lack of aid for those who cannot provide for themselves financially. Currently, an
estimated number of 22.8 million Filipinos make their way of living on slums and
unoccupied public lands. Some even endures living beside garbage-filled-swamps
where health, hygiene, and well-being, especially of children are of major concerns.
Increasing access to high quality affordable housing has a deep impact, for both
the individual and society in general. Yet, housing is a challenging and capital-intensive
sector characterized by delays and regulatory complications, and as a result, it rarely
gains the public interest for impact investors and social entrepreneur.
For the millions of poor in developing areas of the world, urban areas have
always been a means for improving their quality of living and environment, besides
getting better jobs and incomes (Srinivas, 2015). They are most of the time province
folks with high hopes of making it big in the city while some of them are just
unfortunate enough to be in this state since the day they are born.
Job opportunities in the city is very huge. It really is. That is why we still have
this unending number of hopefuls pouring in even though we know how congested the
cities really are already.
National guidelines and standards regarding housing development seem to
endure the test of time. Or has it? As time pass, natural occurrences made some
significant change in our environment and society that also affects the basic needs of
each person; more of a family. To give an example, a typical socialized housing unit is
18 sqm (BP 220). This small of an area lacks consideration to the way of living of a
person. From his daily activities, down to his personal business, this amount of space
neglects the right of a person to enjoy life essentially. It even ignores the true meaning
of humane living by depriving these families of their personal space and privacy.
International and local major events greatly influenced the need of housing
development in our country. “Observers have pointed squatting to the aftermath of
World War II as a key period in the precipitous worsening of the housing problem in
urban areas. Informal settlers mushroomed in Manila and many other major cities in
search of jobs. By 1946, in the wake of the city’s virtual destruction during the
Liberation, Manila and its suburbs were estimated to have around 46,000 squatters, a
number which rose to 98,000 in 1956 and to 283,000 by 1963. During the Marcos years,
those numbers skyrocketed even further.”
The housing problem has worsened over the years as demonstrated by the
widening gap between the people's housing demands and supply especially in the 70s.
This happened despite the growing housing investments undertaken by both the
government and the private sector. This increasing awareness of the seriousness of the
problem and the subsequent involvement of both the private and public sectors
seemingly had little impact on researches so there were very few serious attempts to
study the problems of the housing sector that have been recorded. Likewise, baseline
information still remains scarce and difficult to come by.
Studies suggest that improving the lives of slum dwellers is both socially and
economically beneficial in the long run and can go a long way in making cities more
productive. Decent shelter is a direct or indirect contributing factor to the promotion
of the social well-being of the individual. Consequentially, a humanized housing project
is an important component of the economic progress of the Filipino people. (Gilles,
2012)
Housing project has been one of the interest of most of the architects in the
twenty-first century. It aims to answers the common conundrum of providing a humane
habitat for people to stay in. Development of this building typology in our country
seems too elusive because the tendency of people favoring what feels like familiar
overpower the little steps toward innovation. It can be observed with our template of
housing projects that has been replicated each and every time and how it has almost
disregarded the ideals and the opinion of the current people they are catering to.
Problems such as inappropriate size of the house, unmaintained water supply, difficulty
on finding a job, and its proximity to major cities are just some of the regular complaints
that are yet to be solved by our housing development system.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It seems impossible to avoid the problems in every housing project in the
Philippines that has been implemented. Over the years, same setbacks have haunted
these users that resulted in what it may look like an unending puzzle to be solved.
One problem is that housing units are too small for the average Filipino
household size of 4.6. This failure to comply for a humane habitat refrains the most
basic right of every Filipino citizen. Privacy within family members and neighbors also
compromised with the frugality of space that denies the essential human requirement.
Though the government is constantly trying to clean the city and relocate the
slum dwellers into the provinces, this left the informal settlers struggling to find new
jobs that may fit in to their area of expertise and familiarity.
Common housing projects in the Philippines lacks consideration on how the
community would sustain themselves. This research aims to establish a community
capable of standing on its own, provided with the essential and basic necessities needed
for the foreseeable future.
Living in the slums already catalyze negative impact to people living there.
Considered as the netherworld of thieves, gangsters, and pickpockets, slum areas come
with an undesirable stigma to the government and the society. Kids who are born and
raised in these kinds of place have the tendency to grow and end up the same way. In a
study of Asia Pacific Journal, over 40% of street children have already tried using drugs
while 66% to 85% of children had used inhalants, and 3% had used marijuana and
shabu. Improper guidance and information from the government has to led to these
situations that’s why education is also important.
Education might not be the priority of urban dwellers as they choose to find
source of money first before they allot their energy on these essential things. Often
children spend most of their days finding “sidelines” that can be used as their daily
expenses which leave them no time for attending any educational institutions. Recent
studies showed that 570,000 children just in metro manila have been deprived from the
education they deserve. There is a clear correlation on these factors that cause this
unending conundrum of giving a proper education for these children.
1.3 PROJECT GOAL
A need for an inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable housing for the urban
poor is in dire need now. The template of housing projects developers is using today
doesn’t really fit in all situations. Standard sizes and dimensions are outdated and
neglects the actual necessities of these people. The city is not growing any bigger and
sooner or later, cities and major business districts will run out of land where people
could have a humane habitat.
Living in modern age, we are now equipped with technologies that made us
triumph over common challenges to human kind. Continuous search for comfort and
“perfect” life pushes us to the limits of our imagination and capabilities. On the other
hand, environment is left vulnerable to the waste and pollution we emit. We’ve come
to the point where we must consider sustainability in every design we make. Just like
evolution, housing design should also take a step forward towards achieving a more
suitable design that will adapt to the current condition we’re having.
1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1. To provide decent, adequate, affordable, and humane housing to low-
income families.
2. To ensure the provision of community facilities, utilities, and access to
social services and economic opportunities.
3. To transform slums within the city, into well organized and livable
communities.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
For years, housing developments in our country has always seem so banal that
modernity and innovation can’t be observed on the past projects. This thesis does not
specifically aim to solve the housing crisis in urban cities but to be an initial step
towards improvement by providing studies and proposed ideas that can possibly
improve the future designs of in-city housing in the country.
This study also aims to point out the deficiencies in socialized housing in
Philippine context while suggesting ways that can be used to improve them.
1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The research aims to formulate a new approach to in-city housing that would
adhere to the needs of the urban poor. Scope will include considerations of
community’s economic opportunities, programs that can be introduced for a self-
sustaining approach. It will also contain studies from project’s stakeholders that shall
be used to make an efficient solution to its current predicaments. Existing in-city
housing projects locally and internally will be used as case-studies to identify problems
and evaluate elements of the development that can be improved through thorough
investigation.
The focus of the project will be on the functionality of the structure and its
ability to support the living conditions and well-being of its users.
Identified future developments along adjacent sites are purely based on
PANDACAN SPRAC (Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration & Collaboration) and
Manila’s CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan).
Due to the nature of the project, supplementary budgetary plan on each
projected unit will be included in the paper whereas the budget for the whole project
will be identified but on an estimated manner.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
2. URBAN POOR - refers to individuals or families in urban areas with incomes
below the poverty line as defined by the National Statistical Coordinating
Board(NSCB). They are the underprivileged or homeless sector of society - the
unemployed, underemployed and the irregularly employed, or who are
incapable of meeting the minimum basic needs, and who live in slums, squatter
and resettlement areas, sidewalks, dumpsites, road right-of-way, cemeteries,
unoccupied government or private lands or along danger zones like railroad
tracks, esteros, riverbanks, high tension wires, or other places in urban areas.
3. URBANIZATION- refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the
gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways
in which each society adapts to the change.
4. INFORMAL SETTLER FAMILIES (ISF)- areas for priority development, if
applicable, and other government/public lands or facilities not intended for
human habitation.
5. DANGER ZONE- an area in which there is a high risk of harm, especially
where this risk has been officially identified.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 In-City Housing in Developing Countries
1
“Cities in developing countries are growing at extraordinary rates, often
compressing into decades the urbanization process that has taken centuries in
developed countries.” (Malpezzi S., & Mayo, S., 1987)
It is estimated that by 2050 more than two thirds of the world’s population will
live in cities, up from about 54 percent today. While the many benefits of organized
and efficient cities are well understood, countries, especially the developing ones,
need to recognize that this rapid, often unplanned urbanization brings risks of
profound social instability, risks to critical infrastructure, potential water crises and
the potential for devastating spread of disease. These risks can only be further
exacerbated as this unprecedented transition from rural to urban areas continues.
2
The Global Risks 2015 Report looks at four areas that face particularly
daunting challenges in the face of rapid and unplanned urbanization: infrastructure,
health, climate change, and social instability. (World Economic Forum, 2015)
1
Malpezzi, S. &. (1987). The Demand for the Housing in Developing Countries: Empirical from
Household Data.
2
World Economic Forum. (2015). Global Risk . Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
2.1.1 Informal Settlement as an Element of the City
Rise of slums has a clear linkage with poverty and the government’s
plan for national and local development. Rapid urbanization and the
inadequate infrastructure and basic services in large towns and cities have led
to the proliferation of slums and informal settlements in the country. 3While
poverty incidence of the population in key metropolitan centers is on average
17 percent compared to the national average of 32 percent, slum population
has been exponentially rising at an average rate of 3.4 percent. In Metro
Manila, which is the prime city, an estimated 37 percent of the population or
over 4.0 million Filipinos live in slums in 2010 and slum population growth
rate is at 8 percent annually (Ballesteros, 2010). This number is expected to
rise with if the same condition is maintained in the urban cities.
2.1.2 Slum Upgrading in the Context of Sustainability and Disaster Resiliency
There are instances where instead of tearing down slums, government
ought to upgrade them and gradually improve it and integrate to the city itself.
Slum upgrading is not simply about water or drainage or housing. It is about
putting into motion the economic, social, institutional and community
3
Ballesteros, M. (2010). Linking Poverty and the Environment: Evidence from Slums in Philippine
Cities. PIDS.
activities that are needed to turn around downward trends in an area. These
activities should be undertaken cooperatively among all parties involved—
residents, community groups, businesses as well as local and national
authorities if applicable.
In some cases, the goal is the provision of urban services. In South
Africa, for example, there have been some very successful initiatives in which
people who had no urban services were supplied with water, sanitation, and
access to housing. Sometimes, access to land has been a fundamental issue in
slum upgrading programmes, as in Brazil. There have been numerous cases
where slum dwellers were given a right to the land and had a real sense that
they would not be evicted.
4
Sustainability can be achieved with slum upgrading because not only it
improve the quality of life of the urban poor but it also remedies and avoids
environmental damage in large cities. (Cities Alliance, 2011)
Determining whether a slum upgrading initiative has been successful
depends on expectation and what the goals of the initiative are.
Indicators were formulated by Abiko, A.K. & Almedia, M.A.P. in
2004 to measure the health and sanitation conditions endured by informal
squatter colonies in Favela, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

2
4
Cities Alliance, (2011, August 08). About Slum Upgrading. Retrieved from
http://www.citiesalliance.org/About-slum-upgrading
Table 1. Slum Upgrading Indicators
1. Proximity of site public Integrate the settlement’s transport

to
transportation system with the existing system and
with local or nearby links/streets/
sidewalks
2. Proximity to public recreation Promote the landscape potential near to
areas and facilities the project for recreation and leisure
3. Redevelopment Site Effect remedial work on site
contamination so that the responsible
public authority can approve the
protective measures and/or clean-up as
effective, safe and appropriate for future
use and control the water quality of
reservoirs and water courses over the
long-term
4. Vulnerability of landslide Eliminate risk areas with slope
stabilization and drainage structures
5. Contaminated Brownfield’s Recuperate the reservoir water
Redevelopment
6. Availability of potable water Provide a new water and sewer
treatment system infrastructure and ensure that both are
connected to the public network.
7. Ecological Value of Site Design an environmental preservation
system to conserve or recuperate
wetlands through reforestation with
native species
8. Wetland & Water Body Protection Conserve water bodies and wetlands by
planting with native species to avoid
new informal settlements. Treat
watercourses and design a sediment and
erosion control plan. Avoid land
movement
9. Erosion & Sedimentation Control Design a sediment and erosion control
plan specific to the entire project and
complying with local erosion and
sedimentation control standards and
norms. Provide services and equipments
close to the project in order to satisfy
local demand for services
10. Reduction of Surface Runoff Maintain stormwater volume and water

pollution rates. Provide adequate
drainage for developed areas in order to
minimize pollution outcomes of
watercourses
11. Development density Avoid urban sprawl
12. Community Outreach and Make efforts to secure input to the
Involvement proposed project during the pre-
conceptual design stage. Host an open
community meeting during the
conceptual design phase to request input
to the proposed project. Work directly
with community associations and/or
other social community networks.
Advertise public meetings aimed at
generating public comment on project
design.
13. Encouragement of walking Maximum walking distance between
home and street not to exceed 70m
14. Applying Regional Precedents in Analysis undertaken of local and
Urbanism and Architecture regional historical patterns of
neighborhood development and
building design. Attention paid to
drainage systems, transport facilities,
water and sewer infrastructure and
availability of natural sunlight.
15. Access for physically handicapped NBR 9050- Brazilian Regulation for
persons accessibility. (BP344 in Philippines’
case)
16. Infrastructure Energy Efficiency All dwellings to be supplied with energy
to comply with local energy supplier
requirements
17. Support for local economy Promote economic activities among the
local population compatible with
environmental preservation
18. Construction waste management Recycle and/or salvage construction,
demolition and other waste generated by
land clearance, infrastructure
development and construction of public
or common buildings
19. Collection and recycling of solid Recycle and/or salvage construction,

waste in the community or project demolition and land clearing waste
generated through infrastructure
development and construction of public
or common amenities
The main aim these indicators was to analyze squatter conditions
before and after settlement upgrading, particularly with regard to intervention
effectiveness.
Areas that are undervalued and rejected by the real estate market or
those that are unsuitable for building, such as areas at risk from flooding and
landslides, end up by being occupied by low-income segments of the
population with insufficient funds to rent or purchase a minimally habitable
property. 5Meanwhile, high-risk areas such as deep gullies, near dumpsites,
under overpasses, or flood plains has seen the creation of the ‘illegal’ city’
wherein informal, self-constructed settlements are the main source of housing
production (Zarina I, et. Al., 2002). With that said, disaster resiliency of these
slums depend on its land location, environment condition and structures’
vulnerability to natural and man made calamities. 3
2.1.3 Socio-cultural aspect of Slum upgrading through Housing
Slum upgrading addresses serious problems affecting slum residents,
including illegality, exclusion, precariousness and barriers to services, credit,
5
Zarina I, e. a. (2013). Lessons Learned From Exposure to Building Materials. ASEAN Conference on
Environment-Behaviour Studies, 128 – 138.
land, and social protection for vulnerable populations such as women and
children. (“About Slum Upgrading”, 2011)
2.1.4 Housing Reforms in Developing Countries
6
Developing country such as Brazil experienced rapid urbanization
since 1930’s: over 83% of the total population of 190 million people lives in
urban areas, and there is an enormous concentration of population and
economic activities in a very small part of the national territory. Rapid
urbanization has generated a nationwide urban crisis characterised by the
combination of sociospatial segregation, negative environmental impact, and
escalating informal development. (Fernandez, 2011)
This led to birth of legal urban order in 2001, the Federal Law 10.257,
or also known as City Statute. This law recognizes the social function of
property and establishing a set of tools that municipalities can use to ensure
greater access to urban land and security of possession.

7
According to recent UN estimates, Africa has the world’s highest
rapid urbanization growth in the world, with an annual average urban growth
of 4.0 %. 4
6
Fernandes, E. (2011). Implementing the Urban Reform Agenda in Brazil: Possibilities, Challenges
and Lessons. Springer Science + Business Media .
7
United Nations. (2017). Kenya Country Profile. Retrieved from
http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=kenya
Kenya, also a developing country, have an annual population growth
2.7% and urbanization rate of 4.34%. (UN-Data 2017)
This leads to reforms that would provide incentives for affordable
housing. In 2009, saw the adoption of the National Land Policy, a positive
step in resolving the question of the reliability and accuracy of the land
administration system. Kenya also adopt its latest Housing Act of 2015 in
order to keep up with the best global practices and the ever growing demand
and challenges.
2.1.5 Comparative Analysis of Housing in Developed and Developing

Countries
8
For the developed countries the shortcomings of policy, lack of
political will, limitations of housing finance, poor land management in urban
areas, lack of security of tenure, and lack of infrastructure and services are
just some of the issues that confront citizens and policy-makers in developing
countries, and provide a strong theme for research, analysis and action.
(Malpezzi, 1987)5
In the other hand, for the developing countries, there are many other
players that need to work together to successfully build an affordable housing
development. Builders and property managers, land owners, local
8
Malpezzi, S. &. (1987). The Demand for the Housing in Developing Countries: Empirical from
Household Data.
governments, investors, suppliers, mortgage lenders and surrounding

69
communities form a sort of ecosystem in the housing sector. When they
come together to work on a project, they often represent a set of conflicting
agendas and incentives. (Erb, Debra, 2015)
Both seem to have the similar problems just for the developing
countries, they rely more on the help of the community and substantial aid
coming from the government and different organizations.
2.1.6 Housing Case Study in a Developed Country
In a developed country like Japan, disposable homes are in trend.
The disposable-home culture has led to a perverse market, where construction
is in almost-perpetual boom without the number of homes increasing much at
all. It has also produced a huge number of architects, who are kept busy by
buyers wanting a new house that reflects their lifestyle. According to the
International Union of Architects, Japan has almost 2.5 architects per 1,000
residents, whereas Britain only has half an architect per 1,000 residents. The
US has only 0.33 architects per 1,000 residents and Canada has 0.22%. Japan,
in other words, has 11 times as many architects per capita as Canada.
9
Erb, D. (2015). The challenge of building affordable housing in developing countries … and how
DFIs can help. Retrieved from OPIC: https://www.opic.gov/blog/opic-in-action/the-
challenge-of-building-affordable-housing-in-developing-countries-and-how-dfis-can-help
The origins of this unusual approach to sturdy structures are the result
of a long history featuring earthquakes and fires. The Second World War
exacerbated the situation.
Figure 1. Housing units on the production line at Japanese motor

manufacturer Toyota's housing works in Kasugai.
Because Japan updates its building code every 10 years, people tend
to just tear down their old houses then build a new one instead of
expensively retrofitting them.
Alastair Townsend, a British architect that is living and working in
Japan, noted that the culture is a direct contrast to, for example, western
Europe, where many of the most desirable buildings are 200 years old.
According to him, it's not environmentally sustainable but also not
financially sustainable.
This practice is good news for Japan’s economy but less good for
homeowners themselves and the environment that in many ways is abused
with a whole lot of construction waste every demolition. 10 People have
seemed to accept the situation however, often neglecting to properly
maintain a home they know is on track for demolition. (Braw, 2014)
2.1.7 Housing Case Study in a Developing Country
In the 1970’s, the Nairobi City Council of Kenya built Umoja Estate
in order to accommodate the growing urban population brought by
industrialization. The homes were targeted at low-income residents and
therefore needed to be significantly less expensive than the existing options
on the market. In order to cut costs, they developed an innovative design. 7
10
Braw, E. (2014, May 02). Japan's disposable home culture is an Environmental and Financial
heache. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/disposable-homes-japan-
environment-lifespan-sustainability
Figure 2. Umoja Estate's identity crisi- mushrooming of blocks of

flats that with time, changed the face of the estate, giving the image of
an estate at war with its own being
The Umoja units were clustered in groups of five or six homes, and
the utilities (toilet, shower, and sink) were built in a block outside each
cluster. Each family had its own, lockable utilities, but placing them together
instead of inside individual units dramatically cut unit costs. By not
outfitting each home with its own plumbing system, they saved on materials,
space, and time.
Unfortunately, a clever design does not ensure success, and Umoja’s
challenges arose when maintenance and quality control were overlooked.
Over time, the Council became budget constrained and thus allowed people
to construct or expand their own units, leaving no oversight of the quality of
construction. The shared infrastructure was not maintained, and as the years
went by the sewage system fell into shambles, taps frequently ran dry, and
there was insufficient disposal of solid waste.
11
If the right mechanisms had been put in place for long term
maintenance and quality, Umoja could have been a unique success. Yet the
original design did not go unnoticed, and it is resurfacing among architects
and urban planners in Kenya as an innovative way to cut costs. (Noppen,
2012)
2.2 Housing in the Philippines
The Philippines is overwhelmed with a huge backlog in providing for
land security and housing for the poor. In the face of high rates of population
increase and with urban areas continuing to be magnets of hope for economic
opportunities, the demand for affordable land and housing remains a huge
challenge. This was the prognosis of the United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-HABITAT) as stated in its Country Programme Document
(2008-2009) – Philippines.8
The rapid increase in the urban population produces an enormous
demand for shelter and tenure security. But with prohibitively expensive lands
and high rents in urban areas amidst stagnating real incomes, it is not unusual
11
Noppen, A. V. (2012). The ABC's of Affordable Housing in Kenya. Kenya.
for cities to have huge numbers of families living in various types of

12
unauthorized housing units with insecure tenure. Market values of
residential lands in Metro Manila, for example, range from PhP3,000 to as
high as PhP42,000 per square meter, far beyond the incomes earned by the
majority of the urban poor. But because people need to live in areas where
economic opportunities, including informal activities, are present, it becomes
expedient for most of them to occupy idle lands owned by government or the
private sector. The proliferation of slums in Philippine cities is thus seen as a
coping mechanism for urban dwellers with incomes that are too fragile to
afford land ownership. (Lagman, JF)
2.2.1 Background
Socialized housing traces its roots to the social justice policy
enunciated by then Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel Luis
Quezon. In July 1938, Don Alejandro suggested to buy a big tract of land not
far from Manila which would be subdivided into small lots to sell to poor
people at a price so low it would be within their reach. 9
Since then, different agencies were formed under different
administrations that were tasked to preside over housing projects in our
country. The houses in these government projects took several forms. There
were single-family and two-family detached units, single and two-story row
houses, walk-up apartments and high-rise structures. These housing projects
12
Lagman, J. F. (n.d.). Anatomy of the Nation's Housing Problem. Philippine Human Rights, 102-125.
included provisions for community services and facilities such as school
houses, recreation and open spaces, market and shopping areas, religious
facilities, circulation networks and other utilities.
13
During the 60’s, the rapid urbanization of Manila in the following
years after World War II triggered the influx of rural immigrants who sought
better economic opportunities in the city. This led to the problem of squatting
and congestion in the city and its suburbs. In an effort to ease the housing
shortage, government initiated the construction of multi-story tenement
housing projects, specifically for low-income families living in the squatter
colonies. A viable alternative to slum living, the tenements provided housing
facilities to relocated families from blighted areas in Metro Manila.
In the 1970s the Philippine population rose to 40 million with the
biggest concentration of people in Metro Manila. With the shortage in
Housing units and limited space available for housing, real estate prices
soared beyond the reach of the ordinary Filipino. The national government
responded to the housing problem through institutional reorganization.10
2.2.2 In-city Housing in the Philippines
Increasingly rapid urbanization of the Philippines poses a great
challenge to the country in terms of achieving sustainable urban
development through informed planning and efficient implementation of
13
Word Press. (2014). Socialized Housing : Matter of Semantics or A Matter of Sino ? Retrieved from
https://djecexplains.wordpress.com/tag/socialized-housing/
strategic policies and programmes.This growth is expected to happen not
only in the capital Metro Manila but mainly in small and intermediate cities.
Without a strategic and holistic approach to increasingly complex
urban issues, cities will fail to create economic opportunities and protect
themselves from environmental risks.
14
With this condition, demand on urban housing consequently rises.
Senators have proposed in-city housing to solve problems on illegal
squatting and would be a big step towards addressing the housing backlog in
the country. (Cañet, Carla, Ellera, Teresa. 2016).11
2.2.3 Socialized housing Backlog and Demand
According to the official website of the Government of the
Philippines, as of 2017, the housing backlog is 5.7 million households. The
figure clearly indicates that over 20 million Filipinos, at an average of five
members per family, have no decent homes of their own. The number could
rise if disasters like earthquakes and typhoons strike.
The low-cost, socialized, and economic housing units account for a
large share of housing production. From 2010 to 2011, housing production in
the high-end, mid-end, and low-cost categories increased, while production of
houses in economic and socialized housing was relatively flat. From 2000 to
14
Cañet, e. a. (2016). In-city housing plan to cover 'all problem areas'. Retrieved from
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/bacolod/local-news/2016/04/06/city-housing-plan-cover-all-
problem-areas-466352
2011, economic, socialized, and low-cost housing cornered close to 70% of
total housing production. During this same period, the socialized segment
accounted for 27%, the economic segment accounted for 29%, and low cost
segment 13%.
15
Even private developers are now becoming more interested in these
projects due to the economic perks of being involved real estate market.
“Considered to be 'Southeast Asia's hottest real estate hub' by CB Richard
Ellis, the property industry has been celebrated as one of the pillars of a
supposedly resilient national economy amidst the global financial crisis.
Based on almost a year of accumulated field work, this dissertation unmasks
this euphoric narrative by interrogating the spatio-historical acquiescence of
political, economic and cultural processes that have facilitated the boom, such
as Filipino transnational migration, historical issues over land and property
rights, and marketing of an idealized suburban lifestyle.”12 (Ortega, 2011)
2.2.4 Institutional Reforms related to Housing Development
See chapters 5-8 of Philippine Development Plan of HUDCC
(Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council) in appendix.
2.2.4.1 Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)
General Provisions of HLURB
MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 02 stated that its
guidelines shall apply to developers of main subdivision
15
Ortega, A. (2011). Neoliberalizing Spaces in the Philippines. University of the Philippines, Diliman.
projects complying with Section 18 of UDHA, or the balanced
housing development requirement, by developing an area for a
socialized housing project equivalent to at least twenty percent
(20%) of the total subdivision area or developing a socialized
housing project with a cost equivalent to at least twenty percent
(20%) of the total subdivision project cost of the main
subdivision project, as implemented under Section 3 of Board
Resolution No. 890, Series of 2012.
2.2.4.2 National Housing Authority
The National Housing Authority (NHA) is the sole
national agency mandated to engage in housing production for
low income families. It traces its roots to the People's
Homesite Corporation (PHC), the first government housing
agency established on 14 October 1938 and to the National
Housing Commission (NHC) which was created seven years
later, on 17 September 1945. These two agencies, the PHC
and the NHC, were eventually merged on 4 October 1947 into
the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC).
Prior to the formation of NHA, 6 other housing agencies
were created in respond to separate and distinct shelter
requirements but were abolished in July 31, 1975 once the
Presidential Decree No. 757 presided. The NHA took over and
integrated the functions of the abolished agencies - the

People's Homesite Corporation (PHHC) and the six (6) other
housing agencies. The creation of the NHA is the second
attempt of the government to integrate all housing efforts
under a single agency, twenty-eight years after the merger
under the PHHC.
Various Acts and Executive Orders specify and polish
further the role of this agency to the Filipino community. These
EO’s and RA’s covered the obligations of NHA as a
comprehensive housing program:
2.2.5 Public Policies related to Housing Development

2.2.5.1 BP (Batas Pambansa) 220
BP 220 is a law approved in March 25, 1982. That
elaborates the planning and design standards for social housing.
It includes criteria for choosing a site, considerations for
planning, norms in improving the community where the
housing will be erected, typology of houses, norms in designing
a house, and general construction requirements.
Pursuant to Section 3 of BP 220, the Housing and Land
Use Regulatory Board is authorized to establish and promulgate
two levels of standards and technical requirements for the
development of economic and socialized housing projects/units

in urban and rural areas from those provided in PD 957, PD
1216, PD 1096, and PD 1185.
2.2.5.2 Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 related to Socialized Housing
Under the Vision of National Housing Authority, by
2019, 50% of the housing needs for homeless low-income
families (based on the 2011 census) primarily those living in
waterways, danger areas, and government infrastructure project
sites in Metro Manila and all regions nationwide would have
been provided.
According to “The Philippine Housing Industry
Roadmap: 2012-2030” by Subdivision & Housing Developers
Association, Inc., in cooperation with Center for Research and
Communication- University of Asia and the Pacific, alliances
among housing developers and industry partners would increase
the housing production by 2 million while sustaining 12%
production volume every year in 2017-2022.
For a longer term planning, indicated also in the same
paper are the 4 objectives to eliminate housing backlog by
2030.
1. Increase Housing Production
2. Implement a comprehensive government housing
subsidy program for target segments to enhance
affordability
3. General & Mobilize Funds for End-User
Financing
4. Improve the Housing Regulatory Environment
2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Denmark
Figure 3. Denmark's Urban Garden and Housing for the Homeless
Denmark, a first world country, has managed to start a project that
would provided temporary accommodation for homeless people.

The architects describe the project as a place “where housing and green
gardens [create] a platform for the meeting between locals and homeless, and a path
for a new beginning.”
To facilitate this interaction between the community and its homeless members, the
design takes the form of an armature housing a series of modular containers, each
designated for its own specific activities. In addition to bedrooms, the containers
would provide a wide range of activities such as kitchens, dining spaces, offices,
living rooms, and even a yoga studio.
The architects believe surrounding the temporary community members with
these activities will help to them to improve their professional and social standing by
improving communication with authorities and allowing them to take care of their
physical and mental health. With the addition of community gardens and semi-public
event spaces, the proposal provides the neighborhood with a new social meeting
place that everyone can use.
Based on a simple scaffolding system, the concept is for the structure to be
flexible, with the ability to add new features and change according to new needs. In
the future, the project could be completed dismantled, and moved to a new site that
needs help.
Figure 4. Room Schemesfor Denmark’s Home for the Homeless
16
The project will have a positive visual contribution to the
neighborhood – a landmark people can relate to with social and environmental
sustainable initiatives," explain the architects. "The visibility aims to raise
awareness of the initiative, in terms of attracting new users to the
neighborhood, but also volunteers and current residents. (ArchDaily, 2017)
13
16
ArchDaily. (2017). WE architecture Erik Juuls Urban Garden and Housing to Provide Turning
Point for Copenhagens Homeless. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/867338/we-
architecture-plus-erik-juuls-urban-garden-and-housing-to-provide-turning-point-for-
copenhagens-homeless
2.3.2 Iraq
Iraq who has witnessed countless wars that has torn families and
homes apart found an unusual opportunity to make use of war’s T-walls (a
twelve-foot-high (3.7 m) portable, steel-reinforced concrete blast wall of the
type used for blast protection) as primary component for affordable housing.
Hundreds of thousands of T-walls--the ubiquitous symbol of war-torn Iraq--
are scattered across the country as the bases close and will be crushed or
dumped in desert graveyards. Instead of wasting materials, the T-walls are
being reused to resolve the shortage of housing in post-war Iraq for more than
two million displaced Iraqis without homes.
Figure 5. Perspective of T-wall dwellings
Jeffrey Olinger, an architectural designer and principal with NWD of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, with his partner Heather Boesch, who work on
sustainable redevelopment of Iraq and other conflict zones, hatched a plan to

re-purpose the precast concrete panels used for barricades to cordon off the
Green Zone and other military outposts.
By arranging the T-walls in L-shaped configurations, a forecourt to
share with neighbors and a private interior courtyard for extended families
attempt to reflect Middle Eastern traditional dwellings. With steel
reinforcements, these slabs are a strong architectural structural element that
New World Design can turn into rapidly assembled, high-quality, low-cost
housing.
Figure 6. Floor plan of a T-wall dwelling

The design of each house emerges from a careful study of traditional
Iraqi dwelling patterns while capitalizing on its urban configuration. All the
homes feature a traditional forecourt, which projects a sense of dignity for
visitors and homeowners alike, and each L-shaped house is coupled with its
neighbor to form an internal courtyard where children can safely play and
women can freely interact with each other. By coupling the homes, it is also
possible to combine housing units for large and extended families, which are
common throughout Iraq.
17
The interiors of the homes are organized in order to segregate public
and private spaces, with the dinning and kitchen area acting as a hinge
between the two zones. To minimize the costs of heating and cooling, careful
measures have been taken to maximize both the thermal massing properties of
the T-walls (each T-wall has a potential R-value of 14, analogous to a
conventional CMU cavity wall) and the natural ventilation of the spaces. The
design of each home incorporates a large, double-height wind tower—a
traditional design found on indigenous buildings throughout the Middle
East—over the front sitting room, which dramatically improves the home’s
ventilation and imparts a sense of grandeur to the public sitting room while
recalling traditional Arabic building typologies on the exterior. 14
17
ArchDaily. (2011, January 30). T-Wall Housing- New World Design LLC. Retrieved from
http://www.archdaily.com/107019/t-wall-housing-new-world-design-llc
2.3.3. Philippines
a. Bistekville 2, Quezon City
Quezon City’s Shelter Plan points to the low supply or no supply at all
of affordable housing units (socialized) within the city as one of the main
reason behind the growth of informal settlements. Developers are reluctant to
venture in socialized housing development due ro marginal returns and poor
payback. The urban poor are often times considered credit risk due to their
irregular and unreliable sources of income, and inadequate knowledge of
credit responsibilities.
Because of the substantial resource requirements for mass housing
projects, the Quezon City Government, for many years, depended mainly on
the National Housing Authority (NHA) and on the Socialized Housing
Finance Corporation (SHFC) to provide low-cost units for housing units for
the poor.
Figure 7. Perspective of Bistekville 2
However, this dependence limits the number of housing availments to
the quotas provided by NHA and the housing sites are often resisted by the
poor because these are usually outside the city, which they consider to be far
from their source of income. The SHFC also facilitated mostly lot acquisition
under its Community Mortgage Program, which addressed land tenure but
generally did not remove the blight in these communities.
18
In June 29, 2012, Bistekville 2 was born. It is the second of the 22
socialized housing named after Quezon City’s Mayor, Herbert Bautista. It is
nestled at a 4.6 hectare property at Brgy. Kaligayahan that is planned to yield
894 socialized housing units. Bistekville 2 offers affordable homes which
could be paid at a low monthly amortization fee. Each dwelling unit has a lot
area measuring 28 square meters, including a loft structure. Program
beneficiaries may avail of the P400,000 housing loan package offered by Pag-
ibig Fund, which they will pay at a maximum period of 30 years depending on
the age of the borrower. (Quezon City Government, n.d.)15
18
Quezon City Government. (n.d.). First Batch of Bistekville 2 Units Awarded to Beneficiaries.
Retrieved from
http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=757%3Aph
oto-exhibit-of-old-qc&catid=1&Itemid=122
b. Ernest Ville, Quezon City

19
Ernest Ville is an off-site and in-barnagay voluntary relocation site
that has a 4,869- sqm rolling terrain. Residents of the community comprise
212 informal settler families (ISFs) previously residing in flood-prone areas of
Barangay Gulod, particularly those who are living along the Tullahan River.
Members of the Ernest Ville HOA are composed of 115 families
(54%) who are informal income earners and 75 families (46%) who are formal
income earners. The average monthly gross income per family ranges from
Php 11,000 to Php 15,000 while their housing affordability level ranges from
Php ,540 to Php 2,100.16
Construction for the housing project began in 2014 and by 2015, 212
units were turned over to the families. The relocation site has 12 two-storey
buildings and each unit contains a total floor area of 25.6 sqm with provision
for loft. The residents of Ernest Ville, who were involves in accommodate the
ISFs in danger zones to lessen the cost of the property per member. The
housing project was funded by savings of the HOA, supplemented by the
Quezon City LGU subsidy through the Community Mortgage Program
(CMP).
19
TAO-PILIPINAS INC. (2017). Disaster Risk Reduction Management and Planning Handout.
Diliman, Quezon City: TAO-PILIPINAS.
Figure 8. Overlooking from a balcony in one of the units in Ernest Ville
c. Sambahayan Condominium Incorporated
Initiated by the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) in 1971, the Social
Condominium Project (or Sambahayan) is located in the municipality of
Mandaluyong in Metro Manila. 20 It occupies an area of 8,653 sq.m with costs

estimated at P 75 per sq.m. Based on the principle of social responsibility of the
business community in economic development, the PBSP, an organisation of 132
private business firms, was founded for the purpose of “helping people who need help
to help themselves”. Through the Sambahayan Project, it was hoped that by
mobilising resources and firming up efforts of private enterprises in social action, a
unified social development programme can be administered scientifically.17
Figure 9. Buildings 1,2 and 3 of Sambahayan Condominium Inc is strictly for residential
purposes while Buildings 4 and 5 are open for office and other commercial purposes.
20
Abueg, E. (1986). Popular Participation in Housing the Urban Poor. Great Britain: De la Salle
University, Philippines.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This method is used when the data gathered are used to support and answer certain
questions that could be useful in a study.
Topic included:
1. Evolution of housing development in the Philippines.
2. Innovative solution for sustainable design.
3. Necessities of a housing program.
3.1.1 Qualitative Method
This method is to be done through interviews, case studies, statistics, and
observations. Information used will be helpful for the following topics:
1. Acquiring knowledge from experts on the field of housing development.
2. Selecting the most suitable site for the project.
3. Application of building techniques apt for housing.
3.1.2 Historical Method
The method involves study of the structure similar in nature with the project, be it
may foreign or local. It includes the background as to why these structures were
built and how it has affected the area physically, economically, and culturally.
Topics Included:
1. Appropriateness of housing design in our country.
2. Housing developments that has successfully catered to the well-being of its
users.
3.2 Research Instruments
3.2.1 Interviews
Information needed for the project must come from the client themselves
as to address their actual needs and to be able to provide factual radiate
1. Guidelines for Socialized Housing
2. Parameters of Housing design
3.2.1.2 Manila City Hall

1. Ordinances
2. Proposed developments of the city
3. Zoning
4. Hazards
5. History and character of the area
3.2.2 Case Studies
Projects of the same nature are used in gathering required data
and information to know that present condition and issues of housing
developments and identifying existing problems and concerns of this

architectural typology. Different case studies include local and international
housing developments that exhibits interesting conditions that might affect
the project.
3.2.3 Electronic Sources
Electronic sources include e-books and reading materials downloaded
from the internet. It also includes inputs from blogs and architectural threads
by various people involved and interested in the profession. Encyclopedias
published online are also used as reference to support the project.
3.2.4 Articles
Articles published on various mediums (online and newspaper) that
contain information that would be helpful in any aspect of the project are
collated. Information such as ordinances, proposals, issues, funding, etc.

CHAPTER IV
SITE PROFILE AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Criteria for Site Selection
4.1.1 Land Size

There is no specified suggested land size for subdivision
projects under the Implementing Rules and and Regulations for BP 220,
however, criteria for technical guidelines and requirements are provided
in Section 5 of the said document. (see appendix)
4.1.2 Soil Character
Soil characteristics must conform to the suitability standards for
construction by DENR through its Bureau of Mines and Geo-Sciences
4.1.3 Topography
Must be relatively flat (or filling requirement for rolling terrain
shall not exceed max cost). Slopes should not exceed 15% max gradient.
For high density, slope should be below five.
Grading and ditching shall be executed in a manner that will
prevent erosion or flooding of adjoining properties.
4.1.4 Geological Character
With consideration of both the regional and local context.
Housing projects shall be within suitable sites for housing and outside
potential hazard prone and protection areas.

4.1.5 Climate Character
In urban areas, one of the reasons for increase in temperature is
urban heat island effect. Thus, reduced impervious pavements, increase
in vegetation and shaded as well as light coloured building surfaces help
maintain cooler microclimate.
4.1.6 Natural features
A potential site must have characteristics assuring healthful, safe
and environmentally sound community life. It shall be stable enough to
accommodate foundation load without excessive site works. Critical
areas (e.g., areas subject to flooding, land slides and stress) must be
avoided.
4.1.7 Environmental Concerns
Suitable trees with a caliper diameter of 200 millimetres or more,
shrubs and desirable ground cover per Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) rules shall be preserved. Where a good
quality top soil exists in the site, it shall be banked and shall be
preserved for finishing grades of yards, playgrounds, parks and garden
area.
4.1.8 Accessibility and Transportation
The site must be served by a road that is readily accessible to
public transportation lines. Said access road shall conform to the

standards set herein of these Rules to accommodate expected demand
caused by the development of the area. In no case shall a subdivision
project be approved without necessary access road/right-of-way
constructed either by the developer or the Local Government Unit.
According to Section 5.B.4 under the BP 220, these are the
conditions a subdivision must adhere:
a. Depending on the classification of roads adjacent to the

subdivision and the size of the project site, road network should
result into a hierarchy of functions and should define and serve the
subdivisions as one integrated unit.
b. Roads complemented with pathwalk within the subdivision

must be so aligned to facilitate movement within and in linking the
subdivision to the nearest major transportation route and adjacent
property.
Whenever there is/are existing roads within the project site which
shall be made part of the subdivision, these shall be improved in
accordance with the standards set forth herein.
c. Streets should conform to the contours of the land as much as

practicable.
d. Provisions of major street extension for future connection to

adjoining developed and/or underdeveloped properties shall be
mandatory and integrated or aligned with existing ones, if any.
e. Streets shall be so laid out to minimize critical intersections such

as blind corners, skew junctions, etc.
f. Roads shall conform with civil work design criteria as per

Section 10.B.3 of this rules and sound engineering practices.
4.1.9 Adjacent Buildings
The local government unit, in coordination with the concerned
national agencies, shall ensure that these basic services are provided at
the most costefficient rates, and shall set as mechanism to coordinate
operationally the thrusts, objectives and activities of other government
agencies concerned with providing basic services to housing projects.
4.1.10 Security
Interior Subdivision project must secure right-of-way to the
nearest public road and the right-of-way shall be designated as
interconnecting road with a minimum width of 10 meters. This fact shall
be annotated on the title of said road lot and must be donated and deemed
turned over to the LGU upon completion of the said interconnecting
road.
4.1.11 Utility Lines
Source of potable water should be established whether from
local water company, from the ground, or other alternative source.

The subdivision water supply shall be mandatory or obligatorily
connected to an appropriate public water system or community system
provided that the water supply is enough to meet the total daily
requirements of the anticipated population.
4.1.12 Sewer Lines
Natural waterways and outfalls shall be established on ground.
The sewage disposal system for open market and medium cost
subdivision projects shall either be any of the following:
a. Connection to Community Sewer System
Connections shall be made to an approved public or community
sewer system, subject to the requirements and provisions of the
Sanitation Code of the Philippines and other applicable rules and
regulations.
b. Septic Tanks
Where community sewer system is not available, sewage shall
be disposed of and treated in individual septic tanks. Construction of
individual septic tanks shall conform to the design standards of
Sanitation Code of the Philippines (PD 856) and National Plumbing
Code of the Philippines (RA 1378).

4.1.13 Electrical Lines
Installation practices, materials and fixtures used shall be in
accordance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code and/or
local utility company.
Provision of street lighting per pole is mandatory at 50-meter
distance and every other pole if distance is less than 50 meters.
Electrical bills for streetlights shall be proportionately
shouldered by the users thereof prior to issuance of Certificate of
Completion (COG) and turn-over of open space to LGU.
4.1.14 Drainage System
The drainage system of the subdivision shall conform to the
natural drainage pattern of the subdivision site, and shall drain into
appropriate water bodies or public drainage system. In no case shall
drainage outfalls drain into a private lot. Its layout shall conform to
sound engineering design/ principles certified by a duly licensed
civil/sanitary engineer. Drain lines shall be of durable materials and
approved installation practices.

4.2 Macro Site Analysis (City/Municipality-MANILA CITY)
4.2.1 Historical Background
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is situated on the
eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of
which date back to the 16th century. It was the first chartered City by
virtue of the Philippine Commission Act 183 on July 31, 1901 and
gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No. 409 or the
"Revised Charter of the City of Manila" on June 18, 1949. In 2012, the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a
global city.
The city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, and is the
historic core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its
administrative limits.
4.2.2 Physical Profile
4.2.2.1 Geographical Location
Figure 10. Map of Manila City
4.2.2.2 Land Area
The City of Manila has a land area of about 7,596.65 hectares
based on the City Charter (Republic Act 409). Based on the Official Map
of the City, it has 4045.8 hectares. This is still expected to increase due
to the impending reclamation projects of the City.

4.2.2.3 Topography
Figure 11. Contour Map of Manila City
Figure 11 shows the surface elevation contour map of Metro
Manila referenced from the mean sea level. The elevation data is derived
from Google Earth and translated into this elevation contour map. It is
observed that the high elevations of Metro Manila are traversing the
center, while the low-lying areas are found in the sides, which are coastal
areas.
4.2.2.4 Climate
Manila has hot, humid weather all year round and the city's
proximity to the equator ensures that the temperature range is small,
rarely dropping below 68°F (20°C) and seldom rising above 100°F
(38°C). It is a little cooler between November and February and the
hottest month is May, when the temperature averages 83ºF (28ºC). The
rainy season is between June and October, although some precipitation
is possible all through the year. The driest period is between December
and May.
4.2.2.5 Soil Characteristics
Cities that are near the bodies of water have low bearing capacities.
Thus, the use of shallow foundations on these areas is recommended
only for structures that have lower design loads, such as residential
houses. Cities with rock formations beneath the surface, such as Quezon
City, North Caloocan, and Muntinlupa, have soils with high bearing
capacities at shallow depths. It is recommended to place the foundations
on these refusal levels since it is more than capable of carrying loads
that are suited for shallow foundations. Nevertheless, caution must be
taken when placing structures in these areas, as the Valley Fault System
is nearby, making the area prone to earthquakes.

4.2.2.6 Land Use Classification
High Density Residential Mixed Use zone- The Proposed Land
Use Plan was made with the general purpose of guiding and
accomplishing a coordinated, adjusted, and harmonious development of
the city. And its environs which will in accordance with present and
future needs, best promote health, safety, morals, orders, convenience,
prosperity, and general welfare, as well as efficiency and economy in
the process of development, including among other things, adequate
provision for traffic, the promotion of safety from fire, flood waters, and
other dangers, adequate provision for light and air, the promotion of
healthful and convenient distribution of population, the promotion of
good civic design and arrangement, wise and efficient expenditures of
public funds, and the adequate provision of public utilities and other
requirements.
4.2.2.7 Infrastructure and Utilities
The administration's massive infrastructure plan for the country
is aimed at creating thousands of jobs, reduce traffic and alleviate the
effects of high price of commodities in the country. Among these
projects is BCDA's 9,450-hectare Clark Green City. The City is
envisioned to be the long-term solution to traffic and congestion in
Metro Manila and is expected to be a focal point of economic
development in Central and Northern Luzon and will generate over

800,000 jobs. Other significant projects include the Metro Manila-Clark
Railway which with assure one-hour travel from Metro Manila to Clark
International Airport, the Santa Monica-Lawton-BGC Viaduct which
will directly link the Bonifacio Global City going to Ortigas, and the
BGC-NAIA Bus Rapid Transit that will guarantee travel time to the
airport to 15-20 minutes.
In the transport sector, approximately 80 percent of Metro
Manila relies on public transport. According to the National
Environmentally Sustainable Transport (NEST) Strategy study, three
lines of LRT/MRT, 23,000 buses, 36,000 taxis, approximately 217,000
jeepneys and 90,000 tricycles service the metro). The NEST Strategy
pegged the Philippines’ road density at 0.67 kilometres per square
kilometre in 2007, the highest among Asian countries except Singapore.
The transport sector consumes more energy than other sectors as
demonstrated by the 37.7 percent total energy consumption posted in
2009.
The Angat Dam, Ipo Dam, and La Mesa Dam (also known as
Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system) mostly supply the Manila
metropolitan area water. Some of the well-known and larger dams in
rural areas are: Ambuklao Dam developed for flood control, irrigation,
and hydroelectric power source of Baguio and some places in Luzon;

and Magat Dam, a major source of irrigation water and hydroelectric
power in Isabela.
4.2.3 Demographic Profile
4.2.3.1. Population
Manila is the capital and second-largest city of the Philippines and one
of 16 cities that comprise Metro Manila, which has an overall
population of 12.8 million per the 2015 Census. The city of Manila has
a population of 1.78 million in 2016, according to census data.
4.2.3.2. Growth and Distribution
With over 16.5 million people in 2010, the Manila urban area was the
sixth largest in the region by population. The Manila urban area's
population grew by 4.3 million people between 2000 and 2010, which
is remarkable considering that a city of over 4 million would be a large
city in its own right.
The Manila urban area's spatial footprint grew by 250 sq km
between 2000 and 2010. Less than 1 percent of the total area of the
Philippines, around 2,300 sq km, was part of urban areas. There were
nearly 135,000 sq km of urban land spread across the East Asia region
(an area roughly the size of the entire island of Luzon, for the sake of
comparison), but that too covered less than 1 percent of the region.
4.2.4 Economic Profile
In Metro Manila, 65 per cent of the total 6.7 million population over 15
years old are in the labour force. Manila's economy is multi-faceted.
Diverse products, such as chemicals, textiles, rope, coconut oil, and
shoes, are manufactured within the metropolitan area. Food and tobacco
processing also employ many residents. With its excellent protected harbor,
Manila serves as the nation's principal port. In addition, it is the financial and
publishing center for the Philippines. The widespread use of English gives the
city an advantage in international trade not shared by many Asian cities. Manila
shares the problems of many large cities, however. It is overpopulated, and
municipal agencies struggle to keep up with the demand for services.
4.2.5 Social Service Profile
4.2.5.1. Hospitals and clinics
There is a total of 176 public and private hospitals and clinics
across Manila. Most of it are concentrated on the district of Sampaloc,
Quezon City and Marikina City. Number of these institutions decline as
it gets farther tho the center of the city.

4.2.5.2. Public Schools
There are 17 schools in District I (12 elementary and 5 secondary)
located in Tondo I area, 20 schools in District II (14 elementary and 6
secondary) located in Tondo II area, 16 schools in District III (11
elementary and 5 secondary) located in Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas
and Sta. Cruz areas, 19 schools in District IV (14 elementary and 5
secondary) located in Sampaloc area and 17 schools in District VI (11
elementary and 6 secondary) located in San Miguel, Pandacan, Sta.
Ana and Sta. Mesa areas.
4.2.5.3. Police Stations
The Manila Police District (MPD) is the agency of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) responsible for law enforcement in the City of
Manila.Formerly known as the Western Police District (WPD), the
MPD is under the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO),
which also handles the Quezon City, Eastern, Northern and Southern
Police Districts.
The MPD is organized into eleven (11) police stations and
several district support units.

4.3 Micro Site Analysis (District of PANDACAN)
4.3.1 Physical Profile
4.3.1.1 Geographical Location
Figure 12. Footprint of Pandacan
4.3.1.2. Land Area
Pandacan, 300,000 km2
4.3.1.3. Topography
Pandacan’s topography is relatively flat with some
portions below sea level. Though adjacent with the Pasig River,
no major flooding was experienced during the last 20 years.

4.3.1.4. Climate
Pandacan experience the same climate as the rest of the
city does. Annual mean temperature is 28.2 C ranging from 25.2
-31.2 C. Heavy rains usually occur during the months of July and
August, with monthly rainfall reaching 486 mm. The highest
number of rainy days is 22 per month, this occurring during the
wet season.
4.3.1.5. Soil Characteristics
Just like the rest of the National Capital Region (NCR),
Pandacan lies on a shelf, which has been essentially formed by
a ridge of volcanic tuff to the west. Pandacan is of fluvial
deposits of sand, gravel, and clay, transported by the Pasig
River.
4.3.1.6. Land Use Classification
A high-density residential mixed-use zone (R-3/MXD).
Most of the district are of residential zones, which includes
diverse typology of housing units such as condominiums, single
detach, town houses, made shift houses, and those of in the slum
areas. A number of commercial establishments are also present
in the area providing basic needs of the community and adding
economic value to the district.

4.3.1.7. Infrastructure and Utilities
Most of the infrastructures located on the district are of
bridges that connect lands, which are separated by bodies of
water such as the Pasig River and numerous canals. Metro
Manila Water Supply System supplies clean water to most of the
residents and establishments in the district.
4.3.2 Demographic Profile
4.3.2.1. Population
As of 2015, Pandacan, housing the 38 barangays, is
composed of 87, 405 people with the household number of 16,
764 (average household size is 4.9).
4.3.2.2. Growth and Distribution
With the population growth of 18. 28% every 5 years, Barangay
836 tops with the most population in an area with 5, 953,
Barangay 853 with a less total population of 569.
4.3.3 Economic Profile
Majority of the residents of Pandacan belong to the generally
lower to upper middle class brackets. Original residents were gainfully
employed as blue-collar workers in the nearby factories and oil depot,
while some working in white-collar jobs are employed in nearby Makati
City, the country's central business district.

Pandacan was originally established as the industrial center for
the City of Manila during the turn of the 20th century. Oil depots, which
services more than half of the fuel requirement of the country, were
established along the banks of the Pasig River.
Pandacan's western section, along the street formerly called Otis
(now Guazon st.) was once a row for manufacturing such as a coconut
oil processing, rope making facility, including the central bottling and
distribution center of Coca Cola in the Philippines. One can also find
along Guazon Street the major car dealerships and their respective
showrooms for Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Ford and Isuzu.
4.3.4 Social Service Profile
4.3.4.1. Schools
Public elementary schools serving the district includes Jacinto
Zamora Elementary School, Bagong Diwa Elementary School,Beata
Elementary School and Bagong Barangay Elementary School, while the
district has one public high school, the Carlos P. Garcia High School.
Private education is provided by a Catholic school called St.
Joseph's School - Pandacan, located beside the Sto. Niño Parish along
Jesus Street. At the start of school year 2006, banker Alfonso
Yuchengco opened the first modern privately run science high school
called Malayan High School of Science (under the Mapua Institute of
Technology system) on what was once the head office of the A. Soriano
Corporation along Otis Street (now Guazon Street), across the bottling
plant of Coca Cola.
4.3.4.2. Churches
Four of the leading Christian religious dominations in the
Philippines established their presence in the district. For Roman
Catholics, there is the Sto. Niño (Child Jesus) Parish located along Jesus
Street. The members of the Iglesia ni Cristo have a local, and the
Pandacan United Methodist Church; both located along Pres. Quirino
Avenue and the Aglipayan or members of the Iglesia Filipinas
Independiente have a church along Labores street.
4.4 Site Profile and Justification
The site is located in Pandacan, District 6, Manila and is a high density
residential mixed-use zone (R-3/MXD). Land area is a total of 33-hectare
compound. During the second term of Manila Mayor Joselito L. Atienza, Jr., he
led an effort to convert Pandacan from an industrial classification into
commercial, in an effort to have the oil depot removed from the district. Atienza
and several city councilors were concerned that the oil depot served as a
security, environment, and safety hazard to the densely populated Pandacan.
Several fires have been attributed to the presence of the oil depot and terrorist
attacks were a major concern.

4.4.1 Land Size
Projected size is about 4.4-hectare block. More than enough for
a housing development according to the standards of HLURB.
4.1.2 Soil Character
Soil composition on the site is of fluvial deposits of sand,
gravel, and clay, transported by the Pasig River. Additional ground
support might be needed for the site is close to the river.
* According to Pandacan’s SPARC, Oil companies that were
previously situated to the site have the legal responsibility to treat the
site since it is a brownfield.
4.1.3 Topography
Site is relatively flat due to the former development that it
housed. Flood is seldom happens even though site is adjacent to the
Pasig River.
1.1.3 Geological Character
Northern half is currently undeveoloped because of the recent
evacuation of the oil companie. Sounthern part of the site is currently
inhabited by commercial and residential spaces.

1.1.4 Climate Character
Climate in site is same as with the whole region. Annual mean
temperature is 28.2 C ranging from 25.2 -31.2 C. Heavy rains usually
occur during the months of July and August, with monthly rainfall
reaching 486 mm. The highest number of rainy days is 22 per month,
this occuring during the wet season.
1.1.5 Natural features
Site is mostly covered with concrete while some parts are
vegetated and being used as a linear park.
1.1.6 Environmental Concerns
Site must be treated first because it is a brown site. Distance from
the river is relative, hence, avoiding an extreme surge of water in times
of extreme flooding.
1.1.7 Accessibility and Transportation
Site is adjacent to one major road on the west and a minor road
on its northern part. Jeepney and tricycle terminals and available
within 1 kilometer radius of the area.
1.1.8 Adjacent Buildings
Near buildings are Residencias de Manila, a low cost
condominium, and some midrise commercial establishments. Some of
the surrounding structures are of makeshift of substandard housing
developments.
1.1.9 Security
Site has two main entry points on the western and eastern sides.
A 3 meter wall also bounds the sounthern part of the site.
1.1.10 Utility Lines
Same with the whole district, site is supported by Metro Manila
Water Supply System in supplying clean water to most of the residents
and establishments within the area.
1.1.11 Sewer Lines
Estero de Pandacan with the length of 4,956 meters is usually the
end point of the sewer lines within the area. A government
establishment that is tasked to clean the estero lies between a
connection of the Pasig River and the Estero.
1.1.12 Electrical Lines
Meralco powers the whole district. Overhead lines are the main
connection of electricity in the area. Concerns of tangling and jacked
lines are one of the many concerns on the near houses in the site.
4.5.1 Flood Maps
The maps shows the rise of water level
in 5, 25 and 100 years respectively. The
flood maps were gathered from Project
NOAH- Nationwide Operational
Assessment of Hazards produced by
Figure 14. 5 year flood- PANDACAN DOST (Department of Science and
Technology). In the first 5 years, the site
will be experiencing low floods. In the
next 25 years, the site will almost be
fully covered with low to medium
floods. Anticipating for the 100 year
flood, the site then be fully susceptible

Figure 15. 25 year flood- PANDACAN
to high floods especially on the southern
part.
Figure 16. 100 year flood- PANDACAN

4.5.2 SWOT Analysis
1. Almost all of the supporting 1. Site is a brownfield and needs

facilities are available near the site. treatment.
2. Developed surrounding lots and 2. Limited access points to the site
roads. 3. Adjacent to an unclean river.
3. Strategic location for economic
oppurtunities.
1. Project can include lacking support 1. Susceptible to high-rise flood.

facilities. 2. Disease can be brought by dirty
2. Pasig River can offer trade markets water from Pasig River.
or ferry terminals that can serve as 3. Isolation from the outside
additional source of income of the community due to proximity and
community. entry limitations.
3. Water Hyacinth can be used for
community livelihood programs.
CHAPTER V
PROJECT PROFILE AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Historical Background
Our country has witnessed evolution on the form and function of our traditional
houses. External influences and adaptation to the current needs of our family almost
define and shape what our homes ought to be in the present. The evolution of Filipino
houses showed below is based on the National Commission for Culture and Arts.
The pre-Hispanic Era produced the iconic Bahay kubo that is well known in
most of the Asian countries but just with different names. It displays a vivid statement
on how the climate and environment in our country is and it had served well to the
tradition and culture of the native Filipinos. The use of available resources such as nipa
and homegrown woods implied the creativity of our ancestors. This structure has
inspired modern design application in today’s houses as it has shown sustainable and
resilient features that are very applicable, most especially in tropical countries.
With the arrival and colonization of the Spaniards, we’ve witness the shift of
houses from indigenous wood to a more resilient and masonry used in this Era. The
residence of the local middle class and government officials during the colonial times,
the Bahay na Bato had variations in features that included tiled roofing and Capiz shell
windows. Its design was Antillean in origin, but adjustments were made to make it more
suitable to Philippine conditions. The Bahay na Bato is no longer used as a design for
new structures, but can still be seen on existing ancestral homes and heritage sites all
over the country.

Upon the end of reign of Spanish colonialism comes the introduction to us of
sanitary system by the architectural advancement from the Americans. The hygienic
structural principles with the use of modern materials, integrated with our vernacular
designs produced the Filipino home called Tsalet. While adapting to Filipino’s way of
living, modernity allows the design to add spaces for car parking.
The American culture also familiarized us with the idea of bungalow houses.
These low-rise structures, usually made of concrete walls, and G.I. sheet as roofing, are
common on urban areas for its easy and cheap construction. This typology also got
popular for the families with elderly who considers the aversion of walking up and
down lengthy flights of steps.
The townhouse or commonly called as “apartments”, was found appealing by
Filipino families. These units sharing a same wall shows displays its being economical
and in terms of lot area. Most of these structures are owned by a single person who
rents out each unit to different people. Designs are often repeated and the internal spaces
are often formulated to be useful for a family.
Urbanization in the contemporary period paved way to the rise of
condominiums. These high rise structures are classified as more luxurious than
apartments and are often located to cater working class in cities. Its initiative is mainly
to provide everything a family needs in a single building. Amenities such as swimming
pool, basketball court, and gym are sometimes provide to satisfy the daily needs of its
tenants. Price of each unit depends on the location, amenities provided, size and number
of rooms, and the developer of the condominium. Though condominium provides ease
as to what an ordinary family needs, it sometimes fail to represent the Filipino culture
and often destroys the identity of the place by implying its monolithic stature lording
over the skies.
5.2 Profile of the Client
National Housing Authority
The National Housing Authority (NHA) is the sole national agency mandated
to engage in housing production for low income families. It traces its roots to the
People's Homesite Corporation (PHC), the first government housing agency
established on 14 October 1938 and to the National Housing Commission (NHC)
which was created seven years later, on 17 September 1945. These two agencies, the
PHC and the NHC, were eventually merged on 4 October 1947 into the People's
Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC).
Table 2. NHA's Mandates
2. Under EO 90 dated NHA was mandated as the sole national government

17 December 1986. agency to engage in shelter production focusing on
the housing needs of the lowest 30% of the urban
population.
3. Under RA 7279 NHA was tasked to provide technical and other
(UDHA) dated 24 forms of assistance to local government units
March 1992. (LGUs) in the implementation of their housing
programs; to undertake identification, acquisition
and disposition of lands for socialized housing; and
to undertake relocation and resettlement of families
with local government units.
4. Under RA 7835 NHA was tasked with the implementation of the

(CISFA) dated 08 following components of the National Shelter
December 1994. Program - the Resettlement Program, Medium Rise
Public and Private Housing, Cost Recoverable
Programs and the Local Housing Program.
5. Under EO 195 NHA was mandated to focus on sociliazed housing

dated 31 December through the development and implementation of a
1999. comprehensive and integrated housing development
and resettlement; fasttracking the determination and
development of government lands suitable for
housing; and ensuring the sustainability of socialized
housing funds by improving its collection efficiency,
among others.
5.3 Profile of the User
Estero de Pandacan is a canal and is located in City of Manila, Philippines.
The estimate terrain elevation above sea level is 8 metres. It’s susceptibility to flood
greatly affects the ISFs that are living along the banks of the canal. (See Table of ISF
on Estero de Pandacan) Currently, there are around 26 barangays which the Estero
passes through.
As of 2011, there are 104, 219 ISFs who are living in or along danger areas in Metro
Manila particularly those along waterways such as creeks, rivers and esteros. Table
below shows the number of ISF per locations identified by MMDA and LGU.
Table 3. Number of ISFs per Location
Interviews and surveys were conducted in order to come up with numbers that will
affect the study and of course, the final design of the project. 10 Informal Settler
Families (ISF) were interviewed and the data are as follows.
Figure 10. Gender Distribution

For the 15 families that we have interviewed, males and females are almost at
the same percentage. Activities and privacy of both genders are the utmost
considerations in designing the plan of a dwelling unit.
Figure 11. Most important space in the house
Base on the respondents, the bedroom is the most important space in the
house. There reasons are 1.) It is where the family rest throughout the night, 2.) It
allows privacy among family members; and 3.) It provides comfort and shelter to the
family.
The survey also showed a significant information that these ISF are
experiencing from living in makeshift houses. Most of them experienced leakage from
their roofs whenever there is a rain. Though problem can be easily solved through
patching of sealant but families would rather spend their money on food to last the
day. Other nitpicks are the wooden floors and walls that easily deteriorates whenever
wet.
Figure 12. Easily destroyed part of the house
These information can be used in prioritizing what must be prioritized and
adding further research on things that could be improved on these ISFs’ way of living.
5.4 Project Mission and Vision
5.4.1 Vision
Committed by its goals, the Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing
upholds its aim to further its goal of improving the well-being of the urban poor and
serving the needs of the Filipino community.

5.4.2 Mission
Guided by its core value, the Pandacan In-City Socialized Housing
dedicates itself to the development and improvement of urban life of the deprived and
underprivileged, providing rightful and humane living units and transforming slums
into well-organized and livable communities.
5.5 Personal Function and Organizational Set-up
5.5.1 Homeowners Association
Figure 17. HOA Organizational Chart
A Homeowners' Association (HOA) is a not-for-profit organization created to enforce
the rules and regulations set forth in its Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions to
maintain a uniform aesthetic throughout the community.

5.5.2 People’s Organization
People’s organizations or popularly known as POs are independent, bona fide associations
of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable
leadership, membership and structure, as stated in Section 15, Philippine Constitution of 1987.
Members come from all sectors of society including the poor and the disadvantaged.
5.6 Calendar of Activities
A. January
1. 1st-8th- New Year’s Celebration
2. Every second Sunday- Community Meetings
3. 3rd Sunday of the month- Festival of Santo Niño de Pandacan
(Buling-buling)
B. February
C. March
D. April
2. Every Saturday and Sunday night- Month-long Basketball
Tournament
E. May
2. Flores de Mayo
F. June
2. 1st Sunday- Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Orientation
G. July
2. Election for Homeowner’s Association
H. August
2. Start of Classes
I. September
J. October
K. November
1. 1st- Halloween Party
L. December
2. 24th-25th- Community Christmas Party
5.7 Legal Framework
BP 220, the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, is authorized to
establish and promulgate two levels of standards and technical requirements for
the development of economic and socialized housing projects/units in urban and
rural areas from those provided in PD 957, PD 1216, PD 1096, and PD 1185,.
5.7.1. Comprehensive and Continuing Urban Development and Housing
Program, establish the mechanism for implementation, and other purposes.
It shall be the policy of the State to undertake, in cooperation with the private
sector, a comprehensive and continuing Urban Development and Housing
Program, hereinafter referred to as the Program, which shall:
(a) Uplift the conditions of the underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban
areas and in resettlement areas by making available to them decent housing at
affordable cost, basic services, and employment opportunities;
(b) Provide for the rational use and development of urban land in order to bring
about the following:
(1) Equitable utilization of residential lands in urban and urbanizable
areas with particular attention to the needs and requirements of the
underprivileged and homeless citizens and not merely on the basis of
market forces;
(2) Optimization of the use and productivity of land and urban
resources;
(3) Development of urban areas conducive to commercial and industrial
activities which can generate more economic opportunities for the
people;
(4) Reduction in urban dysfunctions, particularly those that adversely
affect public health, safety and ecology; and

(5) Access to land and housing by the underprivileged and homeless
citizens;
(c) Adopt workable policies to regulate and direct urban growth and expansion
towards a dispersed urban net and more balanced urbanrural interdependence;
(d) Provide for an equitable land tenure system that shall guarantee security of
tenure to Program beneficiaries but shall respect the rights of small property
owners and ensure the payment of just compensation;
(e) Encourage more effective people's participation in the urban development
process; and
(f) Improve the capability of local government units in undertaking urban
development and housing programs and projects.
Table below shows the space allocation per dwelling unit according to the National
Building Code (PD 1096).
Space/ Type Allocation (Minimum) Remarks

Setbacks 3m on front, 2m at the rear &
1m on the sides
Condo Unit/ Single detached 2.4m x 5m- 2.5m x 5m Ratio is 1:4 (1 parking slot/ 4
unit condo units or 1/100 m2 living
space)
Room/ Bathroom 3m x 2m =6m2
Ceiling Height 2.4m Artificially-ventilated rooms
2.7m Naturally-ventilated rooms
2.7m (1st floor) For more than 1-storey units;

minimum height is 2.1m
2.4m (succeeding floors)
Veranda/ Railing height 0.9m
Fire Exit Should be vacuum or smoke-
proof
Table 4. Space Allocation
Communal spaces and amenities outside the main dwelling units are also required to
follow the following minimum standards.
1. These shall include courts, yards, setbacks, light wells, uncovered driveways,
access roads, parking spaces, buffer strips, parks and playgrounds
2. Shall also be allocated for basic utilities and community facilities. Parks and
3. Playground (exclusive of easements, access roads, driveways, parking space)
shall be required for projects with ten or more condominium units except when
the condominium is part of the subdivision project or
4. Developers must increase the allocation of open spaces up to even more than
fifty percent of the common lot area
5. A public park / playground or when other recreational facilities are located not
more than 800 meters away
6. The minimum area for a single park/playground shall be 50 square meters.
7. Increments of 3 square meters for every additional family dwelling in excess of
10 units shall be added.
The next table will show the co-relation of lot size vis-à-vis open spaces.
Table 5. Space Allocation according to BP 220
TYPES OF HOUSING MINIMUM LOT AREA

a. Single detached 64 m2
b. Duplex/ single attached 48 m2
c. Row house 28 m2
MINIMUM LOT FRONTAGE
a. Single detached-corner lot 8m
b. Single detached- regular lot 8m
c. Single detached- irregular lot 4m
d. Single detached- interior lot 3m
e. Duplex/ single attached 6m
f. Row House 3.5m
Under Republic Act 8974 or the Right of Way Act (ROWA) issued 07 November
2000, the government through NHA, in coordination with the local government units
and implementing agencies concerned, shall establish and develop squatter relocation
sites, including the provision of adequate utilities and services, in anticipation of
squatters that have to be removed from the right-of-way or site of future infrastructure
projects and whenever practicable, the concerned LGUs shall provide and administer
the relocation sites.
5.7.2 Considerations in making the guidelines according to BP220
1. Protection and safety of life, human body, property, and well-being of
everyone involved.
2. Essential needs in a housing:

a. Water line
b. Space of circulation
c. Storm drainage
d. Solid and liquid disposal
e. Park and playground
f. Electrical line
3. Easements
a. Water code- 3 meters
b. Transmission lines (National Power Corporation)
c. Fault lines- 5 meters
d. Right of way of public companies
e. Primary road easements (National Roads, loading/ unloading areas)
4. Circulation
a. Follow the contour of the land
b. Design the main street in a way that it can be immediately connected
to near places.
c. Avoid having blind corners and unconnected intersections.
5.7.3 Design Parameters
5.7.3.1 Allocation of land
a. Saleable Areas- There shall be no fixed ratio between the saleable
portion and non-saleable portion of a subdivision project.
b. Non-saleable Areas- Non-saleable areas shall conform with the
minimum requirements for open space comprising those allotted for
circulation system, community facilities and parks and playgrounds.
b.1. Allocation of Area for Parks and Playgrounds

Area allocated for parks and playgrounds shall be mandatory for projects
1 hectare or above and shall be strategically located within the subdivision
project.
Allocated areas for parks and playgrounds shall be non-alienable and non-buildable for
community hall but buildable for basketball court. It shall be exclusive of those areas
allocated for community facilities and shall vary according to the density of lots and/or
dwelling units in the subdivision, whichever is applicable, as shown below:
Table 6. Parks and Playground Allocation based on BP 200
b.2 Area Allocated for Community Facilities
Table 7. Facilities According to the Number of Saleable Lots/ Dwelling Units for Subdivision Projects 1
Hectare and Above
Mandatory provision of area for neighborhood multi-purpose center both for economic
and socialized housing projects with a gross area of 1 hectare and above. These areas
are non-saleable. However, the developer may provide for areas for community
facilities such as schools and convenience/retail centers in excess of the requirement
set forth in this Rule which shall be deemed saleable. The use of the said
area shall be indicated in the plan and annotated in the title thereto.
b.3 Circulation System
Below are the planning considerations to be observed for circulation layout:
a. Observance of the hierarchy of roads within the subdivision.
b. Conformance to natural topography.
c. Consideration for access and safety, e.g., adequate radius, minimum
number of roads at intersections, moderate slope/grade, adequate sight
distance, no blind corners, etc.
d. Optimization as to number of lots to lessen area for roads, at the
same time enhances community interaction.

b.3.1. Hierarchy of Roads
Table 8. Hierarchy of Roads
Hierarchy of roads (with respect to function, dimensions and project area) shall be
observed when planning the road network such that no major or minor road align with
an alley or pathwalk.
b.3.2. Road Right-of-Way
Table 9. Right of Way
Figure 13. Hierarchy of Roads

The corresponding right-of-way for hierarchy of roads shall be as follows:
The minimum right-of-way of major roads shall be in accordance with the preceding
table. However, in cases where the major road will serve as interconnecting road, it
shall have a minimum right-of-way of 10 meters. It shall have a 15-centimeter mix
gravel (pit run) base course on well-compacted sub grade.
Major roads shall maintain a uniform width of road right-of-way. Tapering of road
width shall not be allowed where the road right-of-way is wider than the prescribed
standard for the interconnecting road of the proposed subdivision.
Minor roads shall have a right-of-way of 6.50 meters wide. Interior subdivision project
must secure right-of-way to the nearest public road and the right-of-way shall be
designated as interconnecting road with a minimum width of 10 meters. This fact shall
be annotated on the title of the said road lot and must be donated and deemed turned
over to the LGU upon completion of the said interconnecting road.
b.3.3. Planting Strips
Planting strips as required under PD 953 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations
shall be observed in accordance with the following road specifications:
Table 10. Width of Planting Strips and Sidewalks

b.3.4. Road Pavement
Major, minor roads and motor court for economic and socialized housing projects shall
be paved with asphalt with minimum thickness of 50 millimeters or concrete with
minimum thickness of 150 millimeters and a minimum compressive strength of 20.7
Mpa at 28 days. Sidewalk or alley shall be of macadam finish.
b.3.5 Road Intersection
Roads should intersect at right angles as much as practicable. Multiple intersections
along major roads shall be minimized. Distance between offset intersections should not
be less than 20 meters from corner to corner.
Road intersections shall be provided with adequate curb radii consistent with sound
engineering principles. (See Figure 3: Curb Radii Dimension)
b.3.6 Road/ Grade/ Slope
Crown of the roads shall have a slope of not less than 1.5 to 9 percent.
Grades and vertical curbs shall conform to the design requirements of the Department
of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).
5.7.3.2 Lot Requirement
a. Lot Planning
a.1. A lot shall be served by an independent access either by a road, motor
court, or path walk. Path walk shall have a maximum length of 60 meters
intended only as pedestrian access to property for socialized housing projects.
a.2. Deep lots and irregularly shaped lots shall be avoided.

a.3. Whenever possible, lot frontage elevation shall be at street level.
a.4. Lots shall be protected against physical hazards. No lot shall be laid out
where potential risks exist (e.g. erosion, slides, flooding, fault lines, etc.)
a.5 Lots shall be protected against non-conforming uses and/or other risks through the
provision of adequate buffer strips, protective walls, and roads or other similar devices.
a.6 Lot shall be so laid out that administrative boundaries, water courses/drainage ways
utility lines do not bisect the lots.
b. Minimum Lot Area
Table 11. Minimum Lot Area
c. Lot Frontages
Table 12. Minimum Lot Frontages
d. Length of Block
Maximum block length is 400 meters. However, block length exceeding 250 meters
shall already be provided with a 2-meter alley approximately at midlength.

e. Shelter Component
a. Floor Area Requirement
The minimum floor area requirement for single-family dwelling shall be 22 square
meters for economic housing and 18 square meters for socialized housing.
b. Minimum Level of Completion
The minimum level of completion for economic housing shall be complete house based
on the submitted specifications. For socialized housing project, it shall be shell house
with doors and windows to enclose the unit.
f. Water Supply
For elevated reservoir, structural design shall comply with accepted structural standards or
the National Building Code of the Philippines. The elevated reservoir or water tank
capacity must be 20% average daily demand plus fire reserve.
Alternative sources of water supply may be availed of such as collected rain water and other
devices with water impounding capacity.
Provision for fire protection shall comply with the requirements of the Fire Code of the
Philippines. Whichever is applicable, the Local Government Unit shall provide each
community with fire hydrants and a cistern that are operational at all times.
For a multi-storey building, a water tank shall be provided if the height of the building
requires pressure in excess of that in the main water line. Capacity should be 20% average
daily demand plus fire reserve.
g. Electrical power Supply
When power is available within the locality of the project site, its connection to the
subdivision is required. Actual connection, however, may depend on the minimum number
of users as required by the power supplier.

Provision of street lighting per pole shall be mandatory if poles are 50-meter distance and
at every other pole if the distance is less than 50 meters. Installation practices, materials
and fixtures used, shall be in accordance with the provisions of the existing rules and
regulations of the National Electrical Code of the Philippines or the Local Electric
Franchise Holder/Local Electric Cooperative or the local utility company.
h. Sewage Disposal System
a. Septic Tank
The sewage disposal system shall be communal or individual septic tank
conforming to the design standard of the Sanitation Code of the Philippines.
b. Connection to Community Sewer System
Whenever applicable, connections shall be made to an approved public or
community sewer system, subject to the requirements and provisions of the
Sanitation Code of the Philippines and other applicable rules and regulations
with regard to materials and installation practices.
i. Drainage System
The design of the drainage system of the subdivision shall take into
consideration existing development of adjacent areas relative to their
impact/effect on its drainage system, if any. Further, it shall conform with the
natural drainage pattern of the subdivision site, and shall drain into appropriate
water bodies or public drainage system or natural outfalls. In no case shall
drainage outfalls drain into a private lot. Its layout shall conform with sound
engineering design principles certified by a duly licensed civil/sanitary

engineer. Drain lines shall be of durable materials and approved installation
practices.
The minimum drainage system for economic and socialized housing shall be
concrete lined canal with load bearing cover.
In case of non-existence of drainage system in the locality, catchment area for
drainage discharge shall be provided for and developed by the owner/developer
in consultation with local authorities or private entities concerned, to prevent
flooding of adjacent property. Moreover, said catchment area shall be made
safe and maintained.
If applicable, underground drainage system shall be provided with adequate
reinforced concrete pipes (RCP), catch basins, manholes/inlets and cross drain
for efficient maintenance. Minimum drainage pipe shall be 300 milimeters.
j. Garbage Disposal
Garbage disposal shall be undertaken by the local government or in the absence
thereof, by individual lot owners or homeowners association, with proper
observance of sanitary practices and methods.
k. Fire Fighting
The Homeowners Association shall form fire brigade in collaboration with the
barangay fire brigade. Water for fire fighting shall be part of the water
17 supply requirements and shall comply with the requirements of the
local/district fire unit of the Philippine National Police.

5.7.4 Classifications and General Requirements
Group B – Principal Use Accessory Conditional Zoning Classification

Residential Use Use
(Buildings/
Structures,
Hotels
and
Apartments)
Division B- 1. All uses permitted 1. All 1. All Residential R-3 - a
1 in Divisions A-1 customary conditional high-density
and A-2 (or for R-1 accessory uses in R-1 residential use or
class and R-2 uses and occupancy,
class) allowed in R-2 with characterized mainly
buildings/structures Divisions appropriate as a lowrise
2. Leased single- A-1 and A-2 regulations or medium-rise
detached dwelling (or for R-1 building/
unit, cottage with class and R- structure for exclusive
more than one (1) 2 class) use as
independent unit and buildings/ multiple family
duplexes. structures dwellings with
3. Boarding and 2. Branch mixed housing types.
lodging houses library and R-3
4. Multiple-housing museum structure may include
units for lease or 3. Hometel low-rise
still for sale 4. or medium-rise
5. Townhouses, each Vocational residential
privately owned school condominium
6. Boarding houses buildings that
7. Accessorias (shop- are already
houses), commercial in
rowhouses, nature and scale.
townhouses, There shall
tenements be two (2) general
and apartments types of R-3
8. Multiple privately- use or occupancy, to
owned wit:
condominium units or a. Basic R-3 :
tenement rowhouse
houses (residential building/structure of
building for the from
exclusive use of non- one (1) storey up to
leasing three
occupants not (3) storeys in height
exceeding ten (10) and
persons and of low— with each unit for
rise type (up to separate
five (5) storeys use as single-
maximum building familydwellings; and
height) b. Maximum R-3 :

9. Hotels, motels, mediumrise
inns, pension multi-level building/
houses and apartels structure of from six
10. Private or off- (6) up
campus dormitories. to twelve (12) storeys
11. Elementary in
schools and high height and for use as
schools, provided that multiple family
these will not dwellings.
exceed twenty (20) Residential R-4 - a
classrooms medium to
high-density
residential use
or occupancy,
characterized
main-ly as a low-rise
townhouse building/
structure
for exclusive use as
multiple
family dwellings. The
term R-4
specifically refers to
the
building/structure on
an individual lot (a
townhouse
unit) and generally
refers to
the series or rows of
R-4
buildings/structures
within a
subdivided lot or
property (an
R-4 development).
1. Multi-family Residential R-5 - a
residential buildings very highdensity
such as condominium, residential use or
high-rise occupancy,
residential characterized
buildings/structures, mainly as a medium-
multi-level apart- rise or
ments, tenements, high-rise
mass housing, etc. condominium
taller than five building/structure for
(5) storeys but not exclusive use as
more than twelve multiple
(12) storeys family dwelling.
2.7.5 Rationalizing the Funding Sources and Lending Mechanisms for

Home Mortages
To enable these funding agencies, namely:
1. SSS (Social Security System)
2. GSIS (Government Service Insurance System)
3. HDMF (Home Development Mutual Fund)
To provide improved benefits to their members and to generate the
necessary long-term funds for housing, a rationalization of all employer
and employee contributions for all social insurance and provident fund
benefits is directed to include the following:
a. Raising the Social Security System maximum compensation,
inclusive of the Cost of Living Allowance, as basis for
contributions from P1,000.00 to P3,000.00
b. Making contributions to the Home Development Mutual Fund
Voluntary on the parts of both employees and employers;
c. Instituting a single mandatory contribution rate for employess and
employers for all social insurance programs.
2.7.6 Socialized Housing Ceiling Price
According to NHA, government budget for socialized housing is around 726 thousand
pesos per unit but only around 62% of the cost is being collected from the
beneficiaries which has a value of 450 thousand pesos as of HUDCC Resolution
No.1 of 2013.
Table below shows the monthly amortization being implemented by the NHA.
2.7.7 Land Acquisition
NHA is conforming with the Civil code of the Philippines- Republic Act No. 386,
Title VI-Usufruct, regarding land acquisition of its housing projects.
A usufruct is a real right that authorizes the temporary use and enjoyment of another's
property with the basic obligation of preserving its form and substance and returning
it at a designated time. The one having the usufruct of property is called the
usufructuary, while the one who actually owned the property under usufruct is called
the naked owner.

Elements of Usufruct
A usufruct has the following elements:
1. Essential element - the right to temporarily use and enjoy the property of
another. This element must be present in any usufruct.
2. Natural element - the obligation to preserve the form and substance of the
property of another. This element may not be present in case of irregular or
imperfect usufruct.
3. Accidental element - the subject/s established or stipulated, such as the
duration of the usufruct.
Rights of Usufructuary
The usufructuary has the basic right to temporarily use and enjoy the property of
another. Along with this right, he also has:
Right to all the fruits of the property, whether they are natural, industrial, or civil.
a.) Including those fruits that are growing or pending at the commencement of the
usufruct after they had been gathered by the usufructuary. The usufructuary
has no obligation to refund the owner any expenses incurred for those fruits
prior to the usufruct.
b.) Excluding those fruits that are growing or pending at the termination of the
usufruct that shall belong to the naked owner. The naked owner has the
obligation to reimburse the usufructuary ordinary expenses incurred for the
cultivation of those fruits at the time of the termination.

Right to make use of any increase which the property in usufruct may acquire through
accession, easement/servitude, and all the benefits inherent to that property.
Right to alienate or lease his right of usufruct to a third person, even by gratuitous title
and without the consent of the naked owner.
a.) The contracts that alienate right shall terminate upon the expiration the
usufruct, except in the lease of rural lands, which shall be deemed to continue
up to the end of the agricultural year in order to allow the lessee who may be
cultivating the land to continue with the production and gathering.
b.) The usufructuary, not the naked owner, is entitled to determine the tenants to
whom he would rent or lease the tenantable property.
Right to bring a court action to recover property under usufruct.
a.) The naked owner is obligated to give the usufructuary the authority to bring
such action and to furnish proofs he may have.
b.) The acquisition of the property by the usufructuary as a consequence of the
action shall limit the usufruct to the fruits while the ownership (dominion)
remains with the owner.
Right to make useful and luxurious improvements to the property under usurfruct,
provided that.
a.) The usufructuary does not alter the form or substance of the property.
b.) The usufructuary have no right to reimburse but he may remove the
improvements if such removal would not cause substantial damage to the
property in usufruct.
Right to set-off improvements that augmented the value of the property against any
damages for which he may be liable.
a.) If the damage exceeds the value of the improvements, the usufructuary is still
liable for the difference.
b.) If the value of the improvements exceeds the damage, the usufructuary is not
entitled to a partial refund of the difference, which instead accrues in favor of
the naked owner, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary.
Right to recover from the naked owner the increase in value which the immovable
property in usufruct may have acquired by reason of extraordinary repairs made by
the usufructuary that are needed for the preservation of that property.
The usufructuary has no right to possessed any hidden treasure found in the property
under usufruct since it is the naked owner who is entitled to such. However, if he is
the finder, the usufructuary may be entitled to one-half of the treasure under the
'hidden treasure rule'.
Obligations of Usufructuary
The usufructuary has the following basic obligations:
a.) To preserve the form and substance of the property of another.
b.) To make an inventory of the properties under usufruct.
c.) To give a security as a guarantee of his obligations as a usufructuary.

Obligation to Preserve
The usufuctuary has the basic obligation to preserve the form and substance of the
property of another.
a.) He is obligated to indemnify for damages if the property in usufruct suffered
injury or damage due to his fault or negligence.
b.) The is not obligated to indemnify the loss of value if the property in usufruct
deteriorated or impaired due to unavoidable 'ordinary wear and tear'.
The usufructuary should also take care of the property with the diligence of a good
father of a family. Hence, he is required:
a.) To make ordinary repairs to the property.
b.) To make extra-ordinary repairs that are needed for the preservation of the
property if the naked owner does not make such repairs.
c.) To notify the owner of urgency of extraordinary repairs and of any acts which
may be detrimental to ownership.
The neglect or bad use of the property will not extinguish the usufruct, but may
dispossessed the usufructuary of that property upon the demand of the naked owner if
it causes considerable injury to him.
The alienation or lease of the usufruct would not relieve the usufructuary from his
obligation to preserve the property even if it is no longer under his actual possession.
Hence, the usufructuary would still be responsible to any damages that the property
may suffer through the fault or negligence of the third person to whom he alienated
his right.
Basically, the property in usufruct should be returned in the condition in which it may
be at the time of the termination of the usufruct, whereby:
a.) The usufructuary has the right of retention of the property in case he is still
entitled to reimbursement by the naked owner.
b.) The security shall be cancelled upon the delivery of the property.
Obligation to Make Inventory
The usufuctuary may also have the obligation to make an inventory, which shall:
a.) Be made after notice to the owner or his legitimate representative.
b.) Be made at the expense of the usufructuary
c.) Contain an appraisal of the movables and a description of the condition of the
immovable.
An inventory is not required:
a.) If the absence of an inventory will not injure anyone, provided that the naked
owner consents.
b.) If there is a waiver of such requirement by the naked owner or by the law or
by a stipulation in the will or contract.
The failure of a usufructuary to make the required inventory would have the following
effects:
a.) He cannot possess the property until an inventory is made.
b.) He cannot administer the property, hence, he cannot lease it to a third person.
c.) He cannot collect and invest any matured credits which form part of the
usufruct, unless the naked owner or the court consents.
d.) He can alienate his right to the usufruct.
An inventory may not be necessary upon the commencement of the usufruct, but
would become necessary in order to begin the physical possession and enjoyment of
the property. There could be a usufruct without physical possession, so the naked
owner will have all the rights granted to him by the usufruct even if the usufructuary
fails to make an inventory
Obligation to Give Security
The usufuctuary may also have the obligation to give a security sufficient to guarantee
his compliance with his obligations as a usufructuary. A security is not required:
a.) If the absence of a security will not injure anyone, provided that the naked
owner consents.
b.) If there is a waiver by the naked owner or by the stipulation in the will or
contract.
c.) If the usufructuary is the donor of the property in usufruct.
d.) If there is parental usufruct (usufruct by parents). [exceptions in page 40 of
Law on Property]
e.) If there is caucion juratoria, whereby the court grants the usufruct of a certain
property to a usufructuary upon his promise under oath to fulfill properly his
duties and under conditions prescribed.

CHAPTER VI
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
6.1 Research Design
6.1.1 Evolution of housing development in the Philippines.
From the Bahay Kubo, to Bahay na Bato, to Tsalet, to bungalow, to apartments
then to condominiums, it is observable that the formation of a Filipino house
evolves together with the current need of a Filipino family. Affecting the design
also are the influence of colonizers and the financial capability of an average
Filipino family.
6.1.2 Innovative solution for sustainable design.
NHA has a list of technologies approved by DPWH for typhoon resiliency.
A. Technologies used in one-two storey loftables
a. ECO KEY SYTEM by Paligid Development Corporation
b. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMES by Nedsteel and Dev. Corp.
c. PERMAFORMS by Permaforms Inc.
d. PLASWALL by Ecostrong Builders Corp./ Sterling Construction
and Development Corporation
e. SKS STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEM by SKS
Construction and development construction
f. STEELTECH ROOFING SYSTEM by United Steel Technology
Corporation
B. Technologies used in low-rise buildings (5 storey)
a. C-JOIST by Concrete Ventures Group Inc.
b. EMMEDUE/ M2 PANELS by Next Century Building Systems
Inc.
c. SRC PANELS by SRC International Panel System Inc.
These technologies passed the approval of NHA & DPWH and is currently being used
in their housing projects. Most of them adds to the structural integrity of the structure
hence making a more resilient dwellings in times of natural calamities.
6.1.3 Necessities of a housing program.
A housing program shall adhere to the implementations of BP 220 and the city
ordinance. For instance in the Rule II, Section 5 of the BP 220, it stated that availability
of needs shall be of reasonable distance from the site. The project must also comply to
the CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan) and align its program to the intended
development of the city.
The site must also be have characteristics assuring healthful, safe and environmentally
sound community life. It shall be stable enough to accommodate foundation load
without excessive site works. The site site must also be served by a road that is readily
accessible to public transportation lines. Area requirements, minimum standards and
space allocations are all elaborated in the BP 220.

6.2 Qualitative Method
6.2.1 Ar. Verna Sarraga- TAO PILIPINAS
Ar. Verna is the Deputy Program Director for Human Settlements and Environment
Program of TAO-Pilipinas Inc. TAO-Pilipinas is a women-led, non-profit organization
that assists urban and rural poor communities in the physical planning, development
and management of their communities.
Q1: What are the common problems that you encounter in relocating communities
that are on danger areas?
A: “The most common problem we usually encounter in relocating communities
whether it be in danger area or not is the acquisition of relocation site. It is usually the
bottle neck of the project. If we are not able solve the site problem, we cannot make a
progress at all. Aside from the site criteria that we know from our law (BP220) and
planning, the communities also have their own criteria for site selection such as:
1. Demand for in-city, on-site relocation
2. If in-city is not possible, it should be relatively near from their workplaces
3. Affordable (and sometimes, can be applied for CMP or HDH project)
4. Has alternative source for livelihood
Other problems vary from problems within PO (People's Organization/community),
financial capacity, leadership capability of the people, etc. In every community, there
are set of unique problems that different to other areas.”

Q2: Who usually is in-charge in the community to do the decision-making for
them? What kind of organizational setup they usually have?
A: “In TAO-Pilipinas, we promote participatory process so the community has the
power to decide for themselves. Usually we just guide them through workshops,
community consultations, teach them relevant inputs that could help them to have sound
judgment on the issue. We don't decide for them, rather, we are like facilitators to help
them process their possible options. By doing this, it could: 1. Lead them to be more
committed to the work 2. Make them accountable to the result 3. Give them ownership
to the project.
The POs common legal identity is the SEC registration, if it is regarding shelter; the
government required them to be registered to HLURB instead, thus making them into
HOA. They may or may not have community organizer.”
Q3: Being on the field of social design for a long time, what do you think lacks on
the side of government and side of the people in order to eliminate or at least lessen
the slum areas in our country?
A: “I learned that we cannot blame each other and find out who is at fault of the
problem. Everyone is lacking. But if there are things that I think we could have done
better like:
1. Comprehensive master plan of urban areas
2. Availability and options for in-city resettlement and adjacent provinces
3. Improve transportation (nationwide)
4. LGU and people should exercise laws and regulations with conviction
5. LGU being more open to negotiate with POs on issues that need to be addressed
6. LGU able to do equal amount of work/monetary support as the communities to
the project – more support to community-initiative projects
7. POs on the other hand, should be more proactive and initiate projects rather
than just waiting for someone to solve their issues”
Q3: Upon the awarding of houses to the beneficiaries, are there usual complaints
that are being brought out by them?
A: “As for our projects, people complain – every single time. We have learned that
Filipinos are very shy, they don't complain up front but when you listen to them, they
have a lot of it. Some are valid like the quality of the house (things that need to polish
or repair), contractor issues, and remaining budget. But some are more of rants than
complain. Sometimes, they would try to ask more from the project or would question
about why they should have counterparts. One of the effective ways to minimize these
things is doing social preparation before you start the project. Be transparent to them.
Lay down everything to them – what they need to expect, things they need to do, what
exactly they are getting from the project. You and the community need to be leveled off.
It is important to have a very detailed contract/agreement with them (written in
language the community can understand) so that when things got out of hand, there is
a document both of you can go back to.”
Q4: With all the projects that were done by TAO-PILIPINAS, what are the
things that you prioritize in designing a housing unit? What are the factors that
usually affect the design?

A: “In design world, we can do anything. But what pull us back to reality are the budget
and the site condition. There is always a budget constraint most of the time and you
have to work around it. We prioritize more on the space planning and essential need
rather than the aesthetics. Sometimes, we improvise so that we could deliver within our
budget. For example, a concrete septic tank would cost more than the plastic ones. But
there will always have pros and cons in choosing the alternatives over the conventional.
You have to think very carefully.”
Q5: Having had projects in the city and the province, what are the difference on
the wants and demands of the beneficiaries? Are there instances where you
compromise the design to accommodate their demands?
A: “There is a huge difference when it comes to spatial perception of the communities
in the urban and rural areas. For instance, high-density, duplex and row houses are
not in the mainstream to rural areas. They prefer single-detached houses with setbacks
because they have cows, pigs and plants. They also extend their houses to accommodate
the family of their children. On the other hand, people from urban are more receptive
to do HDH because of lack of land. But still, if they were given an option, they would
still prefer house and lot, no matter how small the lot will be.
It is not actually the demands of the community, more of their spatial needs. We cannot
impose to them what we think is best for them but we recommend options for them. We
have to listen to them because they will be the ones who will use the structure.”
Q6: What’s the best thing about serving the poor?
A: “For me, the best thing about working with the people is not just finishing a structure
or project for them. It is seeing tangible and intangible results in the families and lives
of the people. It is important that the physical structures or the projects were used to
change lives and improve the quality of living. But keep in mind that it will be hard and
there are days that you would want to quit. Working with the people side by side will
never be an option to get fast results but believe me, it is worth it.”
My take away from the interview is that compromise is always present when in comes
in social design. Aesthetics may be an important aspect for us, architects, but sometimes
we need to put first the functionality of the structure and the satisfaction of the users.
There are many key factors that must be considered in order to accomplish a housing
project. Just from the acquisition of land, hard times and problems can always be
expected.
Another method that I learned to make an effective design is the participative workshop.
It’s a program where the community is given the chance to take part in the designing
of their future homes. I find this interesting because 1.) It immediately allows the
community to have the feeling of control of what their future houses will look like, 2.)
it gives the architects the idea on what will be the basis of the design and 3.) it’s a
chance for the community to talk to each other making it a first step towards a
harmonious living together.

6.2.2. Engr. Juan Paolo Genzolo- Foundation for the Development of the Urban
Poor
An Interview with Engr. Juan Paolo Genzola, project of Foundation for the
Development of the Urban Poor. FDUP is an NGO dedicated in lending technical
assistance through the process of socialized housing for the Urban Poors of the country.
The main focus of the interview is the project of FDUP in Ernest Ville, Quezon City.
This socialized housing project is made possible with CMP of Community Mortrage
Program. The community started the initiative in 2008 and after 9 years, they were able
to complete the project with the help of NGOs, LGU and some private sectors.
What’s special about this housing project is that it uses new technology that allows a
minimum construction cost. The FDUP introduced the Plaswall technology which
reduced the cost per unit from 300k to 230k. Besides this plaswall, Kuya Pao also
showed me the Steel Reinforced Concrete panels which mostly rely its reinforcing
strength from wire mesh and styrofoams in between. Shown in the table below is the
comparison of Hallow block construction vs SRC Panel construction. We were also
able to discuss the usual arrangements done in Urban Housing. He shared the
difficulties they’ve encountered whilst designing the houses.
One thing that I appreciate the most about the interview is their sharing of the
USUFRUCT. It’s this kind of paying method where land value will be payed just after
5 or 10 years. The initial payment coming from the community will be focused on the
land development and construction cost. This method of payment will be extremely
helpful for there is a budget constriction for socialized housing (450k). In this way, the
effect of paying a huge amount of money for the land will not be experienced that
drastically by the beneficiaries.
The interview also allowed me to further understand the operations and process being
went through when designing socialized housing.
Table 14. Conventional Hallow block construction
Table 13. SRC Panel Constrcution

By comparison, SRC Panel construction shows a lot of advantages over the
conventional hallow block construction. Its efficiency, durability and easeness of
installation suits better to the needs of the beneficiaries especially considering their
needs and financial capabilities.
6.3 Historical Method
6.3.1 Application of building techniques apt for housing.
“NHA Standard Housing Models – Design Manual 2017” has released structural
design parameters for disaster resilient house model.
Table 15. Structural Design Parameters
1. Wind Load 250 KPH

2. Strength of wall and 3,000 PSI
Superstrcuture
3. Soil Bearing Capacity 95 KPA
4. Seismic Load Zone 4
5. Loadings 50 PSF
6. Fire Resistance 2 Hours
A housing model shall stand against these external forces. NHA has also recommended
materials and technologies that is DPWH approved for resilient housing.
6.3.2 Selecting the most suitable site for the project.
Rule II, Section 5 of BP 220 has the criteria for site selection for a housing development.
The site displays a lot of potential especially on the existing facilities surrounding it.
These present establishments accommodate the basic need of a housing development.
The maps below show the proximity of important establishments and supporting
facilities to the site.
The site is fitting enough for a housing project for it has the necessary facilities to
support this kind of development. Nearest fire station is 4 minute away from the site
though marketplace/ talipapa in Pandacan area not suffice the demand of the population.
Zamora market place is big enough but it is relatively far from the site (15 minutes
travel time by walking).
Health facilities are abundant all over Pandacan. Schools and vocational centers that
can cater to different ages and purposes are also plenty within the district. Security and
safety is also address with the sufficient number of police stations near the site.
Figure 18. Fire stations’ proximity to the site

Figure 19. Educational Facilities’ proximity to the site
Figure 20. Markets’ proximity to the site

Figure 21. Health Facilities’ proximity to the site
Figure 22. Police stations’ proximity to the site

6.3.3 Appropriateness of housing design in our country.
Table 16. Design mitigations and adaptions
Stronger typhoons + sea Mitigation Relocate to safer location.

level rises Elevate houses (on stilts)
Stronger typhoons + sea Adaptation Change in lifestyle, live
level rises with water, absence of
laws supporting living
with water, periodic
evacuation during rainy
season, integrate
rainwater harvesting
system
Higher wind speed Mitigation Provide buffers,
protection against high
wind speed, stronger roof
design
Higher wind speed Adaptation Reduce use of glass for
openings or provide
shutters for glass
openings
Drought and heat wave Mitigation Use building materials
which have higher
thermal capacity and
provide good insulation
Drought and heat wave Adaptation Plant drought-resistant
planting materials, orient
house openings to
maximize ventilation and
minimize sun exposure
According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2017, Philippines rank 5th in the most
affect countries by climate change. This phenomenon will have a great impact on
how we should design our dwellings to be resilient enough to these impending
changes. Tables below were provided by TAO-Pilipinas Incorporated to guide the
community in participatory workshops towards learning about the disasters that
might hit our country.
Mitigation is basically an investment to lessen the effects of these occurrences.
Compliances with these practices can make our structures more resilient and it
would definitely save a lot of trouble in the end. It is a way of avoiding at the very
least, any direct involvement to the natural occurrences.
On the other hand, adaption allows the design to somehow adjust itself to the
demands of the environment.
Table below focuses on the planning and design measures in a case of high flood risk.
Table 14. Design Measures for sea-level rise
 Higher Flood Risk 1. Design of houses and community facilities

should:
 Withstand frequent inundation
 Remain anchored on the ground during
flooding
 Remain above water or resist water infiltration
or allow water infiltration and removal
 To remain functional and livable during
flooding.
 Maintain power and water supply during
inundation
2. Harvest rainwater for domestic and emergency
use. Harvest flood (surface run-off) water for
agricultural (irrigation) or domestic use.
3. Map out areas prone to debris flow. Put in

place mitigating measures in critical slopes to
 Potential massive prevent or lessen debris flow.
debris flow 4. Secure a hazard map and determine areas safe
for settlements, high-risk areas and no build
zones. Relocate houses in high-risk areas and
 Migration and no build zones.
permanent
displacement
These measures can be seen practical for sites nearby water bodies in preparation for
the 100-year flood.
The next table shows examples of practical planning and design measures for high
wind speed.
Table 15. Design Measures for High Wind speed
Average tropical cyclone Structures in coastal areas situated in windward side:

maximum wind speed is
 Design new structures or retrofit existing
likely to increase,
structures to withstand high wind speed.
although increases may
not occur in all ocean  Design roof structures to sustain high wind
basins speed, upward push and rolling up of roofing
sheets.
 Design openings to sustain wind force. Use
It is likely that the global shutters to protect glass and openings
frequency of tropical  Design wall structures to withstand wind
cyclones will either stresses
decrease or remain  Orient and layout structures along and not
essentially unchanged. against the flow of wind
 Consider natural buffers in laying out houses
Design houses with flexibility to allow wind to flow
Extra-tropical storm through or design houses strong enough to resist
tracks are projected to external wind pressure and wind suction from varying
shift pole-ward directions.
The location of the Philippines crosses the natural pathway of tropical cyclones in the
pacific region making our country susceptible to its damages. Certain design features
can already be seen in some indigenous houses that withstand these calamities in
hundred of years.
The last table shows the practical planning and design measures for drought and Heat
wave.
Table 16. Design Measures for Drought and Heat wave
Drought-affected areas are projected to 1. Integrate rainwater harvesting in

increase in extent, with the potential for design of houses for domestic
adverse impacts in multiple sectors, eg. use. Integrate recycling of grey
Agriculture, water supply, energy water in water supply system.
production and health 2. Integrate surface run-off
harvesting in storm drainage
design for irrigation of public
Regionally, large increase in irrigation green spaces in urban areas.
water demand as a result of climate 3. Provide adequate cross-
change are projected ventilation to reduce the impact
of heat wave. Use building skins
with high thermal capacity.
Cold days, cold nights and frost have 4. Measures to reduce evaporation
become less frequent, while hot days, and maintain moisture in the
hot nights and heat waves have become surrounding area should be
more frequent considered.
Though water is basically not a particular problem in our country, reusing run-off water
for domestic use can reduce the consumption of water in each household.
An effective design for our country is essentially able to withstand natural occurring
calamities and provides features that exhibits comfortability to the users. A preparation
for the worst is always better than waiting for it.
6.4 Research Instruments
6.4.1 Necessary Considerations
Interview with Ar. Luvi C. Laguador- Head of NHA’s Science and
Technology Department.
Q: Base on NHA’s past projects, what can you consider “good practices”?
A: Our conventional practices have survived for so many years. Many of our projects
actually stood the test of time. It’s just a shame the media only covers news regarding
complaints and rants about our developments but doesn’t even bother to report the
positive things about these projects.
Q: What are the differences of the projects in the past and the new projects that
are equipped with new technologies?
A: New technologies usually accelerates the construction pace because that’s what the
people want. Projects such as in GMA, Kalawag, Palawan, Laguna and Kanlubang,
yun ang inapply.

Q: Base po sa mga lumang projects, ano po yung mga good pratices na pwede nyo
pong maconsider?
A: Actually conventional lang ang ginamit naming but it has survived for so many years
na din eh.
Q: Anu-anong mga projects po ‘to ma’am?
A: Mga dati naming projects sa GMA, may project kami sa Kalawag, madami…
actually nationwide masyado na yatang madami yung nag ssurvive na hindi naman na-
aano ng media dahil kung may napupuna sila, dun lang yung mga report nila pero yung
mga nag susurvive, di namn nila inaano yung mga good point. Siguro kasi hindi kami
sumasagot pag nasasabihan ng mga ganun. Pero pag may mga form na ganun with
different agencies, syempre hindi naman na parang makikipag-away ka pero hindi kasi
nila nakikita yung good points na, what happened in the past, tulad nung mga project
namen sa GMA, ngayon nag develop na, nag commercialized na. Parang ang na
mamagnify lang, yung mga problema.
Q: In terms po dun sa mga bagong projects, yung mga ginamitan ng new
technology, mas ok po ba sya?
A: Yung sa new technology, mas napapabilis ng construction pace. Kaya gumamit nh
technology, para mas mapabilis. Tulad ng 1 storey, sabihin natin 6 months, pero pag
may technology, mas mabilis sila maka deliver kasi sabi nila “mabilis, mabilis
mabilis”. Peor may ibang project talaga na pumapalpak kasi maysadong mabilis, o
kaya sasabihin nila, ok na yan, kumbaga yung implementation, di masyadong
natututukan. Pero if they will do yung tamang pamamaraan, yun yung maganda, Hindi
sya mag ffail. Kaya yung iba nag ffail kasi yung implementation, hindi nila na
implement ng maayos.
Q: Dun naman po mam sa mga beneficiaries, naka experience napo ba kyo na
parang hesistant sila kapag new technology yung gagamitin sa bahay nila?
A: Oo. Syempre kasi sasabihin nila parang hindi pa namin na try yan.
Q: Sa mga non conventional materials po, may mga projects napo ba na maliban
po sa Mindanao dahil ang materials nila ay parang mix ata?
A: Oo. Kasi lalao na sa mga ganyang region. Mas reffered nila ang conventional.
Minsan, ang nangyayari kasi, rowhouse type padin ang nagagamit dahil kailangan
maka generate.
Base on this excerpt from an interview with Ar. Laguador, conventional construction
is still promoted on most of the projects of the agency. Proof of her’s are the standing
still structures that had overcome several natural disaster throughout the years. On the
other hand, AITECH Department of the NHA are formulating innovative construction
methods and materials to further improve the resiliency and the efficiency of their
structures. On a related note, these methods are said to be questioned by the
beneficiaries due to the fact that they are not familiar yet with its performance and its
overall impact to their houses.

6.4.1.2 Manila City Hall
1. Ordinances
Ordinance No. 8119 states that the City of Manila must comply to the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Regulations. The site being a High
Density Residential/ Mixed Use Zone (R3/MXD), a number of 66 dwellings or
more is required per hectare. Going below this number will not fully maximize
the economic value to the land. There is no fixed building Height limit except
those prescribed by the Air Transportation Office (ATO) and other government
regulations. Within thesezones, building heights shall be based on the
prescribed FLOOR Area Ratio (FAR).
According to Artcile VII Section 45.- Environmental Conservation and Protection
Standards, views on these natural resources shall be preserved for public
enjoyment especially in sites with high scenic quality by closely considering
building orientation, height, bulk, fencing and landscaping. It is also mandated
that All developments shall undertake the protection of rivers and esteros from
sedimentation and erosion damage.
Section 46 of the same article, Network of Green and Open Spaces, requires
residential, commercial, industrial and mixed-use subdivisions to provide tree-
planted strips along its internal roads having spacing of not more than ten (10)
meters.
The context of the neighborhood shall also be considered in designing a
development. In section 48 of the same article, it is stated that design,
construction, operation and maintenance of every facility shall be in harmony

with the existing and intended character of its neighborhood. It shall not change
the essential character of the said area but will be a substantial improvement to
the value of the properties in the neighborhood in particular and the community
in general.
A certain study is also required if a development is a major, high-intensity
facility such as a housing project of more than 200 units. The Traffic Impact
Study (TIS)/ Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) and Traffic Management Plan
(TMP) shall elaborate the effects of the project on the current traffic within the
neighborhood and it shall also propose mitigations or a concrete plan of
allowing a smooth flow of traffic within the area.
Section 55 of Article IX Special Provisions stated that linear parks must be
provide along the Pasig River and major waterways within the boundaries of
the City of Manila. The site being adjacent to the Pasig River, is required to allot
an easement of ten (10) meters from the existing shoreline and be maintained as
a linear park.
2. Proposed developments of the city
There is no definite plan yet for the site since it is divided into 20 land titles and
5 registered title holders. This arrangement itself makes it difficult to produce a
concrete plan for the future on the site. On the other hand, the City Planning and
Development Office of Manila proposed a conceptualization that may be used
(if comes appealing to the land owners) for the site. This proposal is called
Strategic Priority for Area Regulation and Collaboration (SPARC) which is
spearheaded by the Head Architect of Manila CPDO, Ar. Marlou Campaner.

Base on the studies of Area Resource Inventory, Area Stakeholder’s
Assessment and Area Development Collaborations, the SPARC proposal
suggested a development of an ICT Renewable Technology Park. This
development will allow additional livelihood opportunities for the people of
Pandacan in the field of technology hence making an advancement towards
technological competence in the region. Besides the main advocacy of
technology promotion, various establishments will still be visible on the
development. Some of which are small scale business that will allow the
community to have a circulating income.
3. Zoning
Being a High-density commercial/ mix-used zone, the site requires erection of
multiple-storey structure rather than low rise structures that will not fully
maximize the potential of the site.
4. Hazards
The main hazard concern on the site is the flood susceptibility of the site. Since
it is adjacent to a body of water, extreme flooding can be anticipated in years.
In regards to fault lines, Pandacan is far away from any existing ones.
5. History and character of the area
For the majority of the 20th century, the Pandacan has been an industrial area
with the oil depots and the main gas company plants located there. As such, it
has attracted both skilled and unskilled workers, who naturally want to live close
to their jobs. But in 2014, Ordinance Number 8147 of Supreme Court ordered
the “relocation and transfer” of the oil terminals resolving an environment and
security concerns that 3 administrations failed to address over more than a
decade. It is now reclassified as a heavy industrialized/ mix-use zone in order
to overturn the 7-year phase-out of the terminal.
6.4.2 Case Studies
The cases studied were divided into two sections. The first were the single detached
dwelling units of Iraq’s T-wall dwellings and the rowhouse units of Bistekville 2. What
we can get here is the utilization of Iraq’s T-wall dwellings of the current materials
available in their area. The idea is to think of another way to maximize the use of a
material so that we lessen the carbon footprint in the process of procuring new
materials. The Bistekville 2 on the other hand shows that In-city housing is possible
with the coordination of the government and private sectors. It also display the ripple
effect of the project as it has already gave birth to 22 other socialized housing within
the same city.
The second set of case studies namely Denmark’s Urban Garden and Housing, the
Ernestville and the Sambahayan Condominium Incorporated showed the latter part of
the evolution of human dwelling. Multiple-storey structures are now in demand most
especially where land value cost and construction materials cost a lot. Denmark’s
housing for the homeless showed the importance of open and communal spaces for a
structure like this. This generate a harmonious living within the tenants involved and
therefore forming a livable community through socialized housing. The Ernestville
Housing on Quezon on the other hand showed the capacity of the urban poor to initiate
a housing program within themselves and not that much relying to the charities of the
government. This housing project, upon the actual visit, uses plaswall. A newly
developed technology that allows the structure to stand without any columns. It’s a
combination of Hardiflex board, concrete fill, high density plastic spacer and rebars that
strengthens the walls and solidify the framework of the structure. The last one of the
multi-storey structures is the Sambahayan Condominium Incorporated. It is a housing
project developed in 1971 to serve the urban poor. Each unit ranges from 34 to 56 sqm.
It’s a special type of development for it added provisions for commercial and office
spaces that can generate additional income of the structure. The main concern is just
that commercial spaces are located too near from the inside whereas it should be able
to be seen and access easily by the people from the outside.

CHAPTER VII
SPACE PROGRAMMING AND ANALYSIS
7.1 Identification and list of spatial requirements
DWELLING UNIT
i. Living Area- for general and informal everyday use of the household.
ii. Dining Area- area in the house where meals are eaten
iii. T&B- room for urination, defecation, and sanitation.
iv. Kitchen- area where food is being prepared
v. Sleeping Area- area where the family sleeps
vi. Service Area- area where family can do their laundry or activities that
supplements the functionality of the household.
7.2 User flow analysis
The flow in a common dwelling unit in
is linear with only having one door as
the main entrance and exit. It is usually
an open plan to allow ease of changing
the configuration of the furniture and
spaces depending on the user.

Arrangement of spaces is greatly affected by the zoning of private, semi-public and
public domains.
7.3 Matrix Diagram

7.4 Space Program
Based on observation and case studies, I had formulated a space program that suits
barely enough for a family of five (5). This considers the hierarchy of space needed for
a specific activity, number of users per space, and area for circulation per each space.
According to NHA, most of the housing projects developed only has 1 type of unit
implemented throughout the whole structure.

CHAPTER VIII
CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Design Philosophy
“Practical Solutions for Familiar Spaces”
With projects all around accompanied by different types of constraints,
designers should be able to find a creative yet practical way in achieving plans
that would suffice the needs of its clients. Most of the time, “not-that-important”
spaces are neglected in order to squeeze everything to a certain parameter but
this practice can cause unsatisfied users which is basically hindering projects
from being successful.
Practicality can come in different size and shape that we would never expect to
be that effective or appropriate to a specific project. It entails viewing the world
in a different perspective and making use of our common sense in translating
these blurred and isolated ideas into peculiar yet somehow useful concepts.
8.2 Design Concept
“Providing community needs in an innovative approach”
Housing projects in the country does not usually means providing necessities
for a holistic community formation. Most of the time, the prevailed idea is just
to house these families into small dwellings units so that they won’t need to
scatter along the streets and squat on some private lands.
This thinking has led to designs that does not promote community engagements
and in time accounts for the dwellers not even knowing who their neighbors are.
The idea of bringing up the landscape in the building level started with the
thought of giving what the kids, elderlies and a commoner might utilize in order
to have a healthy well-living and a vigorous relationship with the community.
It aims to promote active relationships among dwellers which will then be an
ingredient in formulating a better and stabilized neighborhood.
8.3 Design Objectives
-To introduce new approach in a more immersive community development
-To produce a design that acknowledge the daily activities and needs of the
beneficiaries
-To design a housing development that reflects the context of Pandacan
8.4 Design Considerations
8.4.1 Resiliency
The design should be able to withstand impending calamity and anticipate long
term risk brought by climate change and natural disasters.

8.4.2 Culture awareness
The design should respect the culture of the users and integrate appropriate
approach and spaces that will improve the satisfaction of the users.
8.4.3 Sustainability
The design should allow the community to support itself through various
sustainable features that will help run its micro economy, self-sufficiency and
livability.
8.4.4 Social relations
The design should provide approaches that would initiate social interactions and
community awareness that may generate healthy relationships among the
community.
8.4.5 Connectivity
8.4.5.1 Within the community
The design should allow connectivity of people to different spaces in the
structure and people to other people.
8.4.5.2 Outside of the community
The community and the outside elements must be bridged with appropriate
connections physically and contextually.

8.5 Design Criteria
8.5.1Building form
The building form must create spaces that is suitable of the activities of the
users, provide utilization of natural resources (sun, wind, etc.) and display
resiliency against external forces.
8.5.2 Materials
The materials to be used on the structure must be appropriate as a component of
a habitation of a human being, resilient enough to protect the users from the inside
and sustainable in ways of value and availability of material.
8.5.3 Sustainable features
The structure must be equipped with sustainable features that will lessen its
consumption of electricity, minimize the negative effect of the surrounding
elements and conserve ecological built environment.
8.5.4 Flexibility
The design must be flexible enough to the need of the user. It must present variety
of option that best suits the need of a person in a specific kind of situation/
condition.
8.6 Design Strategies
8.6.1 Natural Ventilation
Natural air circulation without the use of mechanical systems through organized
and strategic space planning.

8.6.2 Utilization of Local Product
Integration of community’s livelihood products to the structures to promote
local industry and neighborhood identity.
8.6.3 Provision for Expansion and Personalization
Allows evolution of the structure and the units to accommodate the economic
capacity and the personal identity of the users.

CHAPTER IX
DESIGN SOLUTIONS
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Appendices
1. Official Zoning Map of District VI (2005-2020)

2. Pandacan ISFs along Estero de Pandacan

3. Earthquake- Induced Landslide Map of Metro Manila

4. Evolution of Form (Initial Drawing)- 09/30/17

5. Demands-Needs Analysis (District VI)

6. Zone Boundaries
7. Zone Boundaries- (District VI)

8. Age group, sex and Marital Status (Pandacan)

9. Age group by district

10. Pandacan Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration and Collaboration

11. House-to-house interview Data Sheets

12. Interview with the project beneficiaries

13. Rough Cost Estimate

Thesis Project 2

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A Thesis Proposal Submitted to

The College of Architecture

1.1.11 Sewer Lines ............................................................................................ 65

6.4 Research Instruments ....................................................................................... 120

7. Zone Boundaries- (District VI) ....................................................................... 161

Figure 1. Housing units on the production line at Japanese motor manufacturer

Figure 21. Police Stations' proximity to the site…………………....………………..96

Table 1. Slum Upgrading Indicators ............................................................................ 12

Space Program Tables

1.1 BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF THE PROJECT

Slum dwellers, or often addressed as squatters, in general, provides a negative

unoccupied public lands. Some even endures living beside garbage-filled-swamps

sector characterized by delays and regulatory complications, and as a result, it rarely

cities really are already.

National guidelines and standards regarding housing development seem to

development in our country. “Observers have pointed squatting to the aftermath of

those numbers skyrocketed even further.”

information still remains scarce and difficult to come by.

productive. Decent shelter is a direct or indirect contributing factor to the promotion

of the social well-being of the individual. Consequentially, a humanized housing project

is an important component of the economic progress of the Filipino people. (Gilles,

twenty-first century. It aims to answers the common conundrum of providing a humane

that are yet to be solved by our housing development system.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It seems impossible to avoid the problems in every housing project in the

jobs that may fit in to their area of expertise and familiarity.

Common housing projects in the Philippines lacks consideration on how the

community would sustain themselves. This research aims to establish a community

for the foreseeable future.

situations that’s why education is also important.

unending conundrum of giving a proper education for these children.

1.3 PROJECT GOAL

could have a humane habitat.

1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. To provide decent, adequate, affordable, and humane housing to low-

2. To ensure the provision of community facilities, utilities, and access to

social services and economic opportunities.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

improve the future designs of in-city housing in the country.

1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

community’s economic opportunities, programs that can be introduced for a self-

be used to make an efficient solution to its current predicaments. Existing in-city

ability to support the living conditions and well-being of its users.

Identified future developments along adjacent sites are purely based on

Manila’s CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan).

Due to the nature of the project, supplementary budgetary plan on each

will be identified but on an estimated manner.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

2. URBAN POOR - refers to individuals or families in urban areas with incomes

below the poverty line as defined by the National Statistical Coordinating

Board(NSCB). They are the underprivileged or homeless sector of society - the

unemployed, underemployed and the irregularly employed, or who are

and resettlement areas, sidewalks, dumpsites, road right-of-way, cemeteries,

unoccupied government or private lands or along danger zones like railroad

in which each society adapts to the change.

4. INFORMAL SETTLER FAMILIES (ISF)- areas for priority development, if

applicable, and other government/public lands or facilities not intended for

5. DANGER ZONE- an area in which there is a high risk of harm, especially

where this risk has been officially identified.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 In-City Housing in Developing Countries

developed countries.” (Malpezzi S., & Mayo, S., 1987)

exacerbated as this unprecedented transition from rural to urban areas continues.