CHAPTER 1 – CLASSICAL GENETICS AND BEYOND  Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment - This law

states that during the formation of reproductive cells

LESSON 1 – MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
(gametes), pairs of hereditary factors (genes) for a specific
 GEORGE MENDEL – an Augustinian Monk, trait separate so that offspring receive one factor from each
started the formal investigation of inheritance using parent.
garden peas.  Cross – is one way of creating variations in hybrid
 There are seven characteristics of pea plants organisms.
observed by Mendel.  Monohybrid Cross and Dihybrid Cross
Characteristics Dominant Recessive  Pedigree – shows a systematic listing of individuals from
Flower Color Purple White one generation to another usually following a trait of interest.
Flower Position Axial Terminal
Seed Color Yellow Green LESSON 2 – SEX LINKAGE AND RECOMBINATION
Seed Shape Round Wrinkled  Sex Linkage – it is the association of genes to the sex
Pod Shape Inflated Constricted chromosomes which is the 23rd chromosome.
Pod Color Green Yellow  Thomas Hunt Morgan – he discovered sex linkage when he
Stem Length Tall Dwarf observed male flies with white eye color.
 Dominant Trait – refers to the trait observed in - He crossed a wild female with red eyes
hybrid plants. with males with white eye.
 Recessive Trait – refers to the trait that didn’t
appear in hybrid plants.
 Alleles – alternative pair of traits.
 Phenotype – refers to the physical or chemical
traits that are expressed in an individual.
 Genotype – refers to the pair of alleles that
determines what forms of the trait will be
expressed.
- Genotypes usually expressed with
letters. Y – dominant gene, y –
recessive gene.
 Gene – is made up of a pair of alleles.
 Homozygous – a gene with the same
allele. (Homozygous Dominant and
Homozygous Recessive).
 Heterozygous – a gene with different
alleles.
 Mendel’s Law of Segregation - the separation of
the alleles of one gene does not affect the
separation of alleles in another gene.