Bryan Moran Soria

1.2 BPED

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of

psychoanalysis, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious
motives control much behavior.

He became interested in hypnotism and how it could be used to help the

mentally ill. He later abandoned hypnotism in favor of free association and
dream analysis in developing what is now known as "the talking cure." These
became the core elements of psychoanalysis. Freud was especially interested in
what was then called hysteria, and is now called conversion syndrome. Freud,
his theories, and his treatment of his patients were controversial in 19th century
Vienna, and remain hotly debated today. Freud's ideas are often discussed and
analyzed as works of literature and general culture in addition to continuing
debate around them as scientific and medical treatises.

Freud trained as a medical doctor, and consistently claimed that his research
methods and conclusions were scientific. Nevertheless, his research and
practice were condemned by many of his peers. Moreover, both critics and
followers of Freud have observed that his basic claim, that many of our
conscious thoughts and actions are motivated by unconscious fears and
desires, implicitly challenges universal and objective claims about the world
(proponents of science conclude that this invalidates Freudian theory;
proponents of Freud conclude that this invalidates science). Psychoanalysis
today maintains the same ambivalent relationship with medicine and
academia that Freud experienced during his life.

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Carl Jung was an early 20th century psychotherapist and psychiatrist who
created the field of analytical psychology. He is widely considered one of
the most important figures in the history of psychology.

Carl Jung is recognized as one of the most influential psychiatrists of all time.
He founded analytical psychology and was among the first experts in his field
to explore the religious nature behind human psychology. He argued that
empirical evidence was not the only way to arrive at psychological or
scientific truths and that the soul plays a key role in the psyche. Key
contributions of Jung include:
 The collective unconscious: A universal cultural repository
of archetypes and human experiences.
 Dream analysis and the interpretation of symbols from the collective
unconscious that show up in dreams.
 Extroversion and introversion: Jung was the first to identify these
two personality traits, and some of his work continues to be used in the
theory of personality and in personality testing.

 Psychological complexes: A cluster of behaviors, memories, and

emotions grouped around a common theme. For example, a child who
was deprived of food might grow into an adult smoker, nail biter,
and compulsive eater, focusing on the theme of oral satiation.

 An emphasis on spirituality: Jung argued that spirituality and a sense of

the connectedness of life could play a profound role in emotional
health.

 Individuation: The integration and balancing of dual aspects of

personality to achieve psychic wholeness, such as thinking and feeling,
introversion and extroversion, or the personal unconscious and the
collective unconscious. Jung argued that people who have individuated
are happier, more ethical, and more responsible.
  The persona and the shadow: The persona is the public version of the self
that serves as a mask for the ego, and the shadow is a set of infantile,
suppressed behaviors and attitudes.

 Synchronicity: A phenomenon that occurs when two seemingly

unrelated events occur close to one another, and the person
experiencing the events interprets this correlation as meaningful.

William James Biography (1842-1910)

Father of American Psychology

William James was a psychologist and philosopher who had a major influence
on the development of psychology in the United States. Among his many
accomplishments, he was the first to teach a psychology course in the U.S. and
is often referred to as the father of American psychology.

James' theoretical contributions to psychology include the following:

 Pragmatism: James wrote considerably on the concept of pragmatism.

According to pragmatism, the truth of an idea can never be proven.
James proposed we instead focus on what he called the "cash value," or
usefulness, of an idea.
 Functionalism: James opposed the structuralist focus on introspection and
breaking down mental events to the smallest elements. Instead, James
focused on the wholeness of an event, taking into the impact of the
environment on behavior.
 James-Lange Theory of Emotion: The James-Lange theory of emotion
proposes that an event triggers a physiological reaction, which we then
interpret. According to this theory, emotions are caused by our
interpretations of these physiological reactions. Both James and the
Danish physiologist Carl Lange independently proposed the theory.
William James' Influence on Psychology
In addition to his enormous influence, many of James' students went on to have
prosperous and influential careers in psychology. Some of James' students
included Mary Whiton Calkins, Edward Thorndike, G. Stanley Hall, and John
Dewey.

Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937)

Adler’s goal was to create a psychological movement that argued for the
holistic view of an individual as well as social equality. In this way, Adler’s theory
of personality and humanity significantly differed from Freud’s—as well as
significantly differing from much of today’s mainstream psychology. Adler
believed that the social and community realm is equally as important to
psychology as the internal realm of the individual.

Adler was one of the first psychotherapists to disregard the symbolic couch in
favor of two chairs, to create a sense of equality between patient and clinician.
Adler also focused greatly on family dynamics, specifically parenting and family
constellation, as a preventative means of addressing possible future
psychological problems. With a practical and goal-oriented approach, Alfred
held a theory of three life tasks—occupation, society, and love—that intermingle
with one another. Success and health in each and all life tasks is dependent on
cooperation.
Perhaps Adler’s most influential concept – and the one that drives Adler
University today – is that of social interest. Not to be confused as another form of
extraversion, social interest should be viewed as an individual’s personal interest
in furthering the welfare of others. Collaborating and cooperating with one
another as individuals and communities can progress to benefit society as a
whole.
Wilhelm Wundt (Father of psychology)1879

Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the

University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated
to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern
psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded as the father of psychology.

Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by

analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis
being on objective measurement and control.

Therefore, one way Wundt contributed to the development of psychology was

to do his research in carefully controlled conditions, i.e. experimental methods.
This encouraged other researchers such as the behaviorists to follow the same
experimental approach and be more scientific. However, today psychologists
(e.g. Skinner) argue that introspection was not really scientific even if the
methods used to introspect were. Skinner claims the results of introspection are
subjective and cannot be verified