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Matter
And Its Properties
General Chemistry 1
1st Semester, SY 2018 - 2019
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Agenda: Topic Outline

 Describe matter and its classifications

 Distinguish between physical and
chemical properties.
 Cite examples of physical and chemical
changes.
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Chemistry is the field of study

concerned with the
characteristics, compositions,
and transformation of matter.
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TOPIC: Matter and its States

Matter can be defined as anything that occupies space
and has mass. Matter exists in three states; solids,
liquids, and gases.

Fig 1: States of Matter Particle Arrangement

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TOPIC: Matter and its States

Difference in The Characteristics of States of Matter

Solids Liquids Gas
Indefinite shape; takes the
Definite shape shape of the container Indefinite shape
Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume
Highest density Density is lower than solid Lowest density
Cannot flow Flow Flow
Table 1: Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
 Difference in The Characteristics of States of Matter
Solids Liquids Gas
Maximum force of
attraction between Less force of attraction between Negligible force of attraction
particles particles as compared to solids between particles
Particles are loosely packed as
Particles are tightly packed compared to solids Particles are loosely packed
cannot be compressed cannot be compressed Can be compressed
Particles cannot move
rather they vibrate only at Particles can slide over one
their fixed position another Particles can move freely
Kinetic energy of particle is more Kinetic energy of particles is
Kinetic energy is minimum than solids maximum
TOPIC: Classification of Matter

Matter

Pure Substance Mixture

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Elements Compounds
Mixture Mixture
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Matter may be classified as a pure substance or

a mixture.
• Pure substances that have
Pure Substances definite composition and
distinct properties.
• Elements and compounds
Elements Compounds fall under pure substances.
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Pure Substances

Elements Compounds

Elements are considered to be Compounds consist of two or

the simplest form of matter more elements chemically united
because they can no longer be in fixed proportions.
broken down into simpler
substances by any means.
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TOPIC: Classification of Matter

Pure substances

There are 118 known

elements and 92 of them
occur naturally on Earth

Water or H2O and carbon

dioxide (CO2) are common
examples of compounds.
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TOPIC: Classification of Matter

Mixtures
• Combinations of two or more substances in which the substances
retain their distinct identities are called mixtures
• Components of a mixture are not chemically combined and can be
separated from one another by physical means.
Mixtures can be classified as:

homogeneous or heterogeneous
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Mixtures
homogeneous mixture
• the composition of the mixture is uniform throughout.
• the components of the mixture are evenly distributed,
and it is difficult to distinguish the components of the
mixture

heterogeneous mixture
• It lacks a uniform composition.
• the components are easily identifiable and it has at
least two phases that remain separate from each other.
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Homogeneous Mixture
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Heterogeneous Mixture
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TOPIC: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical properties are properties of matter • Color • viscosity

can be observed or measured without • Hardness • boiling point
changing the composition of the substance. • malleability

Chemical properties are properties or • Chemical • ability to

characteristics of a substance that can only reactivity oxidize
be observed when the substance undergoes a • Flammability
chemical change.
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TOPIC: Extensive and Intensive Properties

An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of

matter in the substance. Length, mass, and volume are examples of
extensive properties.
An intensive property on the other hand is a property of matter that
does not depend on the amount of matter in the sample, rather it
depends only on the type of matter in the sample. Density, melting
point, and hardness are intensive properties.
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TOPIC: Physical and Chemical Changes

A physical change is any change that does not lead to the

formation of new substances. Physical changes involve only a
change in the physical properties and not its composition.

• Melting
• Freezing
• Evaporation
• Condensation
Chemical changes occur when a substance reacts and produces
one or more new substances. These are some evidences or
indicators of a chemical change.
Some Evidences of Chemical Change

• Evolution of Gas- the formation of bubbles in a reaction is

usually an indicator of production of gas
• Evolution of Heat- a chemical change has occurred if there is a
release or absorption of energy in the form of heat
(exothermic and endothermic process)
• Change in Color- e.g. Ripening of fruits
• Odor Production e.g. spoiling of milk
• Formation of a precipitate- the formation of insoluble solids
indicates the production of a new substance.