MODULE 3 – PHYSICS 8

S.Y.2019-2020
TEMPERATURE DEPENDS ON PARTICLE MOVEMENT!

• All matter is made up of atoms that are

moving…even solid objects have atoms that
are vibrating.
• The motion from the atoms gives the object
energy.
 TEMPERATURE
• Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic
energy of particles in a substance.
• The kinetic energy of an individual particle in a
substance changes with time—only the average
value of its kinetic energy is related to
temperature.
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Inc.
 TEMPERATURE
•The quantity that tells how hot
or cold something is.
•The measure of the average
kinetic energy of all the
particles in the object.
•The atoms mass and speed
determine the temperature of the
object. cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
 Temperature, Energy and Heat

• The total amount of energy in a substance—the sum of

all of its kinetic and potential energy—is referred to as
its internal energy, or thermal energy.
• Adding thermal energy to a system is known as heating,
and removing thermal energy is known as cooling.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
Temperature, Energy and Heat

© 2014 Pearson Education,

Inc.
Temperature, Energy and Heat
• As the figure on the left
indicates, when the water
level (temperature) is
greater on one side of the
tube, water flows to the
other side of the tube—
even if that side has more
water. © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
 Temperature, Energy and Heat
2nd Law of
Thermodynamics
• This is analogous to what happens when a hot object is placed
in contact with a cold object. Thermal energy flows from the
hot object to the cool object until the temperatures are the
same—even if the cool object starts out with more energy.
• Therefore, temperature doesn't depend on the total amount of
energy in an object; it depends on the average kinetic energy of
the particles in the object.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
 Temperature, Energy and Heat
• Imagine putting a hot brick in contact with a cold brick, as is shown in the figure
below.

© 2014 Pearson Education,

Inc.
 Temperature, Energy and Heat
• Objects in contact with one another are in thermal
equilibrium if they have the same temperature. Nothing
else matters—not the nature of the material, not mass,
not shape, etc.
• This conclusion is referred to as the zeroth law of
thermodynamics.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
WHAT IS HEAT?
•Heat is energy in transit. Can be defined
as the thermal energy that is being
transferred from one object to another
because of temperature difference.
WHAT IS HEAT?
• This is the movement of thermal energy from a
substance at a higher temperature to another
at a lower temperature.*
• Heat is a measure of the change in the total
internal energy of body.**
•INTERNAL ENERGY is dependent
on the amount of substance. The
greater the amount of the
substance, the higher the internal
energy is.
 Temperature, Energy and Heat
• When a cool pan of water is placed on a hot stove This kind of
burner, the fast particles in the burner collide with the energy transfer
slow particles in the pan of water and cause them to is referred to as
speed up. HEAT.
• Heat is the energy that is transferred between
objects because of a temperature difference.
• An object does not "contain" heat—what it does
contain is thermal energy.
• Because heat is energy, it is measured in joules (J). © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
TEMPERATURE

cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
• In the Celsius scale, named in honor of the Swedish
astronomer Anders Celsius, water freezes at zero degrees
Celsius, or 0 C, and boils at one hundred degrees Celsius, or
100 C.
• The choice of zero level for a temperature scale is completely
arbitrary, as is the number of degrees between any two
reference points.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• In the Fahrenheit scale, developed by Gabriel Fahrenheit, water
freezes at 32 F and boils at 212 F.
• The Fahrenheit scale not only has a different zero than the Celsius
scale, but also has a different size degree.
• In the Fahrenheit scale, 180 degrees make up the span from the
freezing point to the boiling point of water; only 100 degrees are
needed for this span on the Celsius scale.
100 5
=
180 9 © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• The following relationship can be used to convert to a Fahrenheit
temperature, TF, from a Celsius temperature, TC:

Also:
TF = 1.8TC + 32 © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• A conversion in the opposite direction is given by the
following:

Also:
TC = 0.556(TF – 32) © 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• Experiments show that there is a lowest temperature. The lowest
possible temperature, called absolute zero, is the temperature below
which it is impossible to cool an object.
• Absolute zero can be approached, but can never be attained.
• Careful measurements show that absolute zero is −273.15 C.

© 2014 Pearson Education,

Inc.
• The Kelvin scale, named for Scottish physicist William
Thomson, Lord Kelvin, is based on the existence of absolute
zero.
• The zero point of the Kelvin scale, abbreviated
0 K, is set exactly at absolute zero. Thus there are no negative
temperatures in the Kelvin scale.
• A degree on the Kelvin scale has the same size as a Celsius
degree.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
• The conversion between a Kelvin temperature, T, and a Celsius
temperature, TC, is as follows:

© 2014 Pearson Education,

Inc.
• The Celsius,
Fahrenheit and
Kelvin temperature
scales are shown side
by side in the figure.
© 2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.
THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTANCE, THE FASTER IS
THE MOTION OF ITS MOLECULES.
Which has more kinetic energy?
A bucket of warm water or
Small cup of coffee?
HOW DOES A THERMOMETER WORK?
• The thermometer can measure temperature because the
substance of the liquid inside always expands (increases) or
contracts (decreases) by a certain amount due to a change in
temperature.
 EFFECTS OF HEAT
• 3 ways:
• Rise in temperature
• Change in size
• Change of state

Most substance that responds to heat show that there is a rise in

temperature.
THERMAL EXPANSION
• All gases, liquids, and most
solids expand when their
temperature increases. Joints such as this
one are used in
bridges to
• This is why bridges are built accommodate
thermal expansion.
with short segments with
small breaks to allow for (Reproduced by
expansion permission of
JLM Visuals)
ENERGY FLOWS FROM WARMER TO COOLER OBJECTS

• Heat: the flow of energy from an object at a

higher temperature to an object at a lower
temperature.

• Thermal Energy: total random kinetic energy

of particles in an object.
 MEASURING HEAT

Heat is measured by the units of calorie and joule

(J).
calorie: The amount of energy needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC
1 calorie= 4.18 J
SOME SUBSTANCES CHANGE TEMPERATURE MORE
EASILY THAN OTHERS.

• Specific Heat: the

amount of energy
required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram
of a substance by 1oC

chesapeake.towson.edu
 QUANTITY OF HEAT
• How much heat is being transferred is measured by
noting the changes that accompanies the process.
Example of a change is the increase or decrease in the
temperature.
• Unit: calorie
• For food energy, the unit is also calorie, (c) 1 food
calorie is 1000 calories or 1 food calorie = 1 kilocalorie.
 MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT
• James Prescott Joule (December 24, 1818-
October 11,1889) a Fellow Royal Society, an
English Physicist, born in Sale, Cheshire. He
discovered that heat and mechanical energy are
interconvertible, and that transfomations from
one to the other occur in a fixed proportion,
known as the mechanical equivalent of heat.
 HEAT CAPACITY

Why do some objects

remain hotter much longer
than others?
 HEAT CAPACITY
• If 10g and 1000 g of water are heated using the same
heat source, 1000g of water will take longer time to
heat for the same temperature change as that of the
10g of water. This shows that the amount of heat
needed to change the temperature of an object
depends on its mass. The larger the mass, the more
heat is required.
 HEAT CAPACITY
• (C) the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of a body by 1 K or 1⁰C.
• Heat capacity is calculated using the formula:
• C = Q/▲T
C = heat capacity, q = amount of heat absorbed and
▲t =change in temperature.
 EXAMPLE

•How much heat is needed to raise the

temperature of 0.800 kg ethyl alcohol
from 15.0 °C to its boiling point, 78.3 °C?
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• Specific heat of any substance is defined as
the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance
by 1 degree.
 RELATING THE QUANTITY OF HEAT TO THE
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
• Specific heat capacities provide a means of mathematically relating the
amount of thermal energy gained (or lost) by a sample of any substance
to the sample's mass and its resulting temperature change. The
relationship between these four quantities is often expressed by the
following equation.

Q = m•C•ΔT
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
• What quantity of heat is required to raise the
temperature of 450 grams of water from
15°C to 85°C? The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.18 J/g/°C.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
• What quantity of heat is Given:
required to raise the m = 450 g
temperature of 450 grams of C = 4.18 J/g/°C
water from 15°C to 85°C? The Tinitial = 15°C
Tfinal = 85°C
specific heat capacity of
water is 4.18 J/g/°C. Solution:
T = Tfinal - Tinitial = 85°C - 15°C = 70.°C
Q = m•C•ΔT = (450 g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(70.°C)

Q = 131670 J
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2
• A 12.9 gram sample of an unknown metal at 26.5°C is placed
in a Styrofoam cup containing 50.0 grams of water at 88.6°C.
The water cools down and the metal warms up until thermal
equilibrium is achieved at 87.1°C. Assuming all the heat lost
by the water is gained by the metal and that the cup is
perfectly insulated, determine the specific heat capacity of
the unknown metal. The specific heat capacity of water is
4.18 J/g/°C.
• Part 1: Determine the Heat
Lost by the Water Solve for Qwater:
• Given:
Qwater = m•C•ΔT = (50.0
• m = 50.0 g
g)•(4.18 J/g/°C)•(-1.5°C)
• C = 4.18 J/g/°C Qwater = -313.5 J
• Tinitial = 88.6°C (unrounded)
• Tfinal = 87.1°C (The - sign indicates that
• ΔT = -1.5°C (Tfinal - Tinitial) heat is lost by the water)
Part 2: Determine the value
of Cmetal
Given:
Qmetal = 313.5 J (use a +
sign since the metal is
gaining heat)
m = 12.9 g
Tinitial = 26.5°C
Tfinal = 87.1°C
ΔT = (Tfinal - Tinitial )
Solve for Cmetal:
Rearrange Qmetal =
mmetal•Cmetal•ΔT metal to obtain
Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetal•ΔTmetal)
Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetal•ΔTmetal)
= (313.5 J)/[(12.9 g)•(60.6°C)]
Cmetal = 0.40103 J/g/°C
Cmetal = 0.40 J/g/°C (rounded to
two significant digits)
 QUANTITIES OF HEAT
Quantity Symbol Unit Meaning
Energy transfer that produces
Joule (J) SI Unit
Heat Q or results from a difference in
calorie (cal)
temperature.

Measure of the kinetic energy

Temperature T
of molecular motion.

Difference between the final

Temperature
∆T and initial temperatures for a
change
process.

Heat required to change the

Heat capacity C temperature of a substance
one degree.
HEAT TRANSFER METHODS

Heat transfers in three ways:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
 CONDUCTION
Conduction heat transfer is the flowing of heat energy
from A high-temperature object to A lower-temperature
object.
 CONDUCTION

• The process that moves energy from one object to another

when they are touching physically.
• Conductors: materials that transfer energy easily.
• Insulators: materials that do not transfer energy easily.

Examples: hot cup of cocoa transfers heat energy to cold

hands
 CONDUCTION
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the other end.

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations make the
adjacent particles vibrate, and so on and so on, the vibrations are passed
along the metal and so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
METALS ARE DIFFERENT
lectrons of metal atoms drift,
The outer e______
and are free to move.

When the metal is heated,

this ‘sea of electrons’ gain
inetic energy and transfer
k_____
it throughout the metal.

Insulators, such as w___

ood and p____,
lastic do not
have this ‘sea of electrons’ which is why they
do not conduct heat as well as metals.
WHY DOES METAL FEEL COLDER THAN WOOD, IF THEY ARE BOTH
AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal conducts the

heat away from your hands. Wood does not conduct the heat
away from your hands as well as the metal, so the wood feels
warmer than the metal.
 CONVECTION
Convection takes place when heated molecules move
from one place to another, taking the heat with them.
Convection is common in both the atmosphere, as well
as in the oceans.

Convection is the primary way that heat moves through

gases and liquids.
CONVECTION
 CONVECTION
• The process that transfers
energy by the movement of
large numbers of particles in
the same direction within a
liquid or gas.
• Cycle in Nature
• Boiling water and heating a
room www.physics.arizona.edu
 CONVECTION IN NATURE

1. Cooler denser air sinks and flows

under the warmer air (less dense)
to push the warmer air upward

2. As the warmer air rises it cools and

becomes more dense

3. This cooling and movement of

warmer air upward creates the
cycle of convection npg2.com
 CONVECTION
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you heat
them?

The particles spread out and become less

dense.
WATER MOVEMENT
Cools at the Convection
surface current

Cooler Hot water

water sinks rises
COLD AIR SINKS
Where is the Freezer
freezer compartment
compartment put
in a fridge?

It is warmer at the
bottom, so this
It is put at the top,
warmer air rises
because cool air
and a convection
sinks, so it cools the
current is set up.
food on the way down.
RADIATION
 THE THIRD METHOD OF HEAT TRANSFER

How does heat energy get There are no particles

from the Sun to the Earth? between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT travel
by conduction or by
convection.

? RADIATION
RADIATION
Radiation travels in straight lines
True/False
Radiation requires particles to travel
True/False
Radiation travels at the speed of light
True/False
 RADIATION
• The transfer of energy by electromagnetic
waves.
Examples:
• Sun
• Fire
• Light bulb
 RADIATION

• The energy that travels by

electromagnetic waves
(visible light, microwaves,
and infrared light)
• Radiation from the sun
strikes the atoms in your
body and transfers energy
www.chemheritage.org
RADIATION QUESTION
Why are houses
painted white in
hot countries?

White reflects heat radiation

and keeps the house cooler.
 Conduction Convection Radiation
•Energy •Occurs in gases •Energy transferred
transferred by and liquids by electromagnetic
direct contact waves (visible light,
•Movement of microwaves, infrared)
•Energy flows large number of
directly from particles in same •All objects radiate
warmer to cooler direction energy
objects
•Cycle occurs •Can transfer energy
•Continues until while temperature through empty space
object differences exist
temperatures are
equal
1. Which of the following is not a method of
heat transfer?

A. Radiation
B. Insulation
C. Conduction
D. Convection
2. In which of the following are the
particles closest together?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Fluid
3. How does heat energy reach the
Earth from the Sun?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Insulation
4. Which is the best surface for reflecting
heat radiation?
A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black
5. Which is the best surface for
absorbing heat radiation?

A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black
 PHASE
CHANGES
 REVIEW: 4 PHASES OF MATTER

• Solid (slowest)
• Liquid (medium)
• Gas (fast)
• Plasma (fastest)
WHAT IS A PHASE CHANGE?
• Is a change from one state of matter
(solid, liquid, gas, plasma) to another.

• Phase changes are physical changes

because:
- It only affects physical appearance,
not
chemical make-up.
- Reversible
WHAT HAPPENS DURING A PHASE CHANGE?

• During a phase change, heat

energy is either absorbed or
released.
• Heat energy is released as
molecules slow down and move
closer together.
• Heat energy is absorbed as
molecules speed up and expand.
 ENERGY AND PHASE CHANGES
• Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change
• Endothermic – the system absorbs energy from its surroundings; energy
goes IN
• Exp. Baking bread, producing sugar by photosynthesis, evaporation of water, etc.
• Exothermic – the system releases energy to its surroundings; energy goes
OUT
• “Exo”  think of “exit”
• Exp. Making ice cubes, condensation, nuclear fission, rusting iron, etc.
 HOW TO RECOGNIZE A PHASE CHANGE
• Measuring the temp of a
substance as it’s heated or
cooled
• Temperature of a
substance DOES NOT
change during a phase
change
TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuE1LePDZ4Y
 MELTING
• solid  liquid

• Molecules speed up, move

farther apart, and absorb
heat energy

• Endothermic
FREEZING
• liquid solid

• Molecules slow down, move

closer together and release
heat energy.

• Exothermic
 VAPORIZATION (BOILING)
• Liquid  Gas

• It occurs at the boiling point of

matter.
• Molecules speed up, move farther
apart, and absorb heat energy.

• Endothermic
EVAPORATION
• Liquid  gas on the surface
of a liquid (occurs at all
temperatures).
• Molecules speed up, move
farther apart, and absorb
heat energy.
• Endothermic
 CONDENSATION
• Gas  Liquid
• Molecule slow down, move
closer together and release heat
energy.
• Exothermic
 SUBLIMATION
• Solid  Gas
• Molecules speed up, move
farther apart, and absorb heat
energy.
• Endothermic
 DEPOSITION
• Gas  Solid
• Molecules slow
down, move closer
together and release
heat energy.
• Exothermic
GRAPHING A PHASE CHANGE
 MELTING & BOILING POINTS
• Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid changes into
a liquid.
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes into
a gas.

• What is a Freezing point?

• Compare the freezing and melting points of water.
SUMMARY
GRAPHING A PHASE CHANGE
• Why is there no change in
temperature during a phase
change?

• Define melting and boiling

points.

• What is the melting point and

boiling point of water?

• At what temperature does

water freeze and become a
solid?
When matter gets warmer,
the atoms or molecules in
the matter move faster.