INTRODUCTION

Computer Numerical Control ( CNC) machines has become a necessity for industries in the
production sectors in machining repeatable and complex parts, making moulds, cutting and bending
of metal plates, fabricating metal sheet and various other jobs. In this decade, the CNC system is the
heart and brain of a CNC machine which enables the operation of various machine members such as
slides, spindles, etc, as per the sequence programmed into it, depending on the machining
operations.

Safety factors
 Wear safety boots.
 Don’t wear any jewellery.
 Follow the procedure correctly.
 Wear safety jacket.
 Make sure that spindle are correctly attached.
 Worker should be train before using this machine.

Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC Machine.

Advantages of CNC Machine:
 Higher flexibility.
 Reduced scrap rate.
 Reliable operation.
 High accuracy.
 Increased productivity.
 Avoid human errors.
 Easy storage of existing programs.
 Disadvantages of CNC Machine:
 High initial investment.
 High maintenance requirement.
 Not cost-effective for low volume production.
 Costly setup, skilled operators and programmers.
 Computers, programming knowledge required.
 Longer repair time required as parts are not available locally.

Types of machine
Lathe
The engine lathe, one of the most productive machine tools, has always been an efficient means of producing
round parts (Fig. 4). Most lathes are programmed on two axes.

 The X axis controls the cross motion of the cutting tool. Negative X ( X- ) moves the tool towards the
spindle centreline, positive X moves the tool away from the spindle centreline.
 The Z axis controls the carriage travel toward or away from the headstock.

Fig. 4 The main axes of a lathe or turning center.

Milling Machine
The milling machine has always been one of the most versatile machine tools used in industry (Fig. 5).
Operations such as milling, contouring, gear cutting, drilling, boring, and reaming are only a few of the many
operations which can be performed on a milling machine. The milling machine can be programmed on three
axes:

 The X axis controls the table movement left or right.

 The Y axis controls the table movement toward or away from the column.
 The Z axis controls the vertical (up or down) movement of the knee or spindle.

Fig. 5 The main axes of a vertical machining center.

Programming Systems
Two types of programming modes, the incremental system and the absolute system, are used for CNC. Both
systems have applications in CNC programming, and no system is either right or wrong all the time. Most
controls on machine tools today are capable of handling either incremental or absolute programming.
Incremental
Incremental program locations are always given as the distance and direction from the immediately
preceding point. Command codes which tell the machine to move the table, spindle, and knee are explained
here using a vertical milling machine.

In incremental programming, the G91 command indicates to the computer and MCU (Machine Control Unit)
that programming is in the incremental mode.

Absolute
Absolute program locations are always given from a single fixed zero or origin point. The zero or origin point
may be a position on the machine table, such as the corner of the worktable or at any specific point on the
workpiece. In absolute dimensioning and programming, each point or location on the workpiece is given as
a certain distance from the zero or reference point.

In absolute programming, the G90 command indicates to the computer and MCU that the programming is in
the absolute mode.

Programming Format
Word address is the most common programming format used for CNC programming systems. This format
contains a large number of different codes (preparatory and miscellaneous) that transfers program
information from the part print to machine servos, relays, micro-switches, etc., to manufacture a part. These
codes, which conform to EIA (Electronic Industries Association) standards, are in a logical sequence called a
block of information. Each block should contain enough information to perform one machining operation.

Codes
The most common codes used when programming CNC machines tools are G-codes (preparatory functions),
and M codes (miscellaneous functions). Other codes such as F, S, D, and T are used for machine functions
such as feed, speed, cutter diameter offset, tool number, etc. G-codes are sometimes called cycle codes
because they refer to some action occurring on the X, Y, and/or Z axis of a machine tool.

The G01, G02, and G03 codes move the axes at a controlled feedrate.

 G01 is used for straight-line movement (linear interpolation).

 G02 (clockwise) and G03 (counterclockwise) are used for arcs and circles (circular interpolation).
M or miscellaneous codes are used to either turn ON or OFF different functions which control certain machine
tool operations.

M-codes are not grouped into categories, although several codes may control the same type of operations
such as M03, M04, and M05 which control the machine tool spindle.

 M03 turns the spindle on clockwise.

 M04 turns the spindle on counterclockwise.
 M05 turns the spindle off.

Procedure

1. Press the ‘ON’ the inner front of the computer.

2. Wait until the display produced on the screen. Input user name and password.
3. Click on ‘START’and select ‘ PROGRAM’ .
4. Select the program you want to use and start using computer.
5. Turn on the computer machine.
6. Turn CNC machine tool control by pressing the red button on the front panel of the machine.
7. Location of the workpiece on the table and make sure work neatly workpiece.
8. Close the door and turn the switch of machine start / stop to start the operation of the machine.
9. Close switch start / stop when finished machining operations.
10. Remove the workpiece from the work table and clean the surrounding area.
11. Switch off the machine.
12. Close the computer machine.

Reference
 COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL PROGRAMMING FOR MILLING AND LATHE MACHINES
PUBLISHED BY POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH.
 www.wikipidia.com/milingmachine
 www.google.com/images/milingmachine
PRACTICAL TASK
PRACTICAL TASK
O 1234 :
N10 G91 G28 Z0 ;
N20 G28 X0 Y0 ;
N30 M06 T01 ;
N40 M03 S1200 ;
N50 G54 ;
N60 G43 H01 ;
N70 G00 G90 X0 Y0 Z10.0 ;
N80 G41 H11 ;
N90 X10.0 Y10.0 ;
N100 G01 Z-5.0 F400 ;
N110 Y60.0 ;
N120 G03 X40.0 Y90.0 R30.0 ;
N130 G01 X65.0 ;
N140 G02 X90.0 Y65.0 R25.0 ;
N150 G01 Y33.0 ;
N160 X50.0 Y10.0 ;
N170 X10.0 ;
N180 G00 Z10.0 ;
N190 G40 X0 Y0 ;
N200 M05 ;
N210 G91 G28 Z0 ;
N220 G28 X0 Y0 ;
N230 M30 ;
O is Program Number : EOB (End Of Block)
Home for the Z axis
Home for the X and Y axis
M06 Tool Change to Tool N0.2
M03 Spindle rotation clockwise at 1200rpm
G54 – Work Shift
G43 – Tool length offset
H04 – offset number 4
Absolute system, rapid traverse to work origin
Left Offset H14 or D14
Moves to point A
Cutting depth 5mm at 400mm/min Feed rate
Straight cut to point B
Circular cut anti-clockwise to point C
Straight cut to point D
Circular Clockwise to point E
Straight cut to point F
Straight cut to point G
Straight cut back to point A
Tool rise up to Z10.0mm
Offset cancelled
Spindle stop
Home for the Z axis
Home for the X and Y axis
Program End / Program Reset
PROJEK
 PROJEK

O 6009 ; O is program number ; EOB

N10 G91 G28 Z0 ; Home for the Z axis
N20 G28 X0 Y0 ; Home for the X and Y axis
N30 M06 T01 ; M06 Tool Change to tool No.1
N40 M03 S1200 ; M03 Spindle rotation clockwise at
1200rpm
N50 G54 ; Work shift
N60 G43 H01 ; G43 - tool length offset
H01 – offset number 1
N70 G00 G90 X0 Y0 Z10.0 ; Absolute system , rapid traverse to
work origin
N80 G41 H11 ; Left offset H11
utN90 X8.0 Y8.0 ; Moves to point A
N100 G01 Z-5.0 F400 ; Cutting depth 5mm at 400mm/min
feed rate
N110 Y92.0 ; Straight cut to point B
N120 X40.0 ; Circular cut anti-clockwise to point C
N130 Y82.0 ; Straight to point D
N140 G03 X60.0 R-22.0 ; Circular Clockwise to point E
N150 G01 Y92.0 ; Straight cut to point F
N160 X92.0 ; Straight cut to point G
N170 Y8.0 ; Straight cut to point H
N180 X70.0 ; Straight cut to point J
N190 G03 X30.0 R20.0 ; Circular cut anti-clockwise to point K
N200 G01 X8.0 ; Straight cut back to point A
N210 G00 Z10.0 ; Tool rises up to Z10.mm
N220 G40 X0 Y0 ; Offset cancelled
N230 M05 ; Spindle stop
N240 G91 G28 Z0 ; Home for the Z axis
N250 G28 X0 Y0 ; Home for the X and Y axis
N260 M30 ; Program End / Program Reset