Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
net/publication/315635676
CITATION READS
1 1,190
5 authors, including:
Peijun Wang
Shandong University
43 PUBLICATIONS 178 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Peijun Wang on 24 November 2017.
Xulin Zhu a, Peijun Wang a,b,⁎, Mei Liu a, Wulan Tuoya a,b, Shuqing Hu b
a
Civil Engineering College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250061, China
b
Zhongtong Steel Construction Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, Shandong Province 252000, China
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Tests were carried out to investigate the one-side bolted T-stub through thread holes under tension strengthen
Received 24 January 2017 with backing plate. For the thread length is limited by the flange thickness of T-stub, which might lead to the pre-
Received in revised form 14 March 2017 mature failure of the connection due to the failure of thread. The thread length could be increased by adding a
Accepted 16 March 2017
backing plate. Two new failure models of the bolted T-stub were proposed to consider the potential failure of
Available online 24 March 2017
hole thread. And the design methods for tension strength of corresponding failure modes were presented. Stud-
Keywords:
ied parameters included the bolt pre-tension force and the T-stub flange thickness. The bolt pre-tension force al-
Tension behavior most did not affect the tension strength of a bolted T-stub, while the initial stiffness could be improved. Effects of
One-side bolt the backing plate on the tension strength and load-displacement curve of T-stub under tension were presented
Bolted T-stub through comparing those without backing plate. Test results showed that the backing plates could be efficiently
Thread holes improve the tension strength of the T-stubs. However, for T-stubs with same screw depth, it was more efficient to
Screwed backing plates increase the flange thickness directly. The comparison between test results and calculated results from design
Design method methods indicated that the proposed design methods could be used to predict the tension strength and failure
modes of the one-side bolted T-stub through thread holes and strengthened with screwed backing plates.
Under the design load, the bolted T-stub was still in elastic state, which could meet the design requirement.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Design recommendations for the beam endplate using blind bolted
were proposed. Tizani et al. [4] studied the performance and reliability
Bolted endplate connections are widely used in steel-framed struc- of EHB connection to concrete filled columns under cyclic loading. Test re-
tures for it avoids welding on site, which in general requires highly sults showed that the connection could provide energy dissipation capac-
skilled labor and slows down the construction speed [1]. Hollow sec- ity and ductility appropriate for its potential use in seismic design.
tions are generally more efficient as structural members than conven- The mechanism of blind bolt discussed above is through tightening
tional open sections due to their superior torsional rigidity and hence the bolt head with appropriate torque. The threaded cone flared the
resistance to flexural-torsional and torsional buckling modes. However, sleeves and clamped against the inside of the hole, which was analogous
the application of the hollow section component has traditionally been to the clamping produced by the nut of standard bolt.
hampered by access constraints for a fully bolted connection. The blind Except for using flared sleeves, the bolt can also be clamped by
bolt provided an alternate way to connect beam to a tubular column thread holes. In space grid structures with bolted ball joints, the grid
using bolted endplate, which could be inserted and tightened from out- members are connected using bolts that are screwed in to a hole with
side of the tube. thread, as shown in Fig. 1. The design codes require that the thread
Application of the blind-bolt, such as the Hollo-bolt, the Enhanced length should be longer than 1.1 times of bolt diameter [5–8]. For a
Hollo-bolt (EHB), the Blind Bolt, the Flow drill [2] and so on, in bolted steel plate being thinner than 12.5 mm, the thread holes could be
beam-column connections has been widely studied recently. Wang and manufactured by flow drilling technique [9,10]. However, the bolted
Wang [3] carried out tests to investigate the yield and ultimate strengths beam-tubular column endplate connection using thread holes has not
of beam-tubular column connections using Hollo-bolts under tension. been fully investigated yet.
The thread length is limited by the wall thickness. For a tubular col-
⁎ Corresponding author at: Civil Engineering College of Shandong University, Jinan,
umn with thin walls, the failure of thread might lead to the premature
Shandong Province 250061, China. failure of the connection. The thread length could be increased by
E-mail address: Pjwang@sdu.edu.cn (P. Wang). adding a backing plate, as shown in Fig. 2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.03.010
0143-974X/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
54 X. Zhu et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 134 (2017) 53–65
components, i.e. failure of the thread in the hole and effects of plastic fail-
Table 1
Parameters of studied T-stubs. ure of the T-stub on the thread. Two new failure modes might occur and
should be investigated, which were (1) the hole thread failure and (2) the
T-stubs with screwed backing plates T-stubs without screwed backing plates
T-stub flange yielding accompanied with hole thread failure.
No. t/mm Pre-tension Screw No. t/mm Pre-tension Screw In this paper, tension behaviors of the one-side bolted T-stub
force (P) depth force (P) depth
through thread holes strengthened by backing plate were investigated
kN tc/mm kN tc/mm
T06-0 6 0 16
experimentally and theoretically. The two new failure models and the
T06-70 70 corresponding design methods were proposed. Influences of parame-
T06-140 140 T06-140C 6 140 6 ters including the bolt pre-tension force and the T-stub flange thickness
T08-0 8 0 18 on failure modes and load-displacement curves of the T-stub connec-
T08-70 70
tions were presented. Comparisons of tension strength between T-
T08-140 140 T08-140C 8 140 8
T10-0 10 0 20 stubs with and without backing plates were conducted. Tension
T10-70 70 strength of bolted T-stubs obtained from tests and design equations
T10-140 140 T10-140C 10 140 10 were compared to show the applicability of one-side bolts using thread
T12-0 12 0 22
holes.
T12-70 70
T12-140 140 T12-140C 12 140 12
T14-0 14 0 24 2. Test set-up
T14-70 70
T14-140 140 T16-140C 16 140 16
T16-0 16 0 26 2.1. Test specimens
T16-70 70
T16-140 140 T18-140C 18 140 18 Specimens in the tests were designed as T-stubs, as shown in Fig. 3.
T18-0 18 0 28
Three parts were included in the tested T-stubs:
T18-70 70
T18-140 140 T20-140C 20 140 20 (1) the M20 high-strength bolts of Class 8.8;
T20-0 20 0 30 (2) the base T-stub with flange thickness of 30 mm and web thick-
T20-70 70 ness of 20 mm to ensure that it was kept in elastic state. The hole diam-
T20-140 140 T22-140C 22 140 22 eter on the flange was 22 mm;
Total 24 Total 8
(3) the target T-stub with the flange thickness varying from 6 mm to
20 mm to create different failure modes. The web thickness was 20 mm to
In bolted endplate connections, the endplate could be simplified as an ensure it would be in elastic state in the test. The backing plate thickness
equivalent T-stub. The equivalent T-stub in tension might be used to was all 10 mm. The backing plates were welded to the T-stub flange by
model the design resistance of the column flange in bending, the end- fillet weld first, and then drilling and tapping with the flange together.
plate in bending, the flange cleat in bending and the base plate in bending The purpose of adding a backing plate to the T-stub flange was to in-
under tension, etc. [11]. T-stubs connected through standard bolts with crease the screw length and improve loading capacity of the thread. The
nuts had been wildly studied [12–15]. In general, bolted T-stubs will en- total depth of the threads tc = t + 10, which varied from 16 mm to
counter three failure modes, which are (1) bolt failure, (2) T-stub flange 30 mm.
yielding failure, and (3) T-stub flange yielding with bolt failure. However, Types of the thread in the hole were corresponding to the bolt used
this knowledge could not be applied directly to connections to tubular in the tests, as shown in Fig. 4. D = 20 mm and D1 = 17.3 mm were the
members using one-side bolts with thread holes. This was due to the external diameter and the internal diameter of bolt, respectively. P =
lack of full understanding of the behavior of two most relevant 2.5 mm was the pitch of screw thread. H = 0.866P was the thread
Table 2
Properties of steel used in tests.
Components Yield strength (fy/MPa) Ultimate tensile strength (fu/MPa) Elastic modulus (E/GPa) Poisson's ratio (υ)
shown in Fig. 6, where hbp and bbp are the height and width of the back-
ing plates, respectively.
For the T-stub in tension, EC3-1-8 [11] gives three different fail-
ure modes: (1) Mode 1, bolt failure; (2) Mode 2, yielding of the
flange; and (3) Mode 3, flange yielding with bolt failure, in which
the prying effects are taken into consideration in the design equa-
tions, as show in Fig. 7. Ft is the tension force applied to the web of
the T-stub. Q is the prying force. Pb is the actual tension force in the
bolt [18,19]. And FT,Rd is the design tension strength of the T-stub.
Design equations for the three failure modes were given below. The
tension resistance of the T-stub takes the minimum value of FT,1,Rd,
FT,2,Rd and FT,3,Rd.
4Mpl;2;Rd þ 2Mbp;Rd
F T;2;Rd ¼ ð3Þ
m
Table 3
Failure modes and tension resistance for T-stubs with different flange thickness t.
Tested results Calculated results Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5 Ultimate strength Yield strength
T06-0 16 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 33.3 137.4 152.8 76.1 183.1 103
T06-70 173.4 106
T06-140 178.9 100
T06-140C 6 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 13.9 137.4 62.6 33.3 67.6 38
T16-140C 16 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 99.1 159.8 167 105.2 166.3 135
T08-0 18 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 44.1 140.2 171.9 87.9 195.9 118
T08-70 201.3 115
T08-140 186.8 113
T08-140C 8 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 24.8 140.2 83.5 46.1 103.1 63
T18-140C 18 Mode 5 Mode 5 282.2 125.4 166.7 187.9 122 223.3 165
T10-0 20 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 58.1 143.9 191 100.7 232.8 155
T10-70 232.4 160
T10-140 223.1 158
T10-140C 10 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 38.7 143.9 104.4 59.6 114.6 75
T20-140C 20 Mode 5 Mode 5 282.2 154.8 174.4 208.8 139.6 285.2 240
T12-0 22 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 75.1 148.4 210.1 114.2 257.6 180
T12-70 248.1 183
T12-140 241.6 182
T12-140C 12 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 55.7 148.4 125.3 74.0 131.3 95
T22-140C 22 Mode 5 Mode 5 282.2 187.3 183 229.7 158.1 330.5 260
T14-0 24 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 95.2 153.7 229.2 128.5 261.1 210
T14-70 257.4 200
T14-140 267.4 215
T16-0 26 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 118.4 159.8 248.3 143.7 312.4 250
T16-70 309.1 260
T16-140 314.4 253
T18-0 28 Mode 2 Mode 2 282.2 144.7 166.7 267.4 159.7 342.8 283
T18-70 340.9 285
T18-140 340.9 284
T20-0 30 Mode 5 Mode 2 282.2 174.2 174.4 286.5 176.5 353.4 326
T20-70 351.6 313
T20-140 354.1 312
The bold text in the table was the calculated design tension strength corresponding to the failure mode observed in the test.
60 X. Zhu et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 134 (2017) 53–65
Fig. 17. Deformation of stiffened T-stub with backing plate at different load level (t = 6 mm).
Fig. 18. Deformation of T-stub without backing plate at different load level (t = 6 mm).
SCI P398 [20] provides equations to calculate the efficient yield length where m and e are geometrical parameters of the T-stubs indicated in Fig.
leff,cp and leff,nc according of the yield patterns of the T-stub, as shown in 11, ∑Ft,Rd is the total design tension resistance for the bolts in the T-stub.
Fig. 10. For the tested T-stubs here, e = 45 mm, ex = 45 mm and mx =
50 mm, the calculate yield length is leff = 90 mm and the corresponding 3.2. New failure modes of one-side bolted T-stub with thread holes
yield pattern is the double curvature pattern, as shown in Fig. 10(d).
For the one-side bolted T-stub with thread holes, two new failure
3.1.3. Tension strength of T-stub failed by Mode 3: flange yielding with bolt modes may occur: (1) Mode 4, hole thread failure, as shown in Fig.
failure 12; and (2) Mode 5, flange yielding with hole thread failure, as shown
As shown in Fig. 11, the tension strength of a T-stub failed by Mode 3 in Fig. 13, where Fs,Rd is the design resistance of the threads.
is calculated by
3.2.1. Tension strength of T-stub failed by Mode 4: hole thread failure
For failure Mode 4, as shown in Fig. 12, the tension resistance of the
2Mpl;3;Rd þ e∑F t;Rd
F T;3;Rd ¼ ð6Þ T-stub can be calculated by:
mþe
Wf y;p
F s;2;Rd ¼ ð11Þ
b
Av ¼ πDh ð12Þ
2
πDh
W¼ ð13Þ
4
Fig. 21. Load-displacement curves of stiffened T-stubs with different bolt pre-tension force.
62 X. Zhu et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 134 (2017) 53–65
Fig. 21 (continued).
Mpl;5;Rd ¼ 0:25∑leff ;5 t 2f f y =γM0 ð15Þ corresponding to the failure mode observed in the test. It could be
seen that the calculated failure modes agreed well with that observed
in the tests. The calculated tension strengths of T-stub with screwed
backing plates were all lower than the tested tension resistance. For
4. Tests results and discussion the T-stub with flange thickness of 20 mm, the calculated values for fail-
ure Mode 2, Mode 3 and Mode 5 were almost the same, which could ex-
4.1. Failure modes of one-side bolted T-stubs with thread holes plain why the tendency of flange yielding (Mode 2) accompanied by the
necking and stretching of the bolt shank (Mode 3) were also observed,
As shown in Fig. 15, two failure modes were observed form tests as shown in Fig. 15(b).
with changing of T-stub flange thickness, which were (1) failure Mode The tested ultimate strength presented in this paper was the maxi-
2, complete yielding of the T-stub flange and (2) failure Mode 5, flange mum tension force that observed from the load-displacement curve.
yielding with hole thread failure. That is, the failure criterion adopted in determination of the ultimate
For T-stubs with flange thickness t = 20 mm, the two bolts were also tension strengths in model test was that when the tension force reached
stretched and necked, as shown in Fig. 15(b), which indicated that the the apex of the load-displacement curves.
bolts also reached their tension ultimate state. From the load-displacement curves of the T-stub connection, the
Tested results on T-stubs without backing plates were also present- yielding occurred in the T-stub flange when the slope of the curve
ed, as shown in Fig. 16. Compared with the T-stub with the same flange started to reduce. The corresponding yielding load was about 80% of
thickness, it is apparently that the backing plate increased the yield the ultimate strength; and it was listed in Table 3.
strength of the flange, as shown in Fig. 16(a). However, effects of the Deformation of T-stub with backing plates at different load level was
adding a backing plate is far behind increase the flange thickness direct- shown in Fig. 17, where the T-stub flange thickness was 6 mm. Test re-
ly, as shown in Fig. 16(b). The T-stub with flange thickness of 16 mm de- sults of T-stubs without backing plate and with an additional nut were
veloped a much smaller deformation, compared with the T-stub with also presented in Figs. 18 and 19 for comparison.
flange thickness of 6 mm and backing plate thickness of 10 mm. Under the load calculated from design equations [20], there was
Detail failure modes and tension strengths of every T-stub with no out-of-plane deformation of the T-stub, as shown in Fig. 17(b), in-
backing plates obtained from design methods and tests were listed in dicating that the T-stub was in elastic state and it had sufficient load-
Table 3. The bold text in the table was the design tension strength ing bearing capacity to carry the design load. With the increasing of
X. Zhu et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 134 (2017) 53–65 63
Fig. 23. Load-displacement curves of T-stubs with and without backing plate (P = 140 kN).
Comparison of load-displacement curves between T-stubs with and flange thickness on failure modes and load-displacement curves were
without screwed backing plates were shown in Fig. 23. Design loads of discussed. Tension strengths of T-stubs with screwed backing plates
the bolted T-stubs calculated by method in P398 [20] were also marked were compared with that without backing plates. Main conclusions of
on the load-displacement curves. this paper were summarized as follows:
For T-stubs with same flange thickness, the backing plates improved (1) Two new failure modes for stiffened one-side bolted T-stub
the tension strengths significantly. For the T-stub with flange thickness with internal holes were proposed, which were (a) the hole
of 6 mm and without backing plate, the tested ultimate tension strength thread failure and (b) the flange yielding with hole thread failure.
was only 67.6 kN. However, through adding a backing plate with thick- Corresponding design equations for tension strength were
ness of 10 mm, the tested ultimate tension strength increased to presented.
178.9 kN, as shown in Fig. 23(a). For the T-stub with flange thickness of (2) Two failure modes were observed in the tests, which were (a)
8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm, the tested ultimate strengths were also greatly Mode 2, the flange yielding for T-stubs with flange thickness t
improved through adding backing plate. However, the T-stub flange b20 mm, and (b) Mode 5, the flange yielding with thread failure for T-
yielded in double curvature pattern, as shown in Fig. 10(d). There were stubs with flange thickness t = 20 mm.
two yield lines on the T-stub flange: one across the bolt hole and the (3) The bolt pre-tension force almost did not affect the tension
other along the edge of web. The yield strength and stiffness of the flange strength of the T-stub, while it could improve the initial stiffness of
along the edge of web could not be increased by the backing plate. The ul- the connection. T-stubs with thicker flange had higher tension strength
timate strengths could be more efficient increased with the increase in T- and stiffness.
stub flange thickness directly. For the T-stub with flange thickness of (4) The backing plates could efficiently improve the tension strength
8 mm and backing plate with thickness of 10 mm, the total thread length of the bolted T-stub connection. However, it is more efficient to increase
was 18 mm. The tested ultimate strength was 186.8 kN. However, for the the flange thickness directly.
T-stub with flange thickness of 18 mm, the tested ultimate strength was (5) The proposed design equations could be used to predict tension
much greater as 223.3 kN, as shown in Fig. 23(b). strength and failure modes of the bolted T-stubs through thread holes
and strengthen using strewed backing plate.
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
Tests were carried out to investigate tension behavior of stiffened
one-side bolted T-stub with thread holes and stiffened using screwed The authors wish to acknowledge the support from the National
backing plates. Two new failure modes and the corresponding design Natural Science Foundation of China (51578322, 51608305), the Natu-
equations to calculate tension strength of the one-side bolted T-stub ral Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2015EM041,
were proposed. Effects of the bolt pre-tension force and the T-stub 2016GGX103014) for the work reported in this paper.
X. Zhu et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 134 (2017) 53–65 65
References [10] Steel Construction Institute, PUB 358 Joints in Steel Construction: Simple Joints to
Eurocode 3, 2014.
[1] Y. Hu, L. Shen, S. Nie, B. Yang, W. Sha, FE simulation and experimental tests of high- [11] European Committer for Standardization, Eurocode3: Design of Steel Structures,
strength structural bolts under tension, J. Constr. Steel Res. 126 (2016) 174–186. Part 1–8: Design of Joints. BS EN 1993-1-8, 2005.
[2] W. Tizani, A. Al-Mughairi, J.S. Owen, T. Pitrakkos, Rotational stiffness of a blind- [12] V. Piluso, C. Faella, G. Rizzano, Ultimate behavior of bolted T-stubs – II. Model valida-
bolted connection to concrete-filled tubes using modified Hollo-bolt, J. Constr. tion, J. Struct. Eng. 127 (6) (2001) 694–704.
Steel Res. 80 (1) (2013) 317–331. [13] A.M.G. Coelho, F.S.K. Bijlaard, N. Gresnigt, L.S.D. Silva, Experimental assessment of
[3] Z.Y. Wang, Q.Y. Wang, Yield and ultimate strengths determination of a blind bolted the behaviour of bolted T-stub connections made up of welded plates, J. Constr.
endplate connection to square hollow section column, Eng. Struct. 111 (2016) Steel Res. 60 (2) (2004) 269–311.
345–369. [14] A.B. Francavilla, M. Latour, V. Piluso, G. Rizzano, Simplified finite element analysis of
[4] W. Tizani, Z.Y. Wan, I. Hajirasouliha, Hysteretic performance of a new blind bolted bolted T-stub connection components, Eng. Struct. 100 (2015) 656–664.
connection to concrete filled columns under cyclic loading: an experimental inves- [15] M.S. Zhao, C.K. Lee, S.P. Chiew, Tensile behavior of high performance structural steel
tigation, Eng. Struct. 46 (1) (2013) 535–546. T-stub joints, J. Constr. Steel Res. 122 (2016) 316–325.
[5] S.A. Mostafavian, M.R. Davoodi, J.V. Amiri, Ball joint behavior in a double layer grid [16] National Standard of People's Republic of China, General Propose Metric Screw
by dynamic model updating, J. Constr. Steel Res. 76 (76) (2012) 28–38. Threads - Basic Profile. GB 192-2003, China building industry press, Beijing, 2003.
[6] G. Yan, C. Fang, R. Feng, X. Hua, Y. Zhao, Detection of member overall buckling in [17] National Standard of People's Republic of China, Code for Acceptance of Construc-
civil space grid structures based on deviation in normal strain along the member, tion Quality of Steel Structures. GB 50205-2001, China building industry press, Bei-
Eng. Struct. 131 (2017) 599–613. jing, 2001.
[7] Construction industry standard of People's Republic of China, Bolted Spherical Node [18] S.F. Chen, Principles of Steel Structure Design, The Science Publishing Company, Bei-
of Space Grid Structures. JGT 10, 2009. jing, 2005.
[8] Industry standard of the People's Republic of China, Technical Specification for [19] H. Agerskov, High-strength bolted connections subject to prying, J. Struct. Div. ASCE
Space Frame Structures. JGJ 7-2010, China building industry press, Beijing, 2010. 102 (10) (1976) 2066–2068.
[9] J.E. France, J.B. Davison, Patrick A. Kirby, Strength and rotational stiffness of simple [20] Steel Construction Institute, PUB 398 Joints in Steel Construction: Moment-resisting
connections to tubular columns using flowdrill connectors, J. Constr. Steel Res. 50 Joints to Eurocode 3, 2013.
(1) (1999) 15–34.