REVIEWER IN SCIENCE 10 (1ST GRADING)

EPICENTER – earthquakes found in the surface

FOCUS – earthquakes found in the bottom of the surface.

METHODS OF FINDING THE EPICENTER

1. Triangular Method
2. Wedge Method

Triangular Method – requires data from 3 seismic stations

Formula for finding the distance of a seismic station from the epicenter:

 Distance (D) = Time Difference (td) x 100 km

8s
To scale the distance in cm

 Distance in km x 1.5cm
200km

ACTIVITY:
SEISMIC STATION Time Difference Distance in km cm
A 38.8s
B 12.4s
C 54.5s

Find the distance, cm, and epicenter.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES – are waves which are combinations of electric and magnetic fields
from accelerating electrons/oscillating charged particles.

JAMES CLARK MAXWELL – formulated electromagnetic wave theory which says that an oscillating
electric current should be capable of the radiating energy in the
form of electromagnetic waves
 He predicted the existence of Electromagnetic Waves
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. They carry energy from one place to another.
2. They can travel through a medium (fastest in air, slowest in solid).
3. They can travel in a vacuum at a speed of light 3 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s.
4. They obey the wave equation V =𝑓ℵ
WAVELENGTH – distance from west to west or from trough to trough

FREQUENCY (f) – number of waves in a second or given time

 Heinrich Hertz discovered the Hertzian waves which was now known as radio waves.
 Hertz (Hz) – is the unit used to measure frequency of waves

5. They show reflection, refraction, absorption, and interference.

6. They are transverse waves.
7. They are disturbances in a field rather than in a medium.
8. They have an electric field that travels perpendicular with the magnetic field.
CREST – highest point

TROUGH – lowest point

One west to another

wavelength
One trough to another

 Wavelength lambda

CREST = highest particle Gamma ray = highest frequency

TROUGH = lowest particle Radio waves = shortest frequency

 Shorter wave length, more frequency

 Longer wave length, less frequency
 Red has the longest wavelength
 Violet has the shortest wavelength

Two ways of emitting light

1. Incandescence – the object will emit light when it has high temperature
 Burning wood

2. Luminescence – emission of light by objects without an increase of temperature

Three types of UV radiations:

1. UVA = accounts for 95% of the solar UV reaching the earth
2. UVB = is the one being filtered by the ozone layer in the atmosphere
3. UVC = is not reaching the surface because it is absorbed by the atmosphere

X RAYS are classified as

1. Soft Xrays – can penetrate soft substances like flesh and bones
2. Hard Xrays – are more penetrating that the soft ones and are mainly used in industries

2 Types of Electromagnetic Radiation

1. Ionizing
2. Non-ionizing

Effects of exposure to high-level ionizing radiation

1. immediate effects – can be death or radiation burns

2. delayed effects – can be cancer or mutation

Two ionizing Electromagnetic waves are:

1. Xrays 2. Gamma radiation
 Non-ionizing Electromagnetic waves are:
1. radio waves 4. Ultraviolet rays
2. microwaves 5. Infrared waves
3. visible light

Infrared waves – can cause burns and pains

Visible light – can cause eye damage and blindness
UV rays – can cause skin tan, skin cancer, and can damage retina
Radio waves – can interfere with the pacemaker

EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT

1. GLOBAL WARMING
2. Phytoplankton sink deeper into the water when they are exposed to too much UV which
will decrease the amount of sunlight received by the planktons, thereby hindering photosynthesis
and growth.

FORMULA:

𝑽
=𝒇 Speed of light
Celeritas ( C ) = very fast C = 3 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s.
= meter (m)
E = energy h = planck’s constant f = frequency
V = C – m/s = joule
= 6.63 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 J . S
f = waves/s = hertz E = hf

𝑽 𝒅
f= t= v
𝒗

f
PREFIXES

Giga G 109 nano n 10−9

Mega M 106 micro u 10−6
Kilo k 103 milli m 10−3
Hecto h 102 centi c 10−2
Deca da 101 deci d 10−1

Activity

1. The wavelength of a radio wave is 20m. Find it’s a) Frequency b) energy

2. The frequency of a certain wave is 4.6 x 105 Hz. Find a) energy it carries b) wavelength
3. A certain wave has a wavelength of 180Mm. Find a) frequency b) energy

4. A radar is 18km away from a plane. How long will it take a pulse of radio wave to
a) reach the plane b) back to the radar

5. It takes 2.6 x 10−4s for a pulse of radiowave to travel from a radar to the plane and return to the
radar. How far is the radar from the plane?