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0 CLASSIFICATION
1.0 CLASSIFICATION BYBY
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
Thermosetting Polymer
Structure
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Superior temperature stability due to cross linked
Higher loading of additives
Cost effective
Low-viscosity and easy to work with because they exist in liquid form
at room temperature
Carry a lower health hazard than thermoplastics, as no potentially toxic
fumes such as styrene are released during the molding process.
Poxy
Silicone
Examples
Polyurethane
Phenolic
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Thermoplastic
Structure
Advantages
Have high strength
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Lightweight and have relatively low processing costs. Sometimes
engineers use thermoplastics instead of metals because of their much
lighter weight.
Easy to manufacture thermoplastic components quickly in high
volumes with high precision
Excellent thermal and heat insulator
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2.0 CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
2.1 Fibers
Structure
A portion of one of the many possible structures of lignin
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Example: Plant fibers are composed of cellulose, ligni , (or similar
compounds) ,Animal fibres, wool and silk, are made up of protein
(carotene).
Artificial fibres are fibres produced by the chemical processing of
natural polymers.
Synthetic fibres are fibres formed from synthetic polymers
(polyamides, polyesters, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefins, polyvinyl
chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, etc.).
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Natural Fibers (Cotton, Wool)
Examples
Synthetic Fibers ( Rayon, Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic)
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2.2 Miscellaneous
Coating
Structure
Polymeric coatings are coatings or paint made with polymers that provide
superior adherence and protection from corrosion.
The polymeric coating process applies an elastomer or other polymeric
Formation material onto a supporting substrate
Process
Polymeric coatings made from polymeric materials can be applied on a
variety of substrates using a number of different techniques such as
extrusion/dispersion coating and solution application.
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Inexpensive
Concrete Protection
Improve wear resistance and wettability
Advantages
Polymeric coating cools down buildings
Spin coating can be done at atmospheric pressure and is very cheap
Nylon 11
Examples Polyurethane
Acrylics and alkyds
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Films
Structure
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bubble and flatten it into two flat film layers. The film will wound into rolls by
the winder roller.
Advantages Lightweight
Recyclable
Low production costs
Non-renewable resource
Not biodegradable
Polyethylene naphthalate
Polystyrene
Polypropylene
Applications Medical: garbage and hazardous material bags, I.V. bags, sterile wrap
Construction: vapor barriers in walls, moisture barriers under concrete,
paint drop cloths ,drapes
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Adhesives
Structure
Formation
Process
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Mechanical bonding involves actual penetration of the adhesive into
surface pores and crevices.
Light in weight
Ability to join dissimilar materials and thin components
Better fatigue resistance
Advantages
Distribute stress more efficiently across the joint
Lower manufacturing costs
No effect on the weight of material
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Relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface
area
relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface
area
greater difficulty in separating objects during testing.
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Foams
Structure
Advantages
Low density so they are light-weight materials.
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Some polymer foams have low heat or sound transfer, making them
optimal insulators.
Many are flexible and soft, meaning they provide more comfort as
cushion.
Polyurethane (PU)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
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2.3 Advanced Polymer
Structure
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Very good chemical resistance to normally encountered solvents
Excellent low temperature properties
Outstanding sound damping and energy absorption characteristics
Electrically insulating and excellent dielectric properties
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Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)
Structure
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Thermotropic Behaviour by heating a polymer above its glass or melting
transition point. The formation of thermotropic liquid-crystal polymers is
temperature dependent, where different phases will exist in a certain temperature
range. If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion will destroy the delicate
cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional
isotropic liquid phase. At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a
conventional crystal.
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Form weak weld lines
High anistropic properties
Disadvantage Drying required before processing
Poor Solubility
Kelvar
Vectran
Examples
Ticona
Sterrox
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Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs)
Structure
Structure of TPEs
Formation
Process
Injection Moulding
The thermoplastic (in a powdered or granular form) will enter through a
hopper. A screw thread turns forcing the plastic material through a heater,
which caused the plastic to melt. When all the materials has melted the screw
thread then acts as a ram and forces the plastic into mould, where it cools
and solidifies.
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Extrusion
The extrusion process is similar to injection moulding. Plastic granules are
heated in a hopper and a screw thread forces the material through a die. The
material is then cooled. Extrusion can only be used for simple shapes and
the end product generally has a poor quality finish.
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Limited number of modulus compounds
Melt at elevated temperatures
Disadvantages relatively high cost of raw materials
inability to load them with low cost fillers
high compression set and low thermal stability
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