Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cnsns

Research paper

An optimization study to investigate non-linearity in thermal

behaviour of porous fin having temperature dependent
internal heat generation with and without tip loss
Tuhin Deshamukhya a, Saheera Azmi Hazarika a, Dipankar Bhanja a,∗, Sujit Nath a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam 788 010, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This work is devoted to study the temperature distribution, efficiency and optimization of
Received 1 August 2017 rectangular porous fins for insulated and convective tip conditions. The governing differ-
Revised 4 March 2018
ential equations obtained in the analysis of porous fins are highly non linear in kind. Two
Accepted 11 July 2018
approximate analytical techniques, Adomian Decomposition method (ADM) and Differen-
Available online 23 August 2018
tial transformation method (DTM) are adopted to predict the temperature distribution in
Keywords: the porous fin with temperature dependent heat generation, and temperature dependent
Porous fin thermal conductivities of fin material and fluid passing through fin pores. A numerical
Internal heat generation scheme using finite difference method has been applied to validate the analytical results.
ADM The analytical results obtained have been found in accordance with the numerical results.
DTM The role of different important parameters have been discussed to understand their im-
portance in the heat transfer through porous fins. Also, a comparison has been presented
between solid and porous fins and the results indicate that by selecting an appropriate
value of porosity higher heat transfer rate can be achieved.
© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

In this age of technological advancements the emergence of various electronic and mechanical equipments has given rise
to the need to provide an efficient mode of heat transfer from the equipments to the surroundings. Keeping this need in
mind, experiments and analysis has been going on in different parts of the world to improve the heat transfer efficiency of
fins. The idea of using extended surfaces is to increase the surface area in order to allow more heat to flow through them,
thereby improving the heat transfer rate. The working and importance of fins can be better understood from the literatures
[1–3]. An analysis of the natural convection heat transfer from solid and hollow/perforated circular pin fins in a heat sink
subject to the influence of its geometry, heat flux and orientation was presented by Elshafei [4]. Torabi et al. [5] studied
the performance characteristics of convective radiative longitudinal fins of rectangular, trapezoidal and concave parabolic
profiles considering temperature dependent thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient and surface emissivity. Hatami
et al [6–8] studied the various aspects of finned tube heat exchangers both experimentally as well as numerically.
The result of extensive research in this area introduced the revolutionary concept of porous fins when Kiwan and Nimr
[9] for the first time showed that with the porosityφ , it is possible to save 100φ of the materials while transferring same
heat as conventional fins. They compared the thermal performance of porous fins to that of conventional solid ones and

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dipankar@mech.nits.ac.in (D. Bhanja).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.07.024
1007-5704/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
352 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

Nomenclature

Cp specific heat at constant pressure (Jkg−1 K−1 )

Da Darcy number of the porous fin
g acceleration due to gravity (m/s2 )
Gr Grashoff number
h convective heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the fin (Wm−2 K−1 )
keff effective thermal conductivity of fin material (Wm−1 K−1 )
kf thermal conductivity of the fluid (Wm−1 K−1 )
ks thermal conductivity of the solid (Wm−1 K−1 )
kR thermal conductivity ratio, ks /kf
K permeability of the porous fin (m2 )
L Fin length (m)
m˙ local mass flow rate of the fluid passing through the pores (kgs−1 )
Nu Nusselt number
qact actual heat transfer rate per unit width (Wm−1 )
Qa dimensionless actual heat transfer rate per unit width
qideal ideal heat transfer rate per unit width (Wm−1 )
Qi dimensionless ideal heat transfer rate per unit width
qG rate of internal heat generation within the fin (Wm−3 )
Ra Rayleigh number of the fluid
T local fin surface temperature (°C)
Ta ambient temperature (°C)
Tb fin base temperature (°C)
U dimensionless fin volume per unit width
V fin volume per unit width (m2 )
w fin width (m)
v local fluid velocity (ms−1 )
x axial length measured from fin tip as shown in Fig. 1(m)
X dimensionless distance, x/L

Greek Symbols
φ Porosity
ρ density of the fluid (kgm−3 )
β co-efficient of thermal expansion (K−1 )
γ kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1 )
ψ thickness to length ratio of stem, t/L
 ratio of effective thermal conductivity of the porous fin to thermal conductivity of fluid passing through fin
pores,keff /kf
η fin efficiency
θ dimensionless temperature, (T − Ta )/(Tb − Ta )

investigated the effect of some important parameters like Rayleigh number, Darcy number and effective thermal conduc-
tivity. They concluded that Rayleigh number plays a significant role in fins with large Darcy number. Saedodin and Olank
[10] investigated the temperature distribution in porous fins in natural convection medium and compared it with conven-
tional fins. The result showed increased heat transfer by porous fins. Kiwan [11] analysed the performance of porous fins
in natural convection medium and found them better than their solid counterparts. One interesting finding reported in this
paper is that with the increase in fin length and effective thermal conductivity, heat transfer rate increases up to a certain
limit, whereas further increase in these parameters brings no more significant improvement. Kiwan [12] also studied the
effect of radiative losses on heat transfer in porous fins. In another study, Kiwan and Zeitoun [13] analysed porous fins at-
tached to the inner cylinder of the annulus between two concentric cylinders. Bhanja et al. [14] carried out the thermal
analysis of porous pin fin used for electronic cooling by using the Adomian decomposition method. In another investigation,
Bhanja and Kundu [15] performed the thermal analysis of a T-shaped porous fin by ADM considering the radiation effects.
Moradi et al. [16] performed thermal analysis on triangular fins and found an increase in performance. Thermal analysis of
radiation in porous fins by Gorla and Bakier [17] reveals that radiation too plays a significant role in heat transfer from fins.
Porous fins owing to these advantages have found wide applications in a number of thermal equipments. Kim et al. [18] in
an experimental study compared the heat transfer and friction characteristics of porous fins and conventional louvered fins
in a plate fin heat exchanger. Hatami and Ganji [19] considered longitudinal convective–radiative porous fins of rectangular,
convex, triangular and exponential shapes of Al, SiC and Si3 N4 for their analysis. They have considered the effect of tem-
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 353

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a rectangular straight porous fin.

perature dependent heat generation in their analysis and predicted that exponential fin with Si3 N4 material transfers more
heat among other selected shapes and materials. Aziz and Bouaziz [20] used least square methods to study the temperature
dependent internal heat generation in longitudinal fins. Straight fins of different profiles have been extensively investigated
by Kundu et al. [21] where they analytically studied the design analysis and performance of straight porous fins. They re-
ported a significant increase in the heat transfer in these profiles compared to their solid counterparts. Kundu and Bhanja
[22] performed an analytical study to understand the performance and optimum design analysis of porous fins. They carried
out a comparative study of three models to understand the feasibility of each model. On the other hand, Bhanja et al. [23],
analytically predicted the thermal performance and optimum design parameters of a moving porous fin. It was found that
moving solid fin maintains higher tip temperature than moving porous fin, however, efficiency of the solid moving fin is
better than porous moving fin. In addition, moving fin provides better heat transfer than stationary fin. Das [24] proposed
an inverse solution of a cylindrical porous fin exposed to both convective and radiative environment. The temperature dis-
tribution on the surface of the porous fin was found out by Runge–Kutta method and five significant parameters such as the
porosity, emissivity, solid thermal conductivity, thickness and the permeability have been simultaneously predicted that sat-
isfies the prescribed temperature distribution. For solving the inverse problem, hybrid evolutionary–nonlinear programming
optimization algorithm is adopted. In another study, Das and Ooi [25] estimated five critical parameters such as porosity,
solid thermal conductivity, permeability, length and thickness of the fin to get an inverse solution of a porous fin using
the method of simulated annealing. Both insulated and convective tip conditions of the fin are considered in their study.
This study helped to select combination of parameters in porous fins amongst various possible alternatives that can meet a
desired temperature distribution. In an interesting study of fully wet semi-spherical porous fin Hatami et al. [26] used the
Least square method and fourth order Runge–Kutta to predict the temperature distribution in a Si3 N4 fin. They assumed
temperature dependent heat and mass convective co-efficient. Least square method, a powerful semi-exact analytical tech-
nique has been used in a number of thermal problems to deal with non-linear equations [27–30]. Cuce and Cuce [31], used
homotopy perturbation method to determine the dimensionless temperature distribution along the length of porous as a
function of porosity and convection parameters. They evaluated and compared heat transfer rates for both the solid and
porous fins having same geometry. It has been found that the ratio of porous fin to solid fin heat transfer rate increases
linearly with increasing thermo-geometric fin parameter. Hatami et al. [32] presented a fin efficiency analysis of a fully wet
semi-spherical fin. Calculations involving the governing equations of porous fins are complicated in kind and quite difficult
to handle. This can be attributed to the fact that they are highly non-linear and cannot be solved by traditional methods.
Variational iteration method, Adomian decomposition method, Differential transformation methods are generally used by
researchers to solve the non-linearity in the equation. Ma et al. [33] used spectral collocation method to predict the thermal
performance of convective–radiative porous fin with temperature dependent convective heat transfer coefficient, fin surface
emissivity and internal heat generation. Darcy model is adopted to simulate heat transfer through porous fin surface. The
effects of various geometric and thermo-physical parameters on thermal performance and optimum design are compre-
hensively analyzed. Spectral collocation method has also been used by Ma et al. [34] to study transient heat transfer in a
moving plate with temperature dependent properties. Their analysis showed the efficiency of SCM in handling cases related
to transient thermal analysis.
Recently Deshamukhya et al. [35] analysed the temperature distribution of a rectangular porous fin considering both
convective as well as insulated tip conditions. This study has been extended in the present work to investigate the as-
354 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

pects related to the efficiency and optimization of the porous fins under the above mentioned tip conditions in a detailed
manner. Hatami et al. [36] in their study analysed the temperature distribution in Si3 N4 and aluminium porous fins, con-
sidering temperature dependent heat generation. The heat generated varies linearly with temperature. They studied only
the temperature distribution considering three different analytical techniques. In the present work along with the tem-
perature distribution, the efficiency as well as optimization of a rectangular porous fin with temperature dependent heat
generation has been studied. Optimization study is important as it gives a designer an idea about the optimized value of
all the important parameters. The geometry of the fin is selected keeping in mind the simplicity of the design. Two differ-
ent analytical techniques, Adomian Decomposition Method and Differential Transformaton Method are applied to solve the
governing differential equation. A comparative analysis of both the techniques has been presented to show the efficiency of
these methods in handling such non linear equations and will help future researchers in this area to select the appropri-
ate technique for their respective studies. Moreover, in the work done by Hatami et al. [36], the important parameters are
grouped in a single non-dimensional parameter, due to which the effect of important individual parameters could not be
clearly understood. In the present work an effort has been done to understand the individual role played by each parameter
keeping them separate in the analysis.
Moreover, in all the prior work related to porous fins except the work done by Deshamukhya et al. [35], the researchers
have considered the fin tip to be insulated. Though insulated tip conditions are justified in case of long fins but for a finite
length fin, the heat transfer from tip cannot be neglected as the difference in tip temperature and the base temperature
will not be much significant, which is why the authors in the present study got marked variation in results between the
temperature distribution of both the cases. Thus the present analysis has been done considering two different conditions
of fin tip to provide a more realistic analysis of porous fins. Again in all the previous investigations, only the effective
thermal conductivity was varied while the dependency of temperature on the individual solid and fluid conductivities was
not considered. But in reality solid and fluid conductivities actually varies with temperature. Therefore in the present study
a linear variation of thermal conductivities of solid (fin material) and fluid (air) with temperature has also been considered.

2. Mathematical formulation

Fig. 1 shows a rectangular porous fin of length L, width W and thickness t exposed to a convective environment at
constant temperature Ta . The fin is attached to a vertical isothermal wall of uniform temperature Tb . Being porous in nature,
the fin surface allows fluid to penetrate through the pores that enhances the convective heat transfer. Due to removal of
solid material, effective thermal conductivity of the porous fin decreases which reduces the heat conduction along the fin
length. But this fall in heat conduction is compensated by the increase in effective surface area of convection. A temperature
dependent internal heat generation within the fin material is also considered in the present study. Moreover, analytical
prediction has also been made for both cases by considering convective fin tip as well as insulated tip. Now to analyze
a porous fin, some assumptions are required to simplify the solution and limit the design constraints. The assumptions
considered by the authors in the current work are:

• porous medium is homogeneous, isotropic and saturated with a single phase fluid and the physical properties of solid as
well as fluid (except thermal conductivity) are considered invariable. Boussinesq approximation is also been employed
for the present analysis.
• Darcy formulation is used to simulate the interaction between the porous medium and fluid and both the mediums are
locally thermodynamic equilibrium in the domain.
• there is no contact resistance at the fin base and the temperature variation inside the fin is one-dimensional as the
transverse Biot number is very small.

As heat conduction is occured solely in the longitudinal direction, the governing differential equation of the present
problem can be represented [37] as:
 
d dT 2h ( 1 − φ ) m˙ C p
k − (T − Ta ) − (T − Ta ) + qG = 0 (1)
dx e f f dx t wt
x

where mass flow rate of the fluid passing through fin pores is

m˙ = ρ v w
x (2)

where the fluid velocity is estimated by Darcy’s law [8,9]

gK β (T − Ta )
v= (3)
γ
The effective thermal conductivity of the porous fin can be obtained from following expression:

ke f f = φ k f + ( 1 − φ )ks (4)

Thermal conductivity of air and the solid material are considered to vary linearly with the temperature as
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 355

    
kf k f,a 1 + α f (T − Ta )
= (5)
ks ks,a {1 + αs (T − Ta )}

where α f and α s are the coefficient of variable thermal conductivity for air and the solid material respectively.
It is assumed that heat generation in the fin varies linearly with temperature as Eq. (6)

qG = q0 [1 + εg (T − Ta )] (6)

In order to express Eq. (1) in non-dimensional form, the following dimensionless parameters have been introduced as
follows:
 
x t T − Ta ks,a
(X ; ψ ; θ ; kR,a ) = ; ; ; (7a)
L L Tb − Ta k f,a
 
φα f + (1 − φ )αs kR,a (Tb − Ta ) q˙ 0 L2
( S3 ; λ ) = ; (7b)
{φ + (1 − φ )kR,a } k f,a (Tb − Ta ){φ + (1 − φ )kR,a }

 
Ra Da 2Nu(1 − φ )
( S1 ; S2 ) = ; − S3 εg (Tb − Ta ) (7c)
ψ 2 {φ + (1 − φ )kR,a } ψ 2 {φ + (1 − φ )kR,a }
 
ρCp gβ (Tb − Ta )t 3 K ht
(Ra; Da; Nu ) = ; 2; (7d)
γ k f,a t k f,a

Using Eqs. (2)-(7), Eq. (1) can be expressed as

 2
d2 θ dθ d2 θ
+λ + λθ − S1 θ 2 − S2 θ + S3 = 0 (8)
dX 2 dX dX 2

In the present work, as stated earlier, both the fin tip conditions (insulated and convective) are considered. Thus to
determine temperature distribution, boundary conditions of Eq. (8) can be written as follows:

θ = 1 at X = 1 for both insulated and convective tip (9a)


dθ

  0  for insulated tip

=
dX
H = Nuθ (0 )/ ψ φ + (1 − φ )kR,a + φα f θ (0 )(Tb − Ta ) + (1 − φ )αs kR,a θ (0 )(Tb − Ta ) for convective tip
X=0
(9b)

3. Solution methodology

3.1. Adomian decomposition method(ADM)

Adomian decomposition method is considered as a powerful analytical method for solving non-linear differential equa-
tions. Developed by George Adomian [38–40], the decomposition method has found its place in a number of ace research
works in various fields of engineering to solve the non-linearity in the governing equations. Implementation of ADM has
yielded successful results in a number of cases involving fins of various profiles [41–43]. ADM is known for its ability to
reduce the computational work without compromising the accuracy of the numerical solution, which makes it a suitable
choice while dealing with nonlinear equations. The method is to decompose the unknown function into an infinite sum of
its components and determine recursively through successive iterations.
Writing Eq. (8) in operator form,
 2
dθ d2 θ
LX θ = S1 θ 2 + S2 θ − S3 − λ − λθ (10)
dX dX 2

d2 θ
where, LX (= dX 2
) is the linear second order differential operator which is invertible. Now, applying inverse operator L−1
X
(=
X X
(• ) dXdX ) on both sides of the Eq. (10) yields
0 0
 2   2 
d θ (0 )  2 dθ d θ
θ = θ (0 ) + X + S1 L−1
x x (θ ) − S3 Lx (• ) − λLx
θ + S2 L−1 −1 −1
− λL−1
x θ 2 (11)
dX dX dX
356 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

where θ (0) is the dimensionless tip temperature (θ t ) and dθ (0)/dX is the temperature gradient (H) at the fin tip which
can be obtained from boundary condition expressed in Eq. 9(b). Replacing the non-linear terms of Eq. (11) by Adomian
polynomials, the following recursive relation is obtained
       
θ j+1 = S1 L−1
x A j + S2 L−1
x θ j − λL−1
x B j − λL−1
x Cj j= 0, 1, 2, 3,... (12)
where the Adomian polynomials are
  2 
dθ d2 θ 
θ 2; ;θ = A j; B j; Cj (13)
dX dX 2

The Adomian polynomials for nonlinear terms can be expressed as

 
(A0 ; A1 ; A2 ; A3 ; .... ) = θ02 ; 2θ0 θ1 ; 2θ2 θ0 + θ12 ; 2θ3 θ0 + 2θ2 θ1 ; .... (14)

 2  2
d θ0 d θ0 d θ1 d θ1 d θ0 d θ2 d θ0 d θ3 d θ2 d θ1
(B0 ; B1 ; B2 ; B3 ; .... ) = ; 2 ; +2 ; 2 +2 ; .... (15)
dX dX dX dX dX dX dX dX dX dX

(C0 ; C1 ; C2 ; C3 ; .... )
 2 
d θ0 d 2 θ0 d 2 θ1 d 2 θ2 d 2 θ1 d 2 θ0 d 2 θ3 d 2 θ2 d 2 θ1 d 2 θ0
= θ0 2
; θ 1 2
+ θ 0 2
; θ 0 2
+ θ 1 2
+ θ 2 2
; θ 0 2
+ θ 1 2
+ θ 2 2
+ θ 3 2
; .... (16)
dX dX dX dX dX dX dX dX dX dX
The first term of the recursive relation of Eq. (12) is
θ0 = θt + HX − S3 X 2 /2 (17)
By putting j = 0, 1, …, in Eq. (12), the following temperature components are obtained
   
θ1 = X 2 S1 θt 2 + S2 θt + λS3 θt − λH 2 /2 + X 4 2S1 H 2 − 3λS3 2 − 2S1 S3 θt − S2 S3 X 4 /24
 
+ X 3 3λH S3 + 2S1 H θt + S2 H X 3 /6 − (S1 H S3 X 5 )/20 + (S1 S3 2 X 6 )/120 (18)

   
θ2 = X 2 H 2 λ2 θt − λS1 θt 3 − λS2 θt 2 − λ2 S3 θt 2 /2 + X 3 H λ H 2 λ − λS3 θt − 40S1 θt 2 + 32S2 θt /2
 2   
+ X 4 θt S1 (3S2 + 10λS3 + 2S1 θt ) + θt S2 2 − 12H 2 λS1 + 9λ2 S3 2 + 8λS2 S3 − H 2 λ(9λS3 + 5S2 ) /24
 
+ X 5 H S2 2 + 45H λ2 S3 2 − 16H 3 λS1 + 48H λS1 S3 θt + 18H λS2 S3 + 10H S1 2 θt + 10H S1 S2 θt /120
2

  
+ X 6 H 2 S1 (102λS3 + 29S1 θt + 10S2 ) − θt S1 S3 (16S1 + 54λS3 + 16S2 ) − S3 45λ2 S3 2 + 18λS2 S3 + S2 2 /720
 
+ S1 H X 7 H 2 S1 /252 − 43λS3 2 /840 − S1 S3 θt /70 − S2 S3 /140 − (S1 2 S3 3 X 10 )/10800 + (H S1 2 S3 2 X 9 )/1080
 
+ X 8 S1 S3 S1 S3 θt /560 − 11H 2 S1 /3360 + 43λS3 2 /6720 + S2 S3 /1120 (19)
From boundary condition (9b)

  0  for insulated tip
H= (20)
Nuθt / ψ φ + (1 − φ )kR,a + φα f θt (Tb − Ta ) + (1 − φ )αs kR,a θt (Tb − Ta ) for convective tip

The overall temperature distribution is given by the following expression

θ = θ0 + θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + ... (21)
For both the insulated and convective fin tip cases, the temperature distributions is a function of unknown parameter θ t .
By incorporating the expression of temperature distribution into the boundary conditions 9(a) and employing the Newton–
Raphson method, the values of the unknown parameter is determined and subsequently, the temperature distribution in the
fin is obtained from Eq. (21).

3.2. Differential transformation method (DTM)

Differential Transformation Method is an effective method to deal with highly non-linear equations thereby reducing the
complexities and computational work to a large extent. This iterative analytical method is based on Taylor series expansion
which constructs the analytical solution in the form of a polynomial. DTM can be thought of as the upgraded version of Tay-
lor’s technique for solving non linear equations which reduces the computational time for solving higher order derivatives.
This method was first conceptualized by Zhou [44] and since then this method has found wide acceptance by researchers
and mathematicians from world over. The optimization of rectangular fins with variable thermal parameters was done by
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 357

Table 1
Some fundamental operations of the differential transform
method [44].

Original function Transformed function

φ (X ) = m1 θ1 (X ) ± m2 θ2 (X ) G(k ) = m1 T1 (k ) ± m2 T2 (k )
k
φ ( X ) = θ 1 ( X ) θ2 ( X ) G (k ) = T1 ( j )T2 (k − j )
j=0
1 ,k = n
φ (X ) = X n G (k ) = δ (k − n ) = {
0 , k = n
φ (X ) = dθ (X )/dX G ( k ) = ( k + 1 )T ( k + 1 )
φ (X ) = d2 θ (X )/dX 2 G(k ) = (k + 1 )(k + 2 )T (k + 2 )

Yu and Chen [45] using DTM. Hazarika et al. [46] used DTM to obtain the temperature distribution, efficiency and optimum
design parameters of a constructal T-shaped fin considering fully wet conditions. Some of the basic mathematical operations
performed by this transformation technique are shown in the Table 1.
The differential transform of Eq.(8) can be expressed as follows


k 
k
(k + 1 )(k + 2 )J (k + 2 ) + λ ( j + 1 )J ( j + 1 )(k − j + 1 )J (k − j + 1 ) + λ J ( j )(k − j + 2 )(k − j + 1 )J (k − j + 2 )
j=0 j=0

k
− S1 J ( j )T ( k − j ) − S2 J ( k ) + S3 δ ( k ) = 0
j=0

(22)


1, k=0
δ (k ) = (23)
0, k = 0

By putting k = 0,1,2,3,4,..., in Eq. (22), the following terms are obtained

J (0 ) = P (say ) (24)

J (1 ) = Q (say ) (25)

S1 P 2 + S2 P − S3 − λQ 2
J (2 ) = (26)
2(1 + λP )

2S1 P Q + S2 Q − 6Q λJ (2 )
J (3 ) = (27)
6(1 + λP )

(2S1 P + S2 )J (2 ) + S1 Q 2 − 12λQJ (3 ) − 6λ{J (2 )}2

J (4 ) = (28)
12(1 + λP )

(2S1 P + S2 )J (3 ) + 2S1 QJ (2 ) − 20λQJ (4 ) − 20λJ (2 )J (3 )

J (5 ) = (29)
20(1 + λP )

(2S1 P + S2 )J (4 ) + 2S1 QJ (3 ) + S1 {J (2 )}2 − 30λQJ (5 ) − 30λJ (2 )J (4 ) − 15λ{J (3 )}2

J (6 ) = (30)
30(1 + λP )

(2S1 P + S2 )J (5 ) + 2S1 QJ (4 ) + 2S1 J (2 )J (3 ) − 42λQJ (6 ) − 42λJ (2 )J (5 ) − 42λJ (4 )J (3 )

J (7 ) = (31)
42(1 + λP )
The differential transform of boundary condition 9(b) can be written as

  0  for insulated tip
Q=
H = NuJ (0 )/ ψ φ + (1 − φ )kR,a + φα f J (0 )(Tb − Ta ) + (1 − φ )αs kR,a J (0 )(Tb − Ta ) for convective tip
(32)
The inverse differential transform of J(k) can be written as
∞

θ (X ) = X k J (k ) (33)
k=0
358 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

Thus, the temperature distribution is found to be a function of unknown parameter P, whose value is determined by
using the boundary condition (9a) and adopting the Newton-Raphson iterative procedure. After getting the value of P, the
temperature distribution can be determined from Eq. (33).

3.3. Fin efficiency

Once the temperature distribution is obtained the efficiency of the fin in both the cases can be found out by calculating
the ideal and actual heat transfer. Actual heat transfer rate for both the cases have been calculated by applying Fourier’s law
of heat conduction at the fin base. Thus, actual heat ransfer rate per unit width can be expressed in non-dimensonal form
as

qact   dθ

Qa = = ψ φ + (1 − φ )kR,a + φα f (Tb − Ta ) + (1 − φ )αs kR,a (Tb − Ta )

(34)
k f,a (Tb − Ta ) dX

X=1

Ideal heat transfer rate per unit width is expressed in non-dimensonal form as
⎧
2Nu(1−φ )
⎨ ψ − k f,a (Tb −Ta ) ψ [1 + εg (Tb − Ta )]
2
q0 L
ψ + RaDa insulated tip
qideal
Qi = = (35)
k f,a (Tb − Ta ) ⎩ 2Nu(1−φ ) + RaDa − q0 L2 ψ [1 + ε (T − T )] + Nu convective tip
ψ ψ k f,a (Tb −Ta ) g b a

3.4. Optimization analysis

Optimization analysis is a useful to obtain the highest rate of heat transfer per unit volume of the fin material. The
optimum values provide general guidelines relative to the dimensionless characteristics of a well-designed fin. For a given
geometric fin, optimization study is generally done either by maximization of heat transfer rate for a given fin volume or by
minimization of fin volume for a given heat transfer duty. Both these cases give the same result and thus depending upon
the design specification, analysis can be carried out. In this work, a generalized optimization scheme will be formulated
with consideration of both the above options. Thus, this method may be helpful to a designer irrespective of the constraint
chosen. The volume of the fin per unit width can be written in dimensionless form as
h2 V N u2
U= = (36)
2
kf ψ
From Eqs. (34) and (36), it is noticed that the parameters Nu and ψ are very much influential in optimization analysis
when other design parameters are taken as constant. To determine these optimum parameters, the optimality criterion is
necessary which can be derived from Euler equation after eliminating the Lagrange multiplier [22]:
     
∂Q ∂U ∂Q ∂U
− =0 (37)
∂ Nu ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ Nu
Using Eqs. (34) and (36), Eq. (37) can be expressed as a function of Nu and ψ as follows:
     
∂ dθ ∂ dθ dθ
f (Nu, ψ ) = Nu + 2ψ +2 =0 (38)
∂ Nu dX
X=1
∂ψ dX
X=1
dX
X=1

As the rate of heat transfer or fin volume can be considered as a constraint for the above objective function, the con-
straint equation which associates both the constraints can be formed as follows:
 
φ + (1 − φ )kR,a + φα f (Tb − Ta ) + (1 − φ )αs kR,a (Tb − Ta ) ψ (dθ /dX )X=1 − Qa
F (Bi, ψ) = 0 = (39)
N u2 /ψ − U
After solving Eqs. (38) and (39) simultaneously using Newton–Raphson method, optimum fin dimensions can be deter-
mined. The approximate root values for Newton–Raphson method for any iteration can be obtained by using just previously
iterative values after satisfying the necessary and sufficient convergence criteria. To start with the solution procedure, the
initial guess values for the roots have been taken cautiously so that the convergence criteria for each iteration have been
satisfied.

4. Results and discussion

As mentioned earlier the thermal analysis of rectangular porous fin with variable heat generation has been done by
Hatami et al. [34] considering insulated tip condition. But only temperature distribution along the length of the fin has
been predicted. However the prime objective of the present research is to provide analytical solutions for the temperature
distribution, efficiency and optimization of rectangular porous fin considering both the insulated as well as convective tip
case. In this work two analytical techniques namely ADM and DTM are adopted. Before furnishing the results, first it is
important to validate the solutions obtained using the present analytical techniques. This has been done by comparing
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 359

Table 2
Comparison of dimensionless temperature distribution along the fin length (Ra = 105 , Ta = 300K, Tb = 400K, εg = 0.008K −1 , φ = 0.4, q0 =
100W m−3 , ψ = 0.1, Nu = 20.0, Da = 10−3 , L = 0.02m, kR = 90 0 0; αs = 0.0 01K −1 , α f = 0.0 028K −1 ).

X ADM DTM NUMERICAL ERROR (%)

Insulated Convective Insulated Convective Insulated Convective ADM DTM

Insulated Convective Insulated Convective

0.0 0.774624 0.753318 0.776340 0.754912 0.776572 0.755131 0.250 0.240 0.029 0.029
0.1 0.776741 0.757978 0.778472 0.759592 0.778705 0.759812 0.25 0.241 0.029 0.028
0.2 0.783108 0.766766 0.784882 0.768425 0.785117 0.768647 0.256 0.244 0.029 0.028
0.3 0.793775 0.779744 0.795604 0.781460 0.795843 0.781687 0.259 0.248 0.030 0.029
0.4 0.808824 0.797007 0.810703 0.798775 0.810946 0.799006 0.261 0.250 0.029 0.028
0.5 0.828373 0.818682 0.830265 0.820467 0.830511 0.820702 0.257 0.246 0.029 0.028
0.6 0.852571 0.844929 0.854405 0.846665 0.854650 0.846899 0.243 0.232 0.028 0.027
0.7 0.881599 0.875941 0.883263 0.877520 0.883496 0.877744 0.214 0.205 0.026 0.025
0.8 0.915676 0.911944 0.917009 0.913215 0.917209 0.913407 0.167 0.160 0.021 0.021
0.9 0.955049 0.953199 0.955844 0.953960 0.955975 0.954085 0.096 0.092 0.013 0.013
1.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 _ _ _ _

Fig. 2. Comparison between solid and porous fin for both convective and insulated fin tip conditions and effect of porosity in temperature distribution.

the present analytical results with the results obtained from numerical analysis. For generating the numerical results, first
the discretised equations are obtained from Eq. (7) using the Taylor’s series central difference scheme and subsequently
the difference equations are solved using the Gauss–Seidel iterative procedure, satisfying a desired convergence criterion of
10−6 . Table 2 shows a high degree of accuracy of the present analytical methods as compare to numerical results for both
the insulated and convective tip conditions. In this study, dimensionless fin length is measured from tip of the fin.
Based on the present mathematical formulations, graphs were plotted so as to show the role played by different impor-
tant parameters and their effects on the temperature distribution, efficiency and optimization analysis. From Fig. 2 and 3,
it has been seen that the temperature distribution in the fin, considering convective tip is always lower than that of the
insulated tip which results in higher heat transfer rate in convective tip compared to insulated tip due to high temperature
gradient at the base. In Fig. 2, an effort has been made to present a comparison between solid and porous fin for both
convective and insulated fin tip conditions. For both the cases, the temperature distribution in porous fins is found to be
lower than its solid counterpart. The reason can be credited to the fact that in porous fins, because of the presence of pores,
the effective thermal conductivity reduces but at the same time, more cold air comes in contact with the fin surface and
hence the fin surface temperature reduces. Also, the curves with higher porosity values show lower temperature, as higher
porosity indicates lower effective thermal conductivity due to the removal of solid material from the fin body as well as
more passing of the convective fluid through the porous medium.
Fig. 3 demonstrates the role played by various thermophysical parameters on the dimensionless temperature distribution
in the fin. It is seen from Fig. 3(a) that the curve where the Nusselt number value is low shows higher temperature distri-
360 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

Fig. 3. Variation of dimensionless temperature distribution for both insulated and convective fin tips with respect to variation of (a) Nusselt number (b)
thermal conductivity ratio.

Fig. 4. Variation of dimensionless temperature distribution for convective fin tip with respect to variation of (a) α s, a (b) Darcy number and thickeness to
length ratio.

bution. This is because lower values of Nusselt number signifies lower values of convective heat transfer coefficient between
the fin and the surrounding air, i.e, reduced heat transfer rate from the fin and this results in higher fin surface temperature.
With the increase in the thermal conductivity ratio with constant porosity, the fin becomes more conductive, which raises
the temperature in the fin, as clearly evident from Fig. 3(b).
The temperature curve in Fig. 4(a) shows a declining tendency with the increase in Rayleigh number. Higher values of
Rayleigh number means increased effect of the buoyancy force, which enhances the convective heat transfer from the fin
surface to the ambient fluid and this results in lowerin the fin temperature. Increasing the coefficient of variable thermal
conductivity for the solid material increases the thermal conuctivity of the entire fin, which in turn increases the fin surface
temperature, as seen in Figs. 4(a)and4(b), which deals with the variation of temperature with changing Da number, shows
an increasing temperature distribution trend with decreasing Darcy number. Permeability which plays a major role here,
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 361

Fig. 5. (a) Comparison of fin efficiency between solid and porous fins; (b) Effect of Rayleigh number and thickness to length ratio on fin efficiency (c)
Effect of Da and thermal conductivity ratio on fin efficiency.

facilitates better transfer of heat through the pores by convection resulting in lowering the fin surface temperature. Further
Fig. 4(b) shows that increasing the thickness to length ratio increases the temperature distribution in the fin . The reason is
the decrease in conductive resistance in the fin with the increase in thickness to length ratio.
Next the role played by the various parameters on the fin efficiency has been studied. From the efficiency plots, it has
been seen that the porous fin with convective tip shows lower efficiency than the insulated one. When convective fin tip is
considered, the actual heat transfer rate becomes more but simultaneously the ideal heat transfer rate also increases, which
ultimately declines the fin efficiency, as seen in Figs. 5 and 5(a) points out that the efficiency of solid fin is higher than
that of porous fin, for both convective and insulated tip conditions. The reason is the low effective thermal conductivity of
porous fin due to the removal of solid material. As seen in Figs. 5(a)and 5(b), the fin efficiency enhances with the increase
362 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

Fig. 6. Variation of fin efficiency for convective fin tip conditions with Void ratio, Nusselt number and α s, a .

in ψ . At higher values of ψ , the length of the fin reduces but its thickness increases, thereby lowering the conduction
resistance in the fin which enhances the fin efficiency. One more interesting finding from Figs. 5(a)and 5(b) is that at lower
values of ψ , difference in efficiencies for both the insulated tip and convective tip becomes insignificant. From Fig. 5(b),
it is seen that a higher value of Rayleigh number gives a lower efficiency. Increasing the Rayleigh number increases the
buoyancy force, which enhances the actual as well as the ideal heat transfer rate. The rate of increase of ideal heat transfer
rate is more compared to the actual heat transfer rate which declines the fin efficiency.The efficiency of the fin decreases
with a continuous increase in the Darcy number value as seen in Fig. 5(c). With increasing Darcy number the fin becomes
more permeable which facilitates better flow of fluid through the pores and this enhances the actual heat transfer rate but
simultaneously the ideal heat transfer rate also enhances as defined in Eq. (35), which ultimately declines the fin efficiency.
The effect of thermal conductivity ratio kR is also depicted in the same figure. The results show that the efficiency of the
cases where higher kR value is selected is better. This outcome is quite logical as higher kR value signifies higher solid
thermal conductivity.
Fig. 6 shows that increasing the value of Nusselt number decreases the fin efficiency. With the increase in Nu, the con-
vective heat transfer coefficient increases, which increases the actual as well as the ideal heat transfer rates and thereby
declining the fin efficiency. Fig. 6 also points out the fact that the efficiency decreases when the porosity value is higher.
The reason is that with the increase in porosity, the effective thermal conductivity of the fin decreases due to removal of
solid material. Increasing the coefficient of variable thermal conductivity for the solid material increases the thermal con-
ductivity of the entire fin which increases the fin efficiency, as seen in the same figure.
The optimization study of the porous fin is done by considering the fin volume as a constraint and studying the variation
of actual heat transfer rate with the dimensionless parameter, ψ . For each plot, there is an optimum value of ψ at which
the heat transfer rate from the fin attains a maximum value. In Fig. 7, a comparative analysis has been presented between
solid and porous fins for both insulated and convective fin tip condition. The curves show that for both the solid as well as
the porous fins, when convective tip has been considered the heat transfer rate increases and the maximum heat transfer
rate is obtained at lower value of ψ . In porous fins, the effective surface area increases, which tends to increase the heat
transfer rate, but simultaneously the effective thermal conductivity decreases, which tends to decrease the heat transfer
rate. Because of these two opposing effects, the heat transfer rate may be higher or lower than the corresponding solid
fin. So interestingly, from Fig. 7, it is seen that at lower values of porosity, the porous fin transfers more heat than the
corresponding solid fin. But as the porosity is increased, the heat transfer rate decreases and beyond a particular value of
porosity, depending upon the other thermophysical parameters, the heat transfer rate from the porous fin may becomes
less than the solid fin. The justification is that porosity increases temperature gradient at the base increases as evident from
Fig. 2. Also from Eq. (34), it is observed that if porosity increases actual heat transfer rate decreases as (ks > > kf ).
In Table 3, the actual heat transfer rate and efficiency of porous fins under optimized condition is shown for different
values each for Rayleigh Number and thermal conductivity ratio, under both insulated and convective end conditions. In
most of the earlier researches it has been noticed that tip of the fin is considered insulated for the simplicity in analysis.
But if the thickness of the fin is not too small then heat transfer from the tip of the fin plays a significant role. The difference
in heat transfer effciecny is clearly noticed in this table. The efficiency of the fin with insulated ends shows better efficiency
than the fins with convective ends for all the values. Though maximum heat transfer rate increases in convective tip but
ideal heat transfer rate is also increased more due to lower temperature in the fin surface as shown in Fig. 2. So if insulated
tip is considered for the sake of simplicity it will always over predict the efficiency. Rayleigh number is a crucial parameter
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 363

Fig. 7. Optimum heat transfer rate as a function of ψ for solid and porous fins.

Table 3
Effect of Da and kR on the optimum design parameters (Ra = 105 , Ta = 300K, Tb = 390K, εg = 0.008K −1 , U = 1000, φ = 0.4, q0 =
10 0W m−3 ; α f = 0.0 028K −1 ; αs = 0.0 01K −1 ).

Parameter Maximum heat transfer(Qmax ) Increase in Qmax Optimum ψ value Efficiency at the optimum point

Ra kR Convective insulated (%) Convective insulated Convective insulated

105 90 0 0 255.319 228.997 10.31 0.03085 0.03240 0.46235 0.46618

104 90 0 0 174.124 147.814 15.11 0.02292 0.02398 0.58173 0.58712
105 12,0 0 0 288.850 251.617 12.89 0.02612 0.02847 0.46634 0.46887
104 12,0 0 0 192.775 158.268 17.9 0.01906 0.02159 0.58650 0.59030
105 15,0 0 0 319.788 265.807 16.88 0.02287 0.02508 0.46958 0.47975
104 15,0 0 0 209.652 165.897 20.87 0.01628 0.01868 0.58922 0.59597

which has a direct influence on the actual heat transfer rate. Increasing the Rayleigh number increases the temperature
difference between the surface and the surrounding. Since higher temperature difference facilitates better convection so a
marked increase in heat transfer rate is seen in the same table as the Rayleigh number increases. The table also deals with
thermal conductivity ratio and its influence on the heat transfer rate and efficiency. The actual heat transfer from the fins
increases with increasing kR values. It happens due to the fact that as the material becomes more conductive it facilitates
greater transfer of heat in both insulated as well as convective tip conditions.
A good fin design is incomplete without the investigation of the effect of fin volume. In this study the actual heat trans-
fer variation with respect to ψ is considered to determine the trend for two different fin volumes. A higher fin volume
will facilitate greater heat transfer which is evident from the Fig. 8(a) and as the volume increases the peak point of the
maximum heat transfer shifts toward higher ψ values, i.e., greater ψ values are required to transfer the maximum heat at
higher fin volumes. Also, from Fig. 8(a), it is seen that with the increase in the coefficient of variable thermal conductivity
for the solid material, the optimum actual heat transfer rate increases. The actual heat transfer rate increases with increas-
ing Darcy number values, as seen in Fig. 8(b). From the expression in Darcy number (Da = K/t2 ), it is evident that Darcy
number reduces when permeability decreases with constant fin thickness. Again from permeability definition, if the bubbles
of porous media are very small or if they are poorly connected, the permeability will be low and fluid will not flow through
easily. Therefore, when the Darcy number and consequently the permeability is reduced the contact between the fluid flow
and pores increases. Thus the passing fluids get more space to contact with the porous media which enhances the actual
heat transfer rate from the porous fin surface. Also the figure shows that if the Darcy number is increased the value of ψ
needs to be increased for maintaining the optimum heat transfer rate. This is because if the Darcy number increases tip
temperature will also increase. So to maintain same maxmimum heat transfer rate tip area must be increased, hence ψ
must be increased for constant fin length. In some applications where the fin generates heat internally the temperature of
the surface increases to a greater extent which in turn increases the temperature difference between the surface and the
surrounding, which directly increases the heat transfer through convection. In Fig. 8(b) the trend of the graph shows that
when there is no heat generation, the fin transfers less heat compared to the case where the internal heat generation is
364 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365

Fig. 8. Variation of optimum heat transfer rate with variation of : (a) fin volume and α s, a (b) Da and q0 .

present. It is obvious that considering internal heat generation within the fin maintains comparatively higher temperature
than that of without heat generation.

5. Conclusion

An analytical study has been performed on rectangular porous fin to study the temperature distribution, efficiency and
optimization under insulated and convective tip conditions considering temperature dependent solid and fluid thermal con-
ductivity. The study reveals some important results. Based on the findings the authors came to the conclusion that:
• There is a marked difference in the temperature distribution and efficiencies of porous fins between the insulated tip
and convective tip condition. This deviation is due to the fact that for finite length fin, the tip plays a vital role in heat
transfer and thus making the tip insulated shows a significant change is noticed. Convective fin tip maintains lower tip
temperature than the fin with insulated tip.
• There is a very little effect of variable thermal conductivity of fluid on the fin performance. However, variation of thermal
performance considering temperature dependent thermal conductivity of fin material is significant.
• Porosity is a major parameter in porous fins. Porosity increases the heat transfer upto a certain point after which the
heat transfer rate drops due to the decrease in the conductivity of solid material. Efficiency of solid fin is higher than
that of porous fins and fin efficiency decreases with the increase in porosity .
• Fin efficiency increases with the increase in thermal conductivity ratio. But a reverse trend is observed in case of Rayleigh
number, Darcy number and Nusselt number. However, fin efficiency is found to increase with the increase in geometric
parameter ψ .
• For both insulated and convective tip conditions, actual heat transfer rate increase with the increase in Rayleigh number
or Darcy number or thermal conductivity ratio. In the first two cases, the ψ value needs to be increased for maintining
the optimum condition, but a reverse case is observed for thermal conductivity ratio.
• For both insulated and convective tip conditions, actual heat transfer rate increases with the increase in fin volume and
also the value of ψ needs to be increased for maintaining the optimum value.

References

[1] Kraus AD, Aziz A, Welty J. Extended surface heat transfer. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
[2] Aziz A. Optimum dimensions of extended surfaces operating in a convective environment. Appl Mech Rev 1992;45:155–73.
[3] Kundu B, Lee KS. Analytical tools for calculating the maximum heat transfer of annular stepped fins heat generation and radiation effects. Energy
2014;76:733–48.
[4] Elshafei EAM. Natural convection heat transfer from a heat sink with hollow/perforated circular pin fins. Energy 2010;35:2870–7.
[5] Torabi M, Aziz A, Zhang K. A comparative study of longitudinal fins of rectangular, trapezoidal and concave parabolic profiles with multiple nonlinear-
ities. Energy 2013;51:243–56.
 T. Deshamukhya et al. / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 67 (2019) 351–365 365

[6] Hatami M, Ganji DD, Gorji-Bandpy M. Experimental and numerical analysis of the optimized finned-tube heat exchanger for OM314 diesel exhaust
exergy recovery. Energy Convers Manage 97 2015;97:26–41 97.
[7] Hatami M, Jafaryar M, Ganji DD, Gorji-Bandpy M. Optimization of finned-tube heat exchangers for diesel exhaust waste heat recovery using CFD and
CCD techniques. Int Comm Heat Mass Trans 2014;57:254–63.
[8] Hatami M, Ganji DD, Gorji-Bandpy M. Numerical study of finned type heat exchangers for ICEs exhaust waste heat recovery. Case Stud Therm Eng
2014;4:53–64.
[9] Kiwan S, Al-Nimr MA. Using porous fins for heat transfer enhancement. J Heat Mass Tran 2001;123:790–5.
[10] Saedodin S, Olank M. Temperature distribution in porous fins in natural convection condition. J Am Sci 2011;7(6):476–81.
[11] Kiwan S. Thermal analysis of natural convection porous fins. Transp Porous Media 2007;67:17–29.
[12] Kiwan S. Effect of radiative losses on the heat transfer from porous fins. Int J Therm Sci 2007;46:1046–55.
[13] Kiwan S, Zeitoun O. Natural convection in a horizontal cylindrical annulus using porous fins. Int J Numer Heat Fluid Flow 2008;18:618–34.
[14] Bhanja D, Kundu B, Mandal PK. Thermal analysis of porous pin fin used for electronic cooling. Procedia Eng 2013;64:956–65.
[15] Bhanja D, Kundu B. Thermal analysis of a T shaped porous fin with radiation effects. Int J Refrig 2011;34:1483–96.
[16] Moradi A, Hayat T, Alsaedi A. Convection-radiation thermal analysis of triangular porous fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity by
DTM. Energy Convers Manage 2014;77:70–7.
[17] Gorla RSR, Bakier AY. Thermal analysis of natural convection and radiation in porous fins. Int Commun Heat Mass Tran 2011;38:638–45.
[18] Kim SY, Paek JW, Kang BH. Flow and heat transfer correlations for porous fin in a plate-fin heat exchanger. J Heat Trans-T ASME 20 0 0;122:572–8.
[19] Hatami M, Ganji DD. Thermal behaviour of longitudinal convective– radiative porous fins with different section shapes and materials. Ceram Int
2014;40(5):6765–75.
[20] Aziz A, Bouaziz MN. A least square method for a longitudinal fin with temperature dependent internal heat generation and thermal conductivity.
Energy Convers Manage 2011;52:2876–82.
[21] Kundu B, Bhanja D, Lee KS. A model on the basis of analytics for computing maximum heat transfer in porous fin. Int J Heat Mass Tran
2012;55:7611–22.
[22] Kundu B, Bhanja D. An analytical prediction for performance and optimum design analysis of porous fins. Int J Refrig 2011;34:337–52.
[23] Bhanja D, Kundu B, Aziz A. Enhancement of heat transfer from a continuously moving porous fin exposed in convective–radiative environment. Energy
Convers Manage 2014;88:842–53.
[24] Das R. Forward and inverse solutions of a conductive, convective and radiative cylindrical porous fin. Energy Convers Manage 2014;87:96–106.
[25] Das R, Ooi KT. Predicting multiple combination of parameters for designing a porous fin subjected to a given temperature requirement. Energy Convers
Manage 2013;66:211–19.
[26] Hatami M, Ahangar GHRM, Ganji DD, Boubaker K. Refrigeration efficiency analysis for fully wet semi-spherical porous fins. Energy Convers Manage
2014;84:533–40.
[27] Ghasemi SE, Hatami M, Ahangar GHR, Ganji DD. Electrohydrodynamic flow analysis in a circular cylindrical conduit using Least Square Method. J
Electrost 2014;72-1:47–52.
[28] Fakour M, Vahabzadeh A, Ganji DD, Hatami M. Analytical study of micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer in a channel with permeable walls. J Mol
Liq 2015;204:198–204.
[29] Pourmehran O, Gorji M R, Hatami M, Sahebi SAR, Domairry G. Numerical optimization of microchannel heat sink (MCHS) performance cooled by KKL
based nanofluids in saturated porous medium. J Taiwan Ins Chem Eng 2015;55:49–68.
[30] Shateri AR, Salahshour B. Comprehensive thermal performance of convection–radiation longitudinal porous fins with various profiles and multiple
nonlinearties. Int J Mech Sci 2018;136:252–63.
[31] Cuce E, Cuce PM. A successful application of homotopy perturbation method for efficiency and effectiveness assessment of longitudinal porous fins.
Energy Convers Manage 2015;93:92–9.
[32] Hatami M, Ahangar GHRM, Ganji DD, Boubaker K. Refrigeration efficiency analysisfor fully wet semi-spherical porous fins. Energy Convers Manage
2014;84:533–40.
[33] Ma J, Sun Y, Li B, Chen H. Spectral collocation method for radiative–conductive porous fin with temperature dependent properties. Energy Convers
Manage 2016;111:279–88.
[34] Ma J, Sun Y, Li B. Spectral collocation Spectral collocation method for transient thermal analysis of coupled conductive, convective and radiative heat
transfer in the moving plate with temperature dependent properties and heat generation. Int J Heat Mass Trans 2017;114:469–82.
[35] Deshamukhya T, Bhanja D, Nath S, Maji A, Choubey G. Analytical study of temperature distribution in a rectangular porous fin considering both
insulated and convective tip. AIP conf procc 2017;1859:020031–1-6.
[36] Hatami M, Hasanpour A, Ganji DD. Heat transfer study through porous fins (Si3N4 and Al) with temperature-dependent heat generation. Energy
Convers Manage 2013;74:9–16.
[37] Ghasemi SE, Valipour P, Hatami M, Ganji DD. Heat transfer study on solid and porous convective fins with temperature-dependent heat generation
using efficient analytical method. J Cent South Univ 2014;21:4592–8.
[38] Adomian G. A review of the decomposition method and some recent results for nonlinear equation. Math Comput Model 1990;13(7):17–43.
[39] Heidarzadeh H, Mashinchijoubari M, Asghari R. Application of adomian decomposition method to nonlinear heat transfer equation. J Math Comput Sci
2012;4(3):436–47.
[40] Adomian G. Solving frontier problems of Physics: the decomposition method. Kluwer: Dordretch; 1994.
[41] Chiu CH, Chen COK. A decomposition method for solving the convective longitudinal fins with variable thermal conductivity. Int J Heat Mass Tran
2002;45:2067–75.
[42] Abassy TA. Improved Adomian decomposition method (solving nonlinear non homogenous initial value problem). J Franklin Inst 2011;348:1035–51.
[43] Bhowmik A, Singla RK, Roy PK, Prasad DK, Das R, Repaka R. Predicting geometry of rectangular and hyperbolic fin profiles with temperature-dependent
thermal properties using decomposition and evolutionary methods. Energy Convers Manage 2013;74:535–47.
[44] Zhou JK. Differential transform and its applications for electrical circuits. Wuuhahn, China: Huarjung University Press; 1986.
[45] Yu LT, Chen CK. Application of taylor transformation to optimize rectangular fins with variable thermal parameters. Appl Math Model 1998;22:11–21.
[46] Hazarika S A, Deshamukhya T, Bhanja D, Nath S. Thermal analysis of a constructal T-shaped porous fin with simultaneous heat and mass transfer.
Chin J Chem Eng 2017;25:1121–36.