Socratic philosopher Aristippus, be​ing shipwrecked and cast ashore on the coast of the

Rhodians, observed geometrical figures drawn thereon and figured out the traces of men.
Hence providing his companions with necessities of life. His wish was that children ought to be
provided with property and resources of a kind that could swim with them even out of a
shipwreck. Theophrastus, urged men to acquire learning rather than to put their trust in money.
He states that an educated man is a citizen of every country and those who are not educated
struggles in life. Epicurus, says that the wise owe little to fortune. Gifts of fortune can be easily
taken away but education combined with intelligence never fails. Those who think the ones with
money are the wise , at the end will attain a bad status.
Vitruvius was never eager to make money off of his profession but rather opted for slender
means and a good reputation over wealth and disre​pute. It is only proper to undertake a charge
only after being asked, and not to ask for it. It is something architects themselves would teach
none but their own sons or kinsmen, and trained them to be good men, who could be trusted
without hesitation. It is rather a thing to be praised to see this professed by uneducated and
unskilled and by men with no acquaintance of Architecture. This brings forth the theoretical
principles and Symmetrical proportions of private houses.

For private houses we must take notes of countries and climates in which they are being built.
Styles of houses vary in each part of the world. This is due to the play of sun, one part is directly
under the sun, another far away from the sun and one part midway between the two. Northern
houses should be entirely roofed over and shel​tered as much as possible, not in the open,
though having a warm exposure. But on the other hand, southern countries that suffer from
heat, houses must be built more in the open and with a northern or north​eastern exposure. This
can be noticed in the nature of human beings also, people in the north are of vast height, and
have fair complexions, straight red hair, grey eyes, and those that are nearest to the southern
half of the axis, are of lower stature, with a swarthy complexion, hair curling, black eyes, strong
legs. The pitch of the voice varies with different nations. In cold northern regions pitch of the
voice is deeper and southern regions usually have high pitch voice. Man's Intelligence is made
keen in warm air and duller in cold. Hence, countries differ from one another and so does their
climate so we must always built with consideration to the climate of the country.

Architects should devote more thought to the exact proportions of his building and should
always consider the nature of the site. Modify the plan In such a man​ner that these diminutions
or additions in the symmetrical rela​tions may be seen to be made on correct principles. Ones
eye does not always give a true impression, but very often leads the mind to form a false
judgment.
Look of a building varies when seen close at hand ,on a height. They are not the same in an
enclosed place, still ​different in the open.Now whether this appearance is due to the impact of
the images, or to the effusion of the rays from the eye, as the physicists hold, in either case it is
obvious that the vision may lead us to false impressions. The first thing to settle is the standard
of symmetry, once we have determined its size, let the construction follow this with due regard
to beauty of proportion.
This deal with the clear image on different styles and proportions of the principal rooms. There
are different styles cavaedium, atriums, according to width and length. It also mentions about
the peristyles and dining rooms and the proportions of these rooms. There are fixed space and
relation between each dimensions of rooms. All the Symmetrical relations should be observed in
these kind of buildings which can be seen without the embarrassment caused by the situation.
The cavaedium is of 5 types and thus these different styles are termed according to their
construction are, Tuscan, Corinthian, tetra​style, displuviate, and testudinate. Atrium are
designed according to 3 classes ,due to true Symmetry ,result may not be unlike the beauty of
the rooms.

This shows the special purpose of rooms requires different types of exposures to
convenience.There are different exposures for every rooms like dining room,bathroom,
livingroom etc.and also different cardinal directions are specified for every rooms in each
season,for example winter dining rooms and bathrooms should have a southwestern exposures
for the reason that they need the evening light.

This is about the suitable and convenient rooms which suits the station of the owner.
When we are constructing residence it is important to consider the principles on which should
be constructed that are meant for householders themselves and those which are to be shared in
common with outsiders .House which are planned on some principles which are clearly
explained in this chapter to suit different classes of persons and there will be no room for
criticism will be arranged with convenient and perfection to suit every purpose

The dimensions of a farm house should depend upon the size of the farm and the amount of
produce.Their courtyards and the dimensions thereof should be determined by the number of
cattle and the number of yokes of oxen that will need to be kept therein. Let the kitchen be
placed on the warmest side of the courtyard, with the stalls for the oxen adjoining, and their
cribs facing the kitchen fire and the eastern quarter of the sky.
Bathrooms, should adjoin the kitchen as it will not take long to get ready a bath in the country.
The pressing room must be next to the kitchen as it will be easy to deal with the fruit of the olive.
Adjoining it should be the wine room with its windows lighted from the north. Folds for sheep
and goats must be made large enough to allow each animal a space of not less than four and a
half, nor more than six feet. Rooms for grain should be set in an elevated position and with a
northern or north-eastern exposure. If there are timbers in the way, or lintels, or upper stories,
then, make the opening higher up and introduce the light in this way.

The Greeks, having no use for atriums, do not build them, but make passage-ways for people
entering from the front door, with stables on one side and doorkeepers' rooms on the other, and
shut off by doors at the inner end. From it one enters the peristyle. This peristyle has
colonnades on three sides, and on the side facing the south it has two antae, a considerable
distance apart, carrying an architrave. All round the colonnades are dining rooms for everyday
use, chambers, and rooms for the slaves. Men's dinner parties are held in these large rooms; for
it was not the practice, according to Greek custom, for the mistress of the house to be present.
The Greeks call the large rooms in which men's dinner parties are usually held ἀνδρῶνες,
because women do not go there. As a Greek term, ξυστός means a colonnade of large
dimensions in which athletes exercise in the winter time

Houses which are set level with the ground will no doubt last to a great age. If underground
rooms and vaults are intended, their foundations ought to be thicker than the walls which are to
be constructed in the upper part of the house, and the walls, piers, and columns of the latter
should be set perpendicularly over the middle of the foundation walls below, so that they may
have solid bearing; for if the load of the walls or columns rests on the middle of spans, they can
have no permanent durability. It will also do no harm to insert posts between lintels and sills
where there are piers or antae; for where the lintels and beams have received the load of the
walls, they may sag in the middle, and gradually undermine and destroy the walls. In houses
where piers are used in the construction, when there are arches composed of voussoirs with
joints radiating to the centre.
The outermost piers at these points must be made broader than the others, so that they may
have the strength to resist when the wedges, under the pressure of the load of the walls.
One must also be careful that all walls are perfectly vertical, and that they do not lean forward
anywhere. The following means must be taken to provide against such a defect. Let the walls be
given a thickness proportionate to the amount of filling. Build counterforts or buttresses at the
same time as the wall, on the outer side, at distances from each other equivalent to what is to
be the height and thickness of the substructure. At the bottom let it be the thickness of the
substructure, and then gradually diminish in extent so that at the surface their projection is equal
to the thickness of the wall of the building. Inside, to meet the mass of earth, there should be
saw-shaped constructions attached to the wall, the single teeth extending from the wall for a
distance equivalent to what is to be the height of the substructure, and the teeth being
constructed with the same thickness as the wall.

The kind of material to be used, this does not depend upon the architect, for the reason that all
kinds of materials are not found in all places alike, it depends upon the owner. The owner will be
the person to be praised for the great outlay which he has authorized; when delicately, the
master workman will be approved for his execution; but when propor​tions and symmetry lend it
an imposing effect, then the glory of it will belong to the architect.

All kinds of men, and not merely architects, can recognize a good piece of work, but between
laymen and the latter there is this difference, that the layman cannot tell what it is to be like
without seeing it finished, whereas the architect, as soon as he has formed the conception, and
before he begins the work, has a definite idea of the beauty, the convenience, and the propriety
that will distinguish it.