21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM
Hard
PHILIPPINES AND WORLD
ENG S211
LITERATURE
 Came form the word latin,
Litteratura, which means
writing formed letters.
 Stories, poems, and plays,
especially those that are
considered to have value
as art and not just
entertainment.
 Present human
experiences in various
forms, like moods,
thoughts, feelings,
attitudes, and sensations
in an interelated series.
2 FORMS OF LITERATURE
PROSE
 Most everyday writing is
in propose form.
 Ideas are contained in
sentences that are
arranged into paragraphs.
POETRY
 Language tends to be
more expressive, with
rhyme and rhythym that
contribute to a didderent
sound and feel.
2 TYPES OF LITERATURE
FICTION
 Is not real
 Derived from imagination
NON – FICTION
 Real life
LITERARY GENRES events and places.
fact.
 PROSE FICTION
 POETRY CREATIVE NONFICTION
 THE DRAMA
 Writing that uses literary
 NON FICTION PROSE
style ad techniques to
 CREATIVE NON FICTION
create factually accurate
PROSE FICTION narratives.
 Is the classification for any
story or setting that is
derived from imagination
 Novel, short story
POETRY
 Written in verse, form
with rhythm
o Rhyme
o Rhyme Scheme
o Meter and Rhythm –
measurement
o Diction – choice of words
o Symbol
o Imagery – mental images
THE DRAMA
 The artistic work is
performed as an objective
occurence. Witnessed by
the audience.
o TRAGEDY – in this poetics,
aristotle defined tragedy
as an organized
presentation of human
suffering.
o COMEDY - it is intended
to reform.
Not merely laughable, but
one of the richest ways a
man has to discover his
own nature.
Story of achievement
Happy Ending
NON FICTION PROSE
 Based on facts, well-
written prose that deals
with real people, things,
21st CENTURY LITERATURE FORM
PHILIPPINES AND WORLD
ENG S215
APPROACHES IN APPRECIATING
LITERATURE
LITERARY CRITICISM
 “Criticism asks what
literarute is, what it does,
and what it is worth”
LITERARY THEORY
VS.
LITERARY CRITICISM
LITERARY THEORY
 Philosophical Discussions
of the methods and goals
of Literary Criticism.
 It is not judgement but
understanding of the
frames of judgement
LITERARY CRITICISM
o Is the study, evaluation,
and interpretation, of a
literary text, and finding
put what makes it
outstanding.
LITERARY THEORY
 AUTHOR – dependent
approach
 TEXT – dependent
approach
 READER – dependent
approach
AUTHOR DEPENDENT APPROACH
 HISTORICAL – Biographical
Approach
o Assumes that a text is a
reflection of the author’s
life and time
o Critics ask, “What does
the work reveal about the
author or the history?”
 MORAL – Philosophical  Readersn are asked to
Approach examine, explain and
o An approach as old as defend her/his personal
classical Greek and Roman reaction to a reading
Critics. o WHY
o The larger function is to  Like or dislike the
teach morality. reading
o Critic is not aware of form,  Agree or disagree
figurative language, other with the author
aesthetics considerations, o Identify the reading’s
but are secondary. purpose, and critique the
text
TEXT DEPENDENT APPROACH
OTHER SCHOOLS OF CRITICISM
 FORMALISM
o Roman Jakobson is one of o MYYHOLOGICAL
the signifiant proponent. CRITICISM
o A style of inquiry that  Illuminate political
focuses on the features of and economic
the literary text itself. dimensions of
o Emphasis on the FORM. literature
o Evaluates inherent  ARCHETYPE – A
features of a text. symbol, character,
 Formalist criticism usually situation or image
takes one of two forms: that evokes a
o EXPLICATION – The deep universal
examination of the response.
relations of parts. o MARXISM
o EXEGESIS – The unfolding  Illuminate political
of meaning, line by tline or and economic
even word by word. dimensions of
 STRUCTURALISM literature.
o Proposed by Ferdinand de o FEMINISM
Saussure  Questiond the
o Identifies textual feature patriarchal
of a literary text thoughts that
o SEMIOTICS – study of have dominated
signs the world.
SIGN = Signifier
Signified
READER DEPENDENT APPROACH
 Also known as reader
response criticism.
 The “meaning” is an
interpretation created or
constructed or produced
by the reader (informed
readers or competent
readers).
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM - Followed the - Jose Rizal
PHILIPPINES AND WORLD conventions of a - Marcelo H. Del Pilar
ENG S211 romantic tradition - Graciano Lopez Jaena
- Leading poets: Jose - Antonio Luna
THE BEGINNING OF SPANISH
Corazon de Jesus - Mariano Ponce
COLONIZATION
(Huseng sisw) and; - Jose Maria
 The Spanish first viewed - Francisco Balagtas, Panganiban
the philippines as a Father of Balagtasan
LITERATURE OF AMERICAN
stepping stone to the (Florante at Laura)
PERIOD
riches of the east indies poetic, sund, metrical
(spice island) romance  July 4, 1946 Freedom
 Ferdinand Magellan - Awit and Korido
 PROPAGANDA Life of the Filipinos
headed the first spanish
foray to the Philippines MOVEMENT  EDUCATION – Public
and he reached cebu on - Aimed to seek reforms school are open for all
march 1521 and inform the spain  THOMASITES
 King Philip of the abuses of its  FILIPINO SCHOLARS
 1595 was degreed to be Colonial government 1904
the capital of the - Members of the  LANGUAGES – Poems,
Philippines Propaganda Essays, Stories
Movement were
Life of the Filipinos during Spanish  McKinley – English
called Propagandists
Colonization Language – Public
or Reformists
Schools
 Government of the friars - They worked inside
and outside of the Literature
 Racial Discrimination
Philippines
 Socio-Economic Classes  Desires for Love and
 Peninsulares (born in Freedom
spain)  Love for the country
GOALS
 Insulares (born in phil.)  Fight against Colonialism
 Illustrados (rich filipino) - Recognition of the and Imperialism
 Indio (common) Filipinos as a province
3 groups of writers
of Spain
Philippine Literature during the
- Equal status for both  English
Spanish Colonization
Filipinos and  Filipino (Tagalog)
 RELIGIOUS PROSE AND Spaniards  Spanish
POETRY – written by - Philippine
ladino poets those versed representation in the
in both spanish and Spanish cortes.
- Used in Catechism - Secularizar
(pasyon) - Recognition of Human
- Prose narratives were Rights
written to prescribe
LA SOLIDARIDAD
proper decorum
(pagsusulatan ng - The Solidarity
dalawang binibini na si - Was an organization
urbana at feliza) created in Spain
 SECULAR PROSE AND
Members
POETRY
21st CENTURY LITERATURE FORM - Characters embody PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE
PHILIPPINES AND WORLD abstract values: greed,
 Folk Narratives
ENG S215 patience,etc.
- Themes and issues are  Folk Speech
TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE
relevant for all ages  Folk Songs
 Pre-Spanish Literature of - Animism CLASSIFICATION
the Philippines
FABLES FOLK NARRATIVES
 Literature of the
Philippines - A tale that illustrates a Either be in prose
clear, often direct moral
EARLY FORM OF LITERATURE - Characters are often  Myth
FOLKLORE animals with human  Alamat
characteristics  Kwentong Bayan
o Collection of fictional - Moral follows the story,
stories, about animals and Or Verse-Poetry
usually in one sentence or
people of cultural myths, simple summary  Lam-ang
jokes, songs, tales and  Legend(alamat)
even quotes. LEGENDS
- Morals
o Traditions, customs and - A story about a person, - Fictionals
stories that are passed event or place that may
along by FOLK SPEECH
have some basis in
WORD OF MONTH IN A CULTURE historical facts.  Bugtong (riddle)
- Characteristics are usually  Salawikain
- Oral Tradition career in life.
- Collected and Written - Characters qualities are FOLK SONGS
down only reflective of values  Folk Ballad
MAJOR GENERALLY attitudes and beliefs of - tell stories
the culture. - narrative poetry
o Folk – Ordinary people
o Lore Knowledge MYTHS
o Grouped into four major - Stories that answer and
categories explain basic questions
- Folktales about the world, gods,
- Fables and natural occurences.
- Legends - Characterization is very
- Myths important; traits are
FOLKTALES revealed through
appearnce, actions,
- A short simple story tales words, etc.
for entertainment and - Deal with gods and
teach values and morals to goddesses who have
the culture it come from; human emotions.
- Kwentong bayan (Normal - Greek Mythology
People, Daily Living)
- Characters are ordinary PRE – SPANISH LITERATURE
humans Pre-colonial inhabitations of our
- Some have magical islands showcase a rich past
feature (fairytale as a through their folktales.
subcategory)