Palawan

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
OUR PALAWAN
The Scientific Journal of the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
Volume 3 Issue 1, January - June 2017
Published by
The Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD)
PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road,
Brgy. Sta. Monica Heights,
Puerto Princesa City
P.O. Box 45 PPC 5300 Philippines
PCSD Publications © Copyright 2017

ISSN: 2423-222X
Online:
www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph
www.pcsd.gov.ph
Cover Photo
The endemic species of Palawan and Philippines (from top to bottom) : Medinilla sp.,
Palawan Pangolin Manus culionensis spp., Palawan Bearcat Arctictis binturong whitei,
Palawan Hill Mynah Gracula religiosa palawanensis, Blue-naped parrot Tanygnathus
lucionensis, Philippine Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropydgia. (Photo courtesy: PCSDS)
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

EDITORS’ NOTE
Our Palawan is an Open Access journal. It is made freely available for researchers, students, and
readers from private and government sectors that are interested in the sustainable management,
protection and conservation of the natural resources of the Province of Palawan. It is accessible online
through the websites of Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (pcsd.gov.ph) and Palawan
Knowledge Platform for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (pkp.pcsd.gov.ph). Hard copies
are also available in the PCSD Library and are distributed to the partner government agencies and
academic institutions. The authors and readers can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or
link to the full texts of published articles.

Our Palawan practices a double-blind peer review. The review process has basically three stages: (1)
primary checking (the Editors make sure that the manuscript complies with the Author’s Guidelines);
(2) review by the external reviewers, involving an assessment of its suitability for publication
(compatibility with Our Palawan’s aims and scopes, evidence of research, sufficiency of references to
the international literature, and scientific soundness); and (3) proofreading and checking whether the
article is written in compliance with the Author’s Guidelines.
Submission of Manuscript. For the next issue, submission of manuscripts is now open for acceptance.
Manuscripts should comply with the Author’s Guidelines which could be obtained by e-mail from the
Editors at research@pcsd.gov.ph, PCSD Building, Sta. Monica Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.

Copyright. The articles for publication should not violate the other author’s rights and copyright, fully
or partially, through plagiarism (including self-plagiarism) or inclusion of elements (such as figures
and photos) that do not belong to the author and for which no written consent to use is given by the
owner. The author ensures that the paper has not been published or submitted for publication to any
other journal and that the research described in the paper is original. The author also assumes full
responsibility for the contents, correctness and originality of the paper.
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development i

Editorial Board
Nelson P. Devanadera, Executive Director

Atty. Adelina B. Benavente-Villena, Deputy Executive Director
Josephine S. Matulac, Director II
Technical Editors
Engr. Madrono P. Cabrestante Jr., Division Head, EMKM
Marianne Faith G. Martinico-Perez, Research Analyst, EMKKM
Editorial Staff
Arnica D. Mortillero
Kit Jasper S. Hernandez
Celso S. Quiling
Jenevieve P. Hara
ISSN: 2423-222X
©Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road, Sta. Monica Heights
Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 5300, Philippines
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development ii

OUR PALAWAN
The Scientific Journal of the Palawan Council Sustainable Development
Volume 3 Issue 1
January – June 2017
Directory of External Reviewers
Dr. William Sm. Gruezo

Retired Faculty, University of the Philippines Los Baños
Dr. Chona Camile Vince Cruz-Abeledo

De La Salle University
Dr. Allaine T. Baaco

Western Philippines University
Engr. Glenn S. Banaguas OYS

De La Salle Araneta University
Dr. Perry S. Ong

University of the Philippines Diliman
Dr. rer. net. Thomas Edison E. Dela Cruz

University of Sto. Tomas
Dr. Roger G. Dolorosa

Dr. Benjamin J. Gonzales

Dr. Cherry Myo Lwin

Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Dr. Patrick A. Regoniel

Palawan State University
Dr. Shiela G. Vergara

ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Dr. Irina Safitri Zen

Institut Sultan Iskandar (ISI)
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development iii

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE
The publication of Our Palawan is another strategy to provide venue where we can share
information that could benefit our students, researchers, communities and stakeholders. This is our
humble contribution as environmental research is identified as a support mechanism of the Republic
Act 7611. As we proudly claim, we take Palawan Province as a unique living laboratory having the
large proportion of endemic plants and animals with total of 32 identified Key Biodiversity Areas
(KBAs).
We believe that all information generated through various researches and studies should be
shared best in an accessible and user-friendly medium. On this note, we simultaneously upload this
publication in digital format through the Palawan Knowledge Platform (PKP). The PKP, on the other
hand, is a joint initiative of our organization in cooperation with our partners from various institutions,
particularly the academe, other government agencies and the public sector to facilitate information
sharing among the member-agencies. We are very pleased that this commendable initiative has gained
ground with the active support and cooperation from our partners.
With respect to the policy formulation process, the Palawan Council for Sustainable
Development - Scientific Advisory Panel (PCSD- SAP) has been reactivated to provide expert’s advice
on certain issues for resolution of the Council. We endeavor to regularly convene the Panel and be able
to seek their inputs on matters that require scientific expertise or opinion. This is our commitment to a
science-based decision making by the Council.
The 4th edition of Our Palawan highlights some of the endemic species of Palawan as included
in the research on extracts of selected plants in Puerto Princesa City. We also publish the ethno-food
study and protein analysis of beans common among the locals called “lumabeng”. In doing so, we
attempt to educate our readers of the beneficial components of some of the plants that maybe found
just around Puerto Princesa City and the province of Palawan. On the same context, we packaged the
information materials and reports presented in the international fora and conferences participated by
the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development representing Palawan Biosphere Reserve under
UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Program.
We encourage the students and researchers to continue exploring and then publish the results
of their studies. Keep in mind that a single drop of idea today may create a ripple of brilliant thoughts
for something big tomorrow!
NELSON P. DEVANADERA
Executive Director
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development iv

Table of Contents
Editor’s Note i
Executive Director’s Message iv
Research Papers
1 Hemagglutination and Antimicrobial Potential of Leaf Crude Extracts of Selected Plants

in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
Jhonamie Mabuhay-Omar, Shellajean M. Omar, Julius N. Burgos, Ciara Patricia Dicar, Dan
Clark S. Bacani, and Edziel P. Hubo
12 Ethno-Food Study and Protein Analysis of Lumabeng Beans (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi
& H. Ohashi) from Agutaya Island, Palawan, Philippines
Ronald S. Brillantes
Feature Articles
19 Expert Advice from the Scientific Advisory Panel of PCSDS:

Output of the 3rd Meeting on 20 June 2017
28 Facing the Odds: Palawan Battles against Forest Destruction

(An Update from the Palawan Biosphere Reserve Periodic Report 2015)
33 Managing Palawan Biosphere Reserve’s Wildlife and their Habitats

Forum/ Conference Papers
47 A Review of Palawan’s Coral Reefs

Carlos Alfredo A. Castillo
52 The Zero Carbon Resorts for Sustainable Tourism Project:

Promoting Biodiversity Friendly Enterprise
56 Research bits
60 About the Authors
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development v

Tubbataha Reefs and Natural Park
declared as Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSN)
Photo Credits: PCSDS

The Tubbataha Refs and Natural Park was approved in principle as a Particularly Sensitive
Sea Area (PSSN) by the International Maritime Organisation - Marine Environment
Protection Committee (MEPC). The application was approved during MEPC’s 69th
session held last 18-22 April 2016 in London. This will serve as an additional protection to
the park from shipping vessels that cross its borders which may aground or damage reefs.
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development vi

Our Palawan
Research Paper
This article is also available on-line at www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph
Hemagglutination and Antibacterial Potential

of Leaf Crude Extracts of Selected Plants
in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
Jhonamie Mabuhay-Omar1, Shellajean M. Omar2, Julius N. Burgos1,
Ciara Patricia Dicar1, Dan Clark S. Bacani1, and Edziel P. Hubo1
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to screen the presence of phytohemagglutinin for ABO
blood groups from 20 plant species found in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
The presence of antibacterial potential was also screened from those which
agglutinated one, two, three and four blood types. The agglutination of
Keywords: blood types A, B, AB and O after application with each of the leaf crude
extracts was examined macroscopically and microscopically. There were
Hemagglutination two trials conducted per treatment per leaf extract. Among the 20 plant
Antibacterial species tested, 14 (70%) showed agglutination with at least one blood
Leaf crude extract type while 6 (30%) species did not exhibit agglutination. Two species, the
Blood type Palawan Pitcher Plant Nepenthes palawanensis and Cashew Anacardium
Treatment occidentale L. agglutinated with all blood types. Four species were found
to have the capability of determining a specific blood type: Atsuete (Bixa
orellana L.) and Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata Lam.) for blood type
O; Balayong (Cassia nodosa Roxb.) for blood type A; and Makabuhay
(Tinospora reticulata Miers.) for blood type AB. Cashew, Palawan gabi
(Colocasia sp. Schott), Atsuete and Makabuhay leaf extracts were tested
for antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the four plants tested, Makabuhay
showed antibacterial effects to five bacterial species (E. coli, S. aureus,
B. cereus, B. megaterium and B. subtilis), followed by Atsuete to four
bacterial species (S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis and B. megaterium).
Cashew showed only inhibitory effects toward two bacteria (S. aureus
and B. megaterium) while Palawan gabi did not inhibit any of the six
bacterial species. None of the four extracts inhibited P. aeruginosa.
1
College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,
Western Philippines University, WPU-Puerto Princesa Campus
2
Palawan State University-Brooke’s Point Campus, Brooke’s Point, Palawan
© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 1

INTRODUCTION such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and phenol
compounds, flavonoids, steroids, resins, fatty
Agglutination is a process applied acids and gums which are capable of producing
in immunologic reactions including blood definite physiological action on the body (Joshi
testing and other medical applications (Segen and Edington 1990).
and Stauffer 2004 as cited by Ongpoy 2016). In past decades, higher plants are
This process involves mixing an antibody with well recognized for their ability to produce
its corresponding antigen such as animal cell, a wide spectrum of natural products with
bacteria or red blood cells that forms visible interesting bioactivities (Liu et al. 2007) such
clumps. Blood grouping such as ABO blood as antibacterial potential. Although hundreds
groups can be done by observing the clumping of plants have been tested, their antimicrobial
of red blood cells in the presence of specific properties, many of them are not yet explored
antibody. Agglutination for different blood (Balandrin et al. 1985).
groups upon application of plant extract is due Palawan, dubbed as the Philippines’
to the lectin present in plants (George et al. “Last Ecological Frontier”, has various plant
2011) called phytoagglutinin. species that are either endemic or introduced to
Plant lectins are a class of proteins, non- the province and are being protected by the efforts
immune in origin, which show a very specific of the government due to deforestation and
interaction with carbohydrates (George et al. over-harvesting. Due to Palawan’s uniqueness,
2011). Lectins have great significance in the diet the United Nations Educational Scientific and
because of their involvement in gastrointestinal Cultural Organization (UNESCO), declared it
difficulties and erythrocyte agglutination as a “Man and Biosphere Reserve” owing to its
(Zubcevic et al. 2016). Some lectins consumed vast land area and topography divided by tall
by the body act as messengers that has the mountains ranges (https://pnni.wordpress.com/
ability to bind to the sugars of cells in the gut palawan-biodiversity-facts-and-figures). With
and the blood cells, initiating an inflammatory the resources found within the reach, the flora
response. Lectin is abundant on the seed and of Palawan must be explored scientifically so
vegetative parts of a plant including roots, they can be used in various applications such as
leaves, rhizomes and stems (Chrispeels and medicine and allied health fields.
Raikhel 1991). It also serves as an important This study sought to determine
antigenic determinant of blood groups for hemagglutination and antibacterial potential of
blood type identification. selected plant extracts found in Puerto Princesa,
Hemagglutination activity has been Palawan. Specifically, this study aimed to
tested in wheat germ agglutinin, peanuts and determine the agglutination of ABO (A, B, AB,
dry cereal (Brady et al. 1978), tomato lectin and O) blood groups with different plant crude
(Vasconcelos and Oliveira 2004), navy bean extracts and to determine the antibacterial
lectin (Pusztai et al. 1979), 20 plant species potential of plant extracts which agglutinated
found in human diet (Zubcevic et al. 2016), in all four blood types, only three blood types,
tubers of Eranthis hyemalis (winter aconite) only two blood types and only one blood type.
(George et al. 2011) and wild grasses (Ongpoy
2016). There are still many plants unexplored MATERIALS AND METHODS
as to their potential in hemagglutination such
as those found in Palawan. Locale of the Study and Collection of
Plant extracts have enormous therapeutic Plant Samples
potential. They are effective in the treatment This study was conducted at the
of infectious diseases while simultaneously laboratory of College of Fisheries and Aquatic
extenuating many of the side effects that are Sciences (CFAS), Western Philippines
often associated with synthetic antibiotics. The University-Puerto Princesa Campus, Bgy. Sta.
beneficial effects of plant materials typically Monica, Puerto Princesa City.
result from the combinations of secondary Twenty plant species were used for this
products present in the plant. In plants, these study, collected from different sites in Puerto
compounds are mostly secondary metabolites Princesa City, Palawan. These plants were

Table 1. List of plants used in this study (Binomial names are based on Merrill ED, 1912, 1923;
Quisumbing 1978; Pancho & Gruezo 2006, 2009; McPherson et al. 2010)
Local Name Scientific Name

Acacia Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.
Acapulco Senna alata L.
Atsuete Bixa orellana L.
Bakawan lalake Rhizophora apiculata Blume
Balayong Cassia nodosa Roxb.
Balete Ficus indica L.
Calamansi Citrus microcarpa Bunge
Cashew Anacardium occidentale L.
Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Kakawate Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.
Lagundi Vitex negundo L.
Langka Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Makabuhay Tinospora reticulata Miers.
Muyo-muyo Lantana camara L.
Palawaan Pitcher Plant Nepenthes palawanensis (McPherson et al. 2010)
Palawan Gabi Colocasia sp. Schott
Paper Tree Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Sambong Blumea balsamifera L.
Seresas Muntingia calabura L.
Tuboy Ficus sp. L.
chosen randomly based on their availability both sexes who have blood types A, B, AB and
nearby and based on usage and frequency of O (n=16) (Zubcevic et al., 2016). The blood
encounter by the local people. Some of these samples were treated with synthetic anti-sera
plants were endemic to Palawan while others to confirm blood types. After confirmation, a
were introduced species from other parts of the drop of blood of a specific blood type on a glass
Philippines or other countries. The leaves were slide was mixed with a drop of extract using
the plant parts used for this study. The plants sterile toothpick and then observed using a
were identified in terms of their local and microscope (100x magnification). The process
scientific names (Table 1). was done promptly to avoid blood drying.
Preparation of plant samples and leaf Antibacterial Assay

extraction Cashew, Atsuete, Palawan gabi and
The leaves were washed with tap water Makabuhay were chosen to be tested for
and rinsed with distilled water after collection. antibacterial potential as they agglutinated
The samples were blot dried and air dried all four blood types, only three blood types,
for 2 hrs (Figure 1). Extraction was done by only two blood types and only one blood type,
pounding through the use of sterile mortar respectively. The leaf crude extracts of these
and pestle, followed by squeezing through four selected plant species were screened
sterile cheese cloth and filtering with the use of for antibacterial potential using filter paper
Whatman filter paper. disc diffusion method against Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Blood agglutination by different plant leaf Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis and
extracts Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were obtained
The blood samples for this study were from Mindanao State University, Marawi City.
obtained from healthy willing individuals of

A B
Figure 1. a) washing of samples, b) air drying of plant leaves after washing.
The nutrient agar medium was prepared presence or absence of agglutination are
by dissolving 23 grams of nutrient agar in a presented in Table 2. Among the 20 plant
flask with distilled water to a volume of 1000ml. species tested (first and second trial), 14
The melted nutrient was then transferred to 24 (70%) agglutinated with at least one blood
test tubes and covered with lids. The test tubes type while 6 plant species (30%) did not
were labeled and were sterilized by autoclaving exhibit agglutination (Figure 2). These results
at 15 psi for 30 minutes. of agglutination were higher than the results
After sterilization, the test tubes with obtained by Zubcevic et al. (2016) where
the culture medium were allowed to cool down they found agglutination to only 11 out of
to about 45 degrees Celsius. The nutrient agar 20 plant species. Results of this study also
was then inoculated aseptically with a loopful of showed that from the 14 plant species where
test bacteria and rotated gently between hands extracts were capable of agglutination, 35.7%
to ensure uniform distribution and then poured agglutinated blood type A, 50% agglutinated
aseptically into its respective pre-labelled blood type B, 85.7% agglutinated blood type
Petri plates and were allowed to solidify. The AB and 50% agglutinated blood type O (Figure
prepared filter paper discs (6mm diameter) 3). Blood type AB has the highest percentage
from no.1 Whatman filter paper that were agglutination which shows its sensitivity to
soaked from the prepared leaf crude extracts coagulants. This result is similar to the result
were placed aseptically at designated sectors of Zubcevic et al. (2016) where blood type
inside the Petri plates. Amoxicillin (500 mg) AB and O showed the highest percentage
was used as the positive control and distilled agglutination when applied with plant extracts
water as the negative control. The Petri plates found the human diet. There is no study yet that
were then incubated at 35˚ Celsius for 12-24 proved differences in sensitivity of blood types
hours. After incubation period, the plates were A, B, AB and O to different agglutinins and
examined for zones of inhibition. The zones of this area is worth doing a study in the future.
inhibition were measured using standardized Seven species showed inconclusive results due
transparent ruler in millimeter scale. to discrepancy in the first and second trials
and another trial must be conducted again for
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION verification.
Only Palawan Pitcher plant and
Hemagglutination by different plant leaf Cashew leaf extracts consistently exhibited
extracts agglutination to all blood types (Table 2). It was
The studied plant species with the observed during the conduct of the study that

Table 2. Reaction of different blood types treated with different plant leaf crude extracts.
Agglutination to different blood types
Plants used Positive Specific
A1 A2 B1 B2 AB1 AB2 O1 O2
agglutination blood type
Acacia - - + - - - - - B Inconclusive
Acapulco - - - - - - - - None None
Atsuete + + + + + + - - A, B, AB O
Bakawan Lalake - + + + + - + + A, B, AB, O Inconclusive
Balayong - - + + + + + + B, AB, O A
Balete - - - + + + - + B, AB, O Inconclusive
Calamansi - - - - - - - - None None
Ilang-ilang - - - - - - + + O O
Kakawate - - - - - - - - None None
Lagundi - - - - - - - - None None
Langka - - - - + - - - AB Inconclusive
Makabuhay - - - - + + - - AB AB
Muyo-muyo - - - - - + - - AB Inconclusive
Paper tree - - - - + - - - AB Inconclusive
Palawan Gabi - - - + - + - - B, AB None
Palawan Pitcher + + + + + + + + A, B, AB, O None
Sambong - - - - - - - - None None
Seresas - + + + + - + - A, B, AB, O Inconclusive
Tuboy - - - - - - - - None None
Subscript 1, black + & - = first trial
Subscript 2, red + & - = second trial
Figure 2. Percentage agglutination of the plant extracts to ABO blood groups.
these two plant extracts agglutinated all blood can be used to stop blood flow from a wound
types very quickly (≤5secs) upon application (Ongpoy 2016). They can be sources of plant-
and the blood coagulation was very distinct that based polymers that can be made into gel or
can be seen even without the aid of a microscope bandage which can easily trigger blood clotting
(Figure 4). When viewed under microscope, to save lives (Bloomberg News, 11:32 AM PHT
big clumps of blood were observed (Figure 5). November 19, 2014). The Palawan Pitcher
This suggests that these two plant species are Plant (Nepenthes palawanensis) is endemic to
strong blood coagulators which, if non-toxic, Palawan (McPherson 2010). At present, very

Figure 3. Percentage agglutination of plant extracts to specific blood types.
little is known about its ecology, habitat or There were 6 plant species which did
threats and there appears to be an urgent need to not show agglutination in any blood type.
conduct further research to develop appropriate These were the Kakawate, Lagundi, Tuboy,
conservation actions, considering its promising Calamansi, Acapulco and Sambong. According
uses in biotechnology. to Hamid et al. (2013), the lectin content in
Four species were found to have the some parts of plants varies depending on what
capability of determining specific blood types: family they belong. It was further stated that
Atsuete and Ilang-ilang for blood type O; non-legume plants contained lower lectin than
Balayong for blood type A; and Makabuhay those plants belonging to the legume family.
for blood type AB. These species can be used However, the percentage of lectin content
as organic anti-sera to determine blood types varies from one variety to another. Among
without buying the commercially sold anti- the plants examined, only Kakawate belonged
sera. They can be added to the list of plant to the legume family, but Kakawate did not
extracts already known as source of typing sera react to any of the blood types tested. Three of
such as Dolichos biflorus L. as anti A, Ulex these 6 species were usually taken orally for
europaeus L. as anti H, Bauhinia variegata medicinal purposes. These are the Lagundi,
L. and Vicia graminea Sm. as anti N in MNS Calamansi and Sambong. This is encouraging
blood grouping (Harmening 1999), and Tridax to know because of some disputes in the effects
procumbens L. and Vernonia cinerea L. as anti of lectins in plant extracts which are heat-stable
A and B, respectively, for ABO blood groups and react with the gastro-intestinal tract, causing
(Ongpoy 2016).
Figure 4. Agglutination of Palawan Pitcher Figure 5. Agglutination of Palawan Pitcher

Plant leaf extract to blood type AB Plant leaf extract to blood type AB under
microscope (100X)

Table 3. Summary of ANOVA for the six bacterial species subjected to the
different leaf crude extracts
Sum of Mean of
df F Sig.
Squares Square
B. Cereus Between Groups 4284.000 5 856.800 642.600 .000**
Within Groups 24.000 18 1.333
Total 4308.000 23
B. megaterium Between Groups 1654.500 5 330.900 59.861 .000**
Total 1754.000 23
B. subtilis Between Groups 3825.500 5 765.100 810.106 .000**
Within Groups 17.000 18 .944
Total 3842.500 23
E. coli Between Groups 1032.208 5 206.442 17.223 .000**
Within Groups 215.750 18 11.986
Total 1247.958 23
P. aeruginosa Between Groups .000 5 .000 . .
Within Groups .000 18 .000
Total .000 23
S. aureus Between Groups 798.208 5 159.642 29.099 .000**

Total 896.958 23
**highly significant at α=0.01
subclinical effects in humans, especially when number of applications such as differentiating
used in large quantities (Tommy et al. 2005). markers to study cancer cells (Matsumoto et
Lectins in excess can cause gastrointestinal al. 2010), characterize differentiation among
damage, type-2 IgG immune responses, mild stem cells (Wearne et al. 2006) and different
allergies and hemagglutination (Eroarome et al. biological activities that include anti-bacterial
1998). It is therefore safe to consume Lagundi, (Raja et al. 2011), anti-fungal (Freire et al.
Calamansi and Sambong orally as they 2002), anti-HIV (Hoorelbeke et al. 2010), and
exhibited non-agglutination to all blood types. immune-modulative effects (Reis et al. 2008).
For Acapulco and Kakawate, their external With the numerous and increasing applications
uses as antibacterial and antifungal agents are of lectins, it is crucial and significant to identify
known but further studies are needed to prove novel plant sources of lectins especially that
them safe to be taken orally for other possible Palawan has mega diverse flora.
medicinal uses. For Tuboy, no records yet are
available for its medicinal applications. Antibacterial potential of the selected plant
For all the plant species that agglutinated leaf crude extracts
at least one of the blood types tested, there can The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in
be other application for them. Agglutination Table 3 proved that there were highly significant
with blood is due to the presence of lectin. differences among the measured zones of
Hamid et al.(2013) stated that lectin has inhibition shown by the different leaf crude
great contribution on anti-insect, anti-tumor, extracts against the test bacteria (see Figure 6 &
antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Although 7). The Makabuhay leaf crude extract showed
lectins are identified as potential toxins, there zones of inhibition against the five test bacteria
are some lectins that are beneficial to the body. except P. aeruginosa. The Atsuete leaf crude
Lectins provide a diverse and an increasing extract showed inhibition against the four test

Figure 6. Zones of inhibition exhibited by the different treatments towards the test
bacterial species.
bacteria except E. coli and P. aeruginosa while its antibacterial effects are lower than those
cashew leaf crude extract showed zones of of Makabuhay and Atsuete. This shows that
inhibition against S. aureus and B. megaterium. the lectins responsible for agglutination could
On the other hand, the Palawan gabi leaf have various effects and different applications,
crude extract showed no zone of inhibition and other bioactive compounds are present in
against all test bacteria. It was further proven the leaves which caused antibacterial effects.
that the antibacterial potential of Makabuhay Among the plant extracts tested for antibacterial
and Atsuete are next in rank to the positive property, Makabuhay and Atsuete showed
control Amoxicillin (Table 4). It was followed promising effects. Although not comparable
by Cashew while Palawan gabi did not differ to positive control, it is worth noting that
significantly from the negative control distilled these inhibitory effects were obtained by using
water. crude extracts. If extracted with solvents and
The antibacterial property of the plant purified by chromatography, these effects
extract did not correspond to the number could probably become higher. Makabuhay
of blood types agglutinated by it. Although plant contains a bitter principle, colombine
Cashew extract agglutinated all blood types, (2.22%), traces of an alkaloid, and a glucoside.
Figure 7. Sample Petri plate showing zones of inhibition

exhibited by different leaf extracts and control treatments
against Bacillus megaterium.

Table 4. Tukey HSDa test comparing the effects of all treatments.
Treatment N Subset for alpha = 0.5
1 2 3 4
Water (negative) 24 .000
Palawan Gabi 24 .000
Cashew 24 3.708
Atsuete 24 8.958
Makabuhay 24 10.292
Amoxicillin (positive) 24 20.792
Sig. .445 1.000 .986 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 24.000
It also contains an amorphous bitter principle, Atsuete and Makabuhay have antibacterial
picroretine and traces of berberine similar to potential at varying degrees.
glyzirrhizin (Ragasa 2000). Atsuete, on the With the results and limitations of the
other hand, contains carbohydrates, steroids, study, it is recommended that another trial be
alkaloids, proteins, flavonoids, terpenoids, conducted to verify inconclusive results. Those
phenolics, tannins and glycosides (Keong et al. plants used in this study that agglutinated or
2013). The results of this study on the effects did not agglutinate with specific blood types
of Cashew leaf extracts on the test bacteria can be used by local people for blood typing
supported the findings of Chermahini and Majid purposes. Those than can agglutinate all blood
(2011) where its antibacterial potential is only types must not be ingested and toxicity test
effective against Gram positive bacteria such must be conducted before it can be used to
as S. aureus but not towards Gram negative staunch blood flow from a cut or wound. On
such as E. coli. Cashew leaves are a rich source the other hand, those which did not agglutinate
of tannins, a group of plant chemicals with any blood type and have been taken orally for
documented biological activity (Chermahini medicinal applications are safe to be used.
and Majid 2011) such as antimicrobial effects Antimicrobial effects for all the plants studied
(Lim and Murtijaya 2007). Flavonoids and can be done for better comparison. It will be
other plant phenolics, such as phenolicacids, of great importance to have screening for
stilbenes, tannins, lignans, and lignin, are hemagglutination of endemic and native plants
especially common in leaves of Cashew plants of Palawan as this information will help in
(Larson 1988). The active antibacterial property policy making particularly in the conservation
of these three plants, Makabuhay, Atsuete and of our endemic flora and as well as in developing
Cashew could probably be attributed to these Palawan’s potential on new material source for
phytochemical components. biotechnology.
CONCLUSIONS and LITERATURE CITED

RECOMMENDATIONS
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system; Atsuete (Bixa orellana L.) and Ilang- Identification of the dietary lectin, wheat
ilang (Cananga odorata Lam.) can determine germ agglutinin, in human intestinal
blood type O, Balayong (Cassia nodosa Roxb.) contents. Gastroenterology. 75: 236.
for blood type A and Makabuhay (Tinospora Chermahini SH & Abdul Majid FA. 2011.
reticulata Miers) for blood type AB. Cashew, Antimicrobial activity of cashew leaves’

extracts used in cosmetics before and ELISA to measure fucosylated
after treatment with activated carbon. haptoglobin in sera of patients with
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1998. Nontoxic Variety of Jatropha McPherson S, Cervancia J, Lee C, Jaunzems
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and Inactivation of Lectin by Heat Plants and their Habitats. PALAWAN
Treatments. Journal of the Science of (Sultan Peak), 2:1100-1236
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Freire MDGM, Gomes VM, Corsini RE, with special reference to the introduced
Machado OLT & de Dimone SG. 2002. element. Philippine Journal of Sciences,
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broadly neutralizing prokaryotic lectin, of Science and Technology (NAST)
inhibits HIV-1 infection by specifically Philippines, Department of Science
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on the gp120 envelope. Antimicrobial of the Philippines Los Banos, College,
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Keong YY, Zakaria Z, Kadir AA, Somchit MN, vulgaris lectins. Proceedings of the
Lian GC and Ahmad H. 2013. Chemical Nutrition Society. 38: 115.
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of Bixa orellana leaf extract / BMC the Philippines, Katha Publishing
Complementary and Alternative Company, Quezon City
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6882-13 from Tinospora rumphii / Journal of
Matsumoto H, Shinzaki S, Narisada M, Natural Products, 63 (4): 509–511 DOI:
Kawamoto S & Kawamoto K. 2010. 10.1021/np9902946
Clinical application of a lectinantibody Raja SB, Murali MR, Kumar NK & Devaraj

SN. 2011. Isolation and partial Anita D & Lindeberg S. 2005. Agrarian
characterization of a novel lectin from diet and diseases of affluence– Do
Aegle marmelos fruit and its effect on evolutionary novel dietary lectins cause
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Tommy J, Olsson S, Ahren B, Thorkild CB,
endemic species
of Palawan
Photo Credits: M.Matillano/WWF Philippines

Amorphophallus: (Newly Discovered)
Through the WWF-Philippines, a new flowering plant species is found in the Municipality
of Araceli. This amorphophallus species, with pink and yellow variations were found to
be thriving at around 30-40 meters above sea level on the small rocky island. The group
recommended further study and proper identification of this flora.

Our Palawan
Research Paper
Ethno-Food Study and Protein Analysis of Lumabeng Beans

(Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi)
from Agutaya Island, Palawan, Philippines
Ronald S. Brillantes1
ABSTRACT
Characterization of protein present in Lumabeng beans
(Vigna umbellata) from Agutaya Island, Palawan
Keywords: was conducted using High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC). Results revealed that Lumabeng
Ethno-Food Study bean flour contained 24.4 g protein/100g which is higher
Protein Analysis than other local bean varieties. The coliform test supply
Characterization value and aerobic plate count supply value of test for the
High Performance food samples with lumabeng flour as an additive also passed
Liquid Chromatography the safety standards set by the International Commission
for Microbiological Specification of Food (ICMF) and the
Philippine Food and Drug Authority (FDA). This study
shows the viability and potential of lumabeng beans and
possible derivatives to be a good source of protein-rich
alternatives for the locals in combating malnutrition.
1
Department of Education, Puerto Princesa City Division
2
San Jose National High School, Puerto Princesa City
INTRODUCTION with other unrefined plant foods. One-half
cup of beans provides between 5.2 and 7.8 g
Onis et.al. (1993) described malnutrition of total fiber compared with ~1.7–4 g of fiber
as the “cellular imbalance between the supply per one-half cup serving of whole grains. They
of nutrients and energy and the body’s demand are also among the best sources of soluble
for them to ensure growth, maintenance, fiber (Galisteo et. al., 2008). Reinforced by
and specific functions.” Protein‐energy Messina (2014), beans are rich in a number of
malnutrition is the most severe nutritional body important micronutrients, including potassium,
depletion disorder among infants and young magnesium, folate, iron, and zinc, and are
children in developing countries, attributable important sources of protein in vegetarian diets.
to inadequate energy and nutrient intake, partly According to Campbell et al. (2001),
due to high dietary bulk of weaning and infant the current Recommended Dietary Allowance
foods. The gruels fed to children are typically (RDA) for protein at 0.8 g/(kg.day) is set as the
of low nutrient and energy density (Ndagire, et safe and adequate intake for virtually all healthy
al., 2015). In the Philippines, investigated by men and women aged 19 years and older. The
Wieser et. al., (2013) micronutrient deficiencies current harmonized United States–Canadian
(MNDs) are a chronic lack of vitamins RDA for protein is 0.8 g/(kg·day) for all adults
and minerals and constitute a huge public including older ones (Institute of Medicine
health problem. MNDs have severe health 2005). Meanwhile, greater protein intake are
consequences and are particularly harmful required in elderly women aged ≥65 years and
during early childhood due to their impact on specifically over 80 years. They estimated an
the physical and cognitive development. average requirement of 10–11 g/(kg·day), and
According to FAO (2001) Protein- thus an RDA of 12–13 g/(kg·day) (Rafii et al.
energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient 2015; Tang et al. 2014).
deficiencies remain the leading nutritional The aim of this study is to determine
problems in the Philippines. The general the protein content and develop a protein-rich
declining trend in the prevalence of underweight, and nutritious product using lumabeng beans
wasting and stunting among Filipino children commonly found in the Island of Palawan
noted in the past 10 years was countered with which can also be commercially produced for
the increase in the prevalence rate in 1998. supplementary feeding of children and at the
The occurrence of malnutrition, where being same time, promoted for adolescent and adult
underweight and chronically energy deficient, population.
is exhibited in about 4 million or 31.8% of the
total preschool population, 3 million or 19.8% Lumabeng Beans of Palawan
of total adolescent population and 5 million Lumabeng bean found in Palawan
or 13.2% of total adult population. Studied by (Figure 1) is one of the usual lentils consumed by
Detzel and Wieser (2015), the Philippines has the locals. Its name originated from Agutaynen
a large percentage of the population suffering and Cuyunon dialect, and no other equivalent
from one or more forms of malnutrition could be traced as of the study period. By
including micronutrient deficiencies. Among observation, this bean is found to be thriving
Filipino children, the four major deficiency abundantly in the Agutaya Island located
disorders are protein-energy malnutrition, at north-east of Palawan mainland, though
iodine deficiency disorder, vitamin A deficiency there are also areas wherein these leguminous
and iron deficiency. Iron deficiency (manifested plants are found such as in the Cuyo Group of
as iron deficiency anemia) is the most common Islands, Araceli-Dumaran and Roxas. There
form of malnutrition in the Filipino population, are even citations in Puerto Princesa City and
especially in children. other claims that these were also planted by
Legumes play a prominent role in the the indigenous groups of Southern Palawan.
diets of many vegetarians and may contribute Folklores and stories about the ingenuity and
to some of the health benefits associated with cleverness of Agutaynens (people of Agutaya)
this eating pattern (Haddad and Tanzman, were greatly associated to their consumption
2003). It is also rich in fiber, even compared of lumabeng beans. It was said that since

A B
Figure 1. Lumabeng (Vigna umbellate (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi) in

Palawan, Philippines. A. Habit of immature plant; B. Phenotypes of bean
seeds (Photo taken by R. Brillantes, 2016)
the Agutaynens have better access to this local markets but due to its limited supply, the
commodity, this folklore has triggered curiosity price is higher than other beans.
on the nutritional values of the Lumabeng. Agutaynens and other Palaweños
Physically, the lumabeng plant looks usually consume these beans as viand or as an
similar to mung bean plant. Its pods are green additive to a viand (as the main ingredient or
to violet, containing reddish to brownish as an extender). These beans are treated just
beans with white hilum. Currently, the means like any other beans as an alternate to meat for
of propagating lumabeng is through seeds source of protein.
and harvesting is usually all year round but At the moment, studies on Lumabeng
the planting season is mostly done after the beans are very limited. No data is readily
slash-and-burn (kaingin) practice of the locals available on its ecology and distribution in
wherein lumabeng seeds are planted together the province including its physiology. Being
with upland rice. This is intercropped with abundant in Agutaya and in selected areas of
rice to assure additional food source in case of Palawan, people even believe that the said
calamities such as typhoons or even drought species of beans is endemic to the province but
wherein the beans, being resilient enough this is yet to be proven.
to withstand such climatic conditions, can
provide food for the farmers. Moreover, being MATERIALS AND METHODS
a leguminous plant, it has the capability for
nitrogen-fixing in soil, therefore improving and A. Acquisition of Samples and Materials
sustaining soil fertility. Fresh Lumabeng beans were obtained
Since it is not yet mass produced in directly from Agutaynen tribe in Agutaya
Palawan, lumabeng beans are not readily Island. Six hundred (600) grams of fresh beans
available in the local markets in great were washed with deionized water to free
volumes especially in Puerto Princesa City. them from microorganism. Three (3) sterile
The produce are usually consumed within aluminum pans were prepared where beans were
the community where the plants thrive, distributed for sun drying process. After three
reaching other areas only during festivals days of sun drying, five hundred (500) grams of
such as Baragatan (celebration of Palawan’s dried beans were then obtained and zip-locked
founding anniversary) where representatives in a plastic bag for protein characterization.
from different municipalities gather in Puerto
Princesa to showcase various local products. B. Preparation of protein characterization
Occasionally, these beans can be purchased in Five hundred (500) grams of dried bean

samples were milled using flour mill. Three Equation 2. moles of base = MV
hundred (300) grams bean flour were then where: M = molarity of base
prepared and kept into the glass container and V = volume added from burette
stored at 4°C prior to use. Characterization of
protein was conducted at the Food and Nutrition (a derivation from the standard formula of
Research Institute (FNRI) laboratory. The Molarity where:
analysis followed the standard protocol using Molarity=moles of solute/volume of solution [in
Kjeldahl method and was carefully carried out Liters]; standard formula used by Department
in sequence. of Science and Technology)
C. Distillation of the sample The number of grams of nitrogen in

The purpose of distillation was to the original sample of protein is determined
separate the ammonia (the nitrogen) from the by multiplying the “moles of nitrogen” by the
digestion mixture. The pH was raised in the atomic mass of nitrogen (mass of atoms of
mixture using sodium hydroxide (45% NaOH nitrogen):
solution). This has the effect of changing the
ammonium (NH4+) ions (which are dissolved Equation 3. gN = (moles of N)(14.0067)
in the liquid) to ammonia (NH3), which is a gas. where:
Nitrogen was isolated away from the digestion gms nitrogen = moles nitrogen x atomic mass
mixture by distilling the ammonia (converting [Eq. 3] (gN = molesN x 14.0067)
it to a volatile gas, by raising the temperature
to boiling point) and then the distilled vapor is (Standard formula used by Department of
trapped in a special trapping solution of about Science and Technology)
15 ml HCl (hydrochloric acid) in 70 ml of
water. The trapping flask was removed and the D. Food preparation of Lumabeng bean
condenser was rinsed with water so as to make flour products
sure that all the ammonia has been dissolved. Food products from Lumabeng flour
The formula below was used to find the were made such as flour for bread and pastries,
number of moles of ammonia that have been lumabeng tofu, and lumabeng milk. Tofu and
produced and then trapped from the sample(s). lumabeng milk products were prepared through
The number of moles of acid in the trapping the help of Palawan Adventist Hospital Food
flask originally (before any ammonia was Products personnel.
trapped) was determined by multiplying the
molarity of the acid solution by the volume of E. Microbiological analysis of Lumabeng
the trapping solution. bean flour food products
Food products from Lumabeng bean
Equation 1. moles of acid = M V flour such as pastry products were subjected
where: M = molarity of acid to thorough microbiological testing conducted
V = volume of trapping solution used at the Regional Analytical Standard Testing for
food at DOST Palawan.
(a derivation from the standard formula of
Molarity where: i. Aerobic Plate Count (APC)
Molarity=moles of solute/ volume of solution [in Following the standard protocol of the
Liters]; standard formula used by Department Food and Drug Authority’s Bacteriological
of Science and Technology) Analytical Manual (BAM) 1998, the aerobic
plate count (APC) was conducted to determine
The number of moles of base (NaOH) the amount of microorganism in a product.
that was added from the burette to neutralize
the remaining acid (that was NOT neutralized ii. Coli plate count
by the ammonia), was computed using the Fifty (50) grams of food was weighed
following formula: into sterile high-speed blender jar (see Chapter
1 and current FDA compliance programs for

Table 1. Analysis of Protein on Lumabeng Table 3. Aerobic Plate Count of Food Samples
Bean Flour
Aerobic Plate
Type of Bean
Protein Count (Cfu/g)
Type of Beans
g/100g
Lumabeng Bean Pancake 1,000
Lumabeng bean 24.4 (FNRI)
Soybeans, mature seeds,
13.09 (USDA) had less than 1.5 MPN/100 ml which is safe
sprouted, raw
Mung beans, mature seeds, based from the standard limits set by ICMF and
7.02 (USDA) US FDA (The total coliform test is based on
sprouted, raw
the FDA-BAM). Thus in terms of food safety,
Legend: FNRI- Food and Nutrition Research the derived bean flour from lumabeng shows no
Institute hazard to the consumers.
USDA- United States Department of Table 3 shows the aerobic plate count
Agriculture test on food samples made from Lumabeng
Table 2. Total Coliform Test of Food Samples beans. The Aerobic Plate Count provides an
overview of the colony forming units (Cfu) but
does not necessarily differentiate the various
Food
Total Coliform, bacteria present. The bacterial count gives us
MPN/100 ml an idea on how sanitary the food sample is,
Lumabeng Bean providing a good indicator of spoilage level and
˂ 1.5
Pancake overall safety of the product. The test revealed
that Lumabeng bean flour food sample with
Legend: 3 to 100 MPN-Marginal limit by ICMF
1,000 Cfu/g are within the level 1- satisfactory
(International Commission for Microbiological
limit set by the ICMF and US FDA.
Specifications of Food) 9 to 248 MPN – FDA
CONCLUSION AND POLICY
instructions on sample size and compositing). IMPLICATIONS
Frozen samples were softened by storing at <18
h, 2-5°C, but samples should not be thawed. A The Agutaynens and Palaweños have
450 mL of Butterfield’s phosphate-buffered long been consuming lumabeng beans as one
water was added and blended for two minutes. of the indigenous source of protein in their diet.
With the results from this study, it only showed
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that lumabeng provided essential protein source
to the locals of Palawan, having found to contain
Table 1 presents the analysis of protein higher protein than the usual beans and lentils
on Lumabeng bean flour. The results showed available in the markets. Laboratory results
that 24.4 g of protein per 100g were found on Total Coliform and Aerobic Plate Count
in Lumabeng beans using High Performance further showed that lumabeng food products
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This value produced are safe for human consumption.
is found to be significantly higher than that of Thus, lumabeng has high potentials to combat
the usual beans consume as protein source such MNDs, specifically malnutrition which besets a
as soy beans and mung beans. These findings large portion of the Filipino population.
show lumabeng bean’s potential in serving With these, the potentials of lumabeng
as an alternative protein source, given almost as a local source of protein especially by the
double the soya bean’s protein content. island municipalities is highlighted, paving
Since lumabeng flour is used as an the road for possible interventions to further
additive for the food samples, it is also important explore propagation and commercialization of
to know whether it contains harmful bacteria this bean variety for food security. Lumabeng
for the consumer. Table 2 shows the total can then be an important alternative for meat
coliform test on Lumabeng bean flour used as or other bean and lentil produce shipped from
an ingredient for lumabeng bean pancake. The outside of the province, cutting down costs and
results of the test revealed that the food sample improving nutrition availability for the public’s

general welfare. 2001. PDF File
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2010.
RECOMMENDATIONS Nutrition Country Profiles- Philippines.
Available at: http://www.fao.org/ag/
Based on the conclusions, the following agn/nutrition/phl_en.stm
recommendations are hereby offered for Food and Drug Authority. 1998. Bacteriological
consideration: Analytical Manual (BAM), Edition 8,
1. Further significant analysis should be Revision A. Available at: https://www.
conducted to determine the phytonutrients fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/
present in lumabeng bean flour and its nutrient LaboratoryMethods/ucm063346.htm
components. Galisteo M., Duarte J., Zarzuelo A. 2008.
2. Further investigation should be conducted Effects of dietary fibers on disturbances
to enhance the efficacy of flour as pastry clustered in the metabolic syndrome. J
component. Nutr Biochem ;19:71–84.
3. The local governments have to allocate funds Haddad E.H. and Tanzman J.S. 2003. What do
for the improvement and enhancement of the vegetarians in the United States eat?
project by assisting the community in adapting Am J Clin Nutr; 78(suppl):626S–32S
a better process on how to extract flour and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Dietary Reference
manufacture food products derived from Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates,
lumabeng. Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol,
4. Nutritional profile of Lumabeng flour Protein and Amino Acids. The National
frequently used by the tribal communities Academies Press, Washington, DC,
as food are to be analysed for recommended USA.
dietary allowance for better nutrition. Messina, V. 2014. Nutritional and health benefits
5. Encourage researches on lumabeng bean’s of dried beans. The American Journal
biology and physiology, documenting current of Clinical Nutrition. American Society
population and distribution in Palawan. for Nutrition. http://ajcn.nutrition.
6. Study on the taxonomy of lumabeng beans is org/content/100/Supplement_1/437S.
encouraged to establish the status of the local full#ref-16
commodity. This can help assure proper future Ndagire, C. T., Muyonga, J. H., Manju, R.
interventions for its protection and propagation. and Nakimbugwe, D. 2015. Optimized
7. Explore the faster propagation of lumabeng formulation and processing protocol for
which can aid food security especially to island a supplementary bean-based composite
municipalities where resources are limited. flour. Food Sci Nutr, 3: 527–538.
doi:10.1002/fsn3.244
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Campbell, W.W, Trappe, T.A., Wolfe, R.R. and energy malnutrition: an overview from
Evans, W.J. 2001. The Recommended the WHO Global Database on Child
Dietary Allowance for Protein May Growth. Bulletin of the World Health
Not Be Adequate for Older People Organization. 71(6):
to Maintain Skeletal Muscle. Journal Rafii M., Chapman K., Owens J., Elango R.,
of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. J Campbell W.W., Ball R.O. 2015. Dietary
Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (2001) protein requirement of female adults
56 (6): M373-M380 doi:10.1093/ >65 years determined by the indicator
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Detzel P. and Wieser S. 2015. Food Fortification than current recommendations. J. Nutr.
for Addressing Iron Deficiency in 145(1): 18-24 CrossRef, Medline.
Filipino Children: Benefits and Cost- Tang M., McCabe G.P., Elango R., Pencharz
Effectiveness. Ann Nutr Metab 2015;66 P.B., Ball R.O., Campbell W.W. 2014.
(suppl 2):35-42 Assessment of protein requirement
FAO- Nutrition Country Profile of Philippines. in octogenarian women with use of

the indicator amino acid oxidation micronutrient deficiencies by socio-
technique. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99(4): economic strata in children aged 6
891-898 CrossRef, Medline. months to 5 years in the Philippines.
Wieser, S., Plessow, R., Eichler, K., Malek, BMC Public Health, 13, 1167. http://
O., Capanzana, M. V., Agdeppa, I., doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1167
& Bruegger, U. 2013. Burden of
Photo Credits: CS Philippines

Palawan Horned Frog (Megophrys ligayae)
Endangered Species under the IUCN Red list

Our Palawan
Feature Article
Expert Advice from the Scientific Advisory Panel of PCSDS:

Output of the 3rd Meeting on 20 June 2017
Five major issues that affect the management of Palawan’s natural

capital were addressed by the Palawan Council for Sustainable
Development-Scientific Advisory Panel (PCSD-SAP) as they
convened for their third meeting on 20 June 2017 in Puerto Princesa
Keywords: City.
critical habitats In this year’s meeting, PCSD-SAP, a body composed of renowned

Tongka’t Ali scientist and experts from different fields, deliberated matters
Mangrove forest concerning designation of critical habitats, harvest of edible bird’s
conservation nest, mangrove forest conservation, emergence of Tongka’t Ali
Threatened species industry, and management of threatened species in Palawan, along
Edible bird’s nest with the PCSD staff providing their expertise as resource persons.
These issues were exhaustively discussed at sub-panel level— 1.

‘Ecological and Biophysical’ and 2. ‘Socio-cultural and Economic’--
where the PCSD-SAP members were distributed according
to the respective field of expertise. Before the day ended, the
two sub-panels convened to build consensus on the science-
based recommendations intended to support management and
policymaking. Five sets of recommendations were formalized
as Statement and Recommendations on the issues which would
eventually be presented to PCSD (Council).
Compiled by: Jenevieve Hara, Luigi Lubrico, Kirsten

Sagun, Ciara Dicar and Silvino Alcantara
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff,
Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Email: research@pcsd.gov.ph
Introduction Mr. Eduardo E. Queblatin from the Philippine
Since 2015, the Palawan Council for Watershed Management Coalition; Engr.
Sustainable Development Scientific Advisory Roland F. Rodriguez, mine engineer and former
Panel or PCSD-SAP convenes annually to PCSDS Executive Director; and Dr. Guillermo
tackle issues regarding the environment and R. Tabios III of the University of the Philippines
sustainable development of the Province of Institute of Civil Engineering.
Palawan. The creation of the PCSD-SAP was For the institutional members, the
an initiative of the PCSD staff (PCSDS) as a following also attended the meeting: Mr. Jose
collaboration of scientists and experts across Angelo Palma, President and Chief Executive
the country who have previous engagements Officer of World Wildlife Fund for Nature
in Palawan. It now has a total of 26 members. Philippines; Dr. Elsa P. Manarpaac, President
The meetings are held with the ultimate goal of the Western Philippines University; Prof.
of producing policy recommendations from Marissa S. Pontillas, OIC President of Palawan
experts of different disciplines to serve as a State University; and Prof. Mildred P. Palon
guide or a basis of the local policy makers. representing President Pinlyn Dahili, O.P. of
Being experts from their own fields and as the Holy Trinity University.
professionals who have been engaged in
programs and projects or activities in Palawan, Recommendations during the 3rd Meeting
the panel members are expected to provide This 2017, the 3rd meeting of the PCSD-
their expert opinion/advice based from their SAP was held last June 20 at the Ivywall Hotel,
profession and experience in the province. Puerto Princesa City. Four issues were initially
Providing sound, science-based prepared for the groups discussion, divided into
recommendations and suggestions in resolving 2 sub-themes:
the issues currently being faced by Palawan,
the panel’s final outputs are deemed essential Ecological/ Biophysical Sub-theme:
in shedding light to the local decision makers. 1. Critical Habitats as Core Zone
2. Edible Bird’s Nest Harvesting
Members of the Scientific Advisory Panel
The recently held meeting was Socio-cultural/ Economic Sub-theme:
participated by 16 of its members. Among them 3. Mangrove Forest Conservation
were Dr. Angel C. Alcala, a National Scientists 4. Tongkat Ali Industry
of the Philippines, former Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) An additional topic which is about
Secretary and current Chair of Silliman Palawan’s Threatened Species under the
University Angelo King Center for Research Ecological/Biophysical Sub-theme was
and Environmental Management; Dr. Perry added during the meeting proper by the Panel
S. Ong, wildlife specialist from College members. This was deemed as an important
of Biology- University of the Philippines contemporary issue by the member attendees,
Diliman; Dr. Benjamin C. Bagadion Jr., former thus adding the said topic in-situ. The 3rd
DENR Undersecretary and a retired professor meeting of the panel was chaired by Dr. Tabios
of the Asian Institute of Management; Dr. III. For the Ecological/Biophysical Sub-theme,
Porfirio M. Aliño of the University of the Dr. Perry Ong was chosen as the chairperson
Philippines-Marine Science Institute; Dr. while Mr. Queblatin was elected for the Socio-
Rafael P. Creencia, environmental consultant Cultural Sub-theme.
and former UPLB professor; Dr. William Sm.
Gruezo, botanist and former UPLB professor; By the end of the one-day event, the
Dr. Evelyn B. Pantig, former Department of panel was able to produce five sets of policy
Tourism Undersecretary and former dean and recommendations. These advices will be
director of the Philippine Women’s University; forwarded to the Council and made available to
the general public as reference.

Figure 1. Statement and Recommendations on the Issues on Critical Habitat as Core Zone.

Figure 2. Statement and Recommendations on the Issues on Edible Bird’s Nest Harvesting.

Figure 2.a. Continuation of the Statement and Recommendations on the Issues on
Edible Bird’s Nest Harvesting.

Figure 3. Statement and Recommendations on the Issues on Mangrove.

Figure 4. Statement and Recommendations on the Issues on Tongka’t Ali Industry.

Figure 5. Statement and Recommendations on the Issues on Threatened Palawan Species.

Figure 6. Members of the PCSD Scientific Advisory Panel together
with selected PCSD staff.
Figure 7. PCSD SAP Members during the plenary session.

Our Palawan
Feature Article
Facing the Odds: Palawan Battles against Forest Destruction

ABSTRACT
As a regular monitoring of the actions and efforts done for the
Palawan Biosphere Reserve, the International Co-ordinating Council
of the Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB-ICC) wrote UNESCO
National Commission of the Philippines requiring an updated
Keywords: periodic report for the management authority. This is to highlight
the issues forwarded to the province as well as the recommendations
Forest Destruction and actions taken by the Palawan BR management.
Biosphere Reserve
Palawan BR The degradation of Palawan’s natural forest due to bad agricultural
Management practices and illegal logging were among the issues raised both by
local and international communities. With the issues enumerated by
MAB-ICC, the Palawan BR Management provided a report on the
latest efforts done to respond to the said issues.
Compiled by: John Vincent B. Fabello, Edwin L. Caabay,

Apollo V. Regalo and Arnica D. Mortillero
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff,
Puerto Princesa City, Philippines
1. ENHANCED FOREST MANAGEMENT and the general public.
TO AVOID BAD AGRICULTURAL The Palawan Agricultural Center
PRACTICES AND ILLEGAL LOGGING: serves as the coordinating points for research
and development, training and extension of
1.1 BAD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES integrated agricultural resource technologies of
the Department of Agriculture in the province
In its periodic review report, the Palawan BR of Palawan. Within the Center are several
submitted the following proposed action on this laboratories:
issue: development of Sustainable Agriculture 1. Palawan Soils Laboratory – regional
Policy and Plan for Palawan BR incorporating facility responsible for analysis of soil for
organic and traditional farming technologies. proper fertilizer recommendation.
As early as 2013, collaborative efforts 2. Tissue Culture Laboratory – it is involved
from the government, non-government in the collection of stocks, plant materials, and
organizations and peoples’ organizations is preparation of culture media and construction
being done in Palawan to abate bad agricultural of a greenhouse.
practices. Though the Palawan Council for 3. Seed Testing Laboratory – is responsible
Sustainable Development has not yet adopted for testing the seeds for purity, germination,
a policy on sustainable agriculture, its partner variety and moisture content to meet quality
agencies like the Department of Agriculture, standard.
the Palawan Provincial Agriculturist’s Office The Center also houses the Department
and the Puerto Princesa City Agriculturist’s of Agriculture-Research Outreach Station
Office promote ‘organic farming’ pursuant to (DA-ROS) which is mandated to promote
Republic Act No. 10068 or “ An Act Providing Palawan’s agricultural growth through research
for the Development and Promotion of Organic and development. Its efforts are focused on the
Agriculture in the Philippines and for Other upliftment of the quality of life of small farmers
Purposes” on this sustainable agriculture on the sustainability of resources viability over
practice. Nevertheless, the PCSD has identified longer term.
the need of adopting the national policy on Meanwhile, the City Government
sustainable and organic agriculture for Palawan of Puerto Princesa adopted the Organic
BR. Examples of initiatives in the Palawan BR Agricultural Program for 2015 by virtue of
in response to this issue/concern: the City Ordinance No. 688 (An Ordinance
Adopting the Puerto Princesa Organic
Promotion of Organic Agriculture Agriculture Program of 2015). The said
The Palawan Research and Experiment ordinance particularly envisions to integrate
Station of the Department of Agriculture, the organic farming as means of livelihood in
Provincial Agricultural Center and the City rural barangays of the city and eventually
Agriculturist Office promote sustainable enhance sustainable food production in the
agriculture through agricultural intensification said areas to provide the needed support
and organic farming. This is consistent to the for continuous agri-tourism development.
established policy of the national government Through the City Agriculturist’s Office, the
as mandated through Republic Act no. 10068. city government continuously conducts
The said policy clearly declares the intent of trainings and establishment of demo farms.
the government which Palawan BR and the Most of the trainings conducted focused
Provincial Government of Palawan uphold by on diversified farming technology, organic
promoting, propagating, developing further and vegetable production, nursery establishment
implementing the practice of organic agriculture and development of good agricultural practices
in the Philippines that will cumulatively for banner products in Puerto Princesa City.
improve its condition and enrich the fertility The trainings were participated by the residents
of the soil, increase farm production, reduce from the barangays of the city.
pollution and destruction of the environment, An example of organic agricultural
prevent the depletion of natural resources and endeavor in Puerto Princesa City is the Aloha
further protect the health of farmers, consumers Natural Farm, which was established on a 2.8

hectares of land. Farming began ten years ago close monitoring of the TLA operations and
on denatured, demineralized soil infested with for other purposes)was the PCSD’s immediate
cogon grass, Imperata cylindrica. Before the response to protect Palawan’s remaining
intervention made by Aloha House, a non- forests. This action led to reduction of almost
stock, non-profit, NGO (Non-Government three-fourths of the total operable logging
Organization) and charitable mission serving area of the commercial logging operators and
the community of Palawan and the Philippines, further resulted to the demise of TLA holders
the agricultural practices which are widely used in the province.
in the area are: mono-cropping practice, use of The PCSD acknowledges that the
exotic varieties in farming, use of inorganic increase in population as well as the inevitable
fertilizers, proliferation of wastes or garbage development in Palawan, considering the need
which were dumped and produces negative for habitation, will put pressure on its natural
impact to agriculture and conversion of the capital. To be able to address the pressing
agricultural lands into industrial or residential needs of population increase and inherent
areas. Crops grown at Aloha Farm include 55 demand for wood by the increasing population,
vegetables, 33 herbs and diverse fruits. Intensive a policy on the establishment of a production
raised-bed vegetable production is a mixture forest or communal forest was pushed to give
of annual and perennial plants. A closed-loop way for a legal source of timber/wood in each
mushroom production program with an on- municipality in the province.
farm culture laboratory is another example
of their sustainable agriculture philosophy. Communal Forest and the National Greening
Livestock includes pastured poultry eggs Program
and meat, natural pork, cow and goat milk, On 28 November 2008, the PCSD
tilapia and earthworm. Crop rotation, legume passed Resolution No. 08-376 “Adopting
usage, companion planting, composting, green the Guidelines on the Establishment and
fertilizers, mulching, cover cropping, minimal Management of Communal Forests (CnF)
tillage, insect habitat, and livestock integration in the Province of Palawan”. Said resolution
were also introduced. was guided by the Joint PCSD-DENR
Administrative Order No. 01 Series of 2008
1.2 ILLEGAL LOGGING which aims to pilot test for one (1) year the
proposed CnF guidelines to gain experience on
In its periodic review report, the Palawan its establishment and implementation. Results
BR submitted the following proposed action of the pilot testing activities will serve as input
on this issue: development of policy on legal in the crafting of the final CnF guidelines to
source of timber through the implementation of ensure success in its province-wide application.
the Communal Forest Policy. CnF establishment in Palawan is a policy that
Forest is a principal natural resource took several years in the making to make sure
of Palawan. Having the largest forest cover that the forest resources of the Province will not
among the provinces of the country (689,161 be put at stake once it is “legally” opened for
hectares both terrestrial forest and mangrove), harvesting in the objective of providing legal
Palawan contributes significant portion to the wood sources.
Philippines’ entire forest cover, comprising Initially, four (4) local government
10% of its total forest cover. units (LGUs) were identified as pilot test areas:
Since the approval of the RA 7611 Busuanga to represent the environment of
(Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act), island municipalities, San Vicente in the north,
the passage of the PCSD Resolution No. 92- Puerto Princesa City in central Palawan and
11 (A Resolution to call for a limited operation Quezon in the south. However, as of 2015, due
for a period of three years by the Timber to the CnF site identification and declaration
License Agreement (TLA) holder in Palawan procedures and budget requirements, only
in the areas which had been agreed upon by the the Municipality of San Vicente was able to
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development complete the formulation of a Forest Land Use
with DENR and the TLA holders subject to Plan (FLUP), a prerequisite for CnF declaration.

Table 1. National Greening Program (NGP) in Palawan, 2011-2014.
LOCATION/ Area and number of seedlings planted

MUNICIPALITIES
Area (Hectares) No. of Seedlings
CORON 1,044 487,100
ROXAS 619 294,000
TAYTAY 1,114 815,280
PUERTO PRINCESA CITY 728 440,800
NARRA 477 557,002
QUEZON 614 1,002,475
BROOKES POINT 780 2,573,200
Table 2. Summary of Maintenance and Protection of Established Plantations.

2016 2015
(Actual, in hectares) (Actual, in hectares)
AREA
Mangrove
Regular NGP Regular NGP
Beach Forest
CENRO PPC 558
CENRO Quezon 90 160 542
CENRO Brooke’s Point 100 940
CENRO Roxas 400 550
CENRO Taytay 200 550
CENRO Coron 100 560
Source: Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office, DENR, 2015.
The Municipality of Quezon has only started creating the national convergence of DA-DAR-
the initial FLUP preparation in 2012; the DENR for the establishment of the National
Municipality of Busuanga has not identified a Greening Program (NGP) with the aim of
conflict-free suitable area given that the bulk planting 1.5 billion trees in 1.5 million hectares
of their substantially forested lands is within for a period of six (6) years (2011-2016) in all
the Yulo-King Ranch (YKR) managed by the available public lands.
Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department Aside from being a reforestation
of Agriculture. The City of Puerto Princesa, on initiative, the NGP is also seen as a climate
the other hand, is yet to revalidate its outdated change mitigation strategy as it seeks to enhance
timber stand inventory. The process for FLUP the country’s forest stock to absorb carbon
formulation and approval was not anticipated dioxide, which is largely blamed for global
to go beyond the initial one (1) year pilot testing warming. It is also designed to reduce poverty,
period, as such, the implementation was stalled. providing alternative livelihood activities for
Until then, nearly three (3) years after marginalized upland and lowland households
the PCSD adoption of the CnF Pilot Testing relating to seedling production and care and
Guidelines, Executive Order No. 23 “Declaring maintenance of newly-planted trees. As a
a Moratorium on the Cutting and Harvesting of convergence initiative among the Departments
Timber in the Natural and Residual Forests and of Agriculture, Agrarian Reform and DENR,
Creating the Anti-Illegal Logging Task Force” half of the targeted trees to be planted under
was signed by the President of the Republic the program would constitute forest tree
of the Philippines on 01 February 2011. A few species intended for timber production and
days later, Executive Order No. 26 was passed protection as well. The other half would

comprise agroforestry species. Areas eligible happening and close monitoring of these areas
for rehabilitation under the program include all were done to limit and arrest illegal activities.
lands of the public domain. Specifically, these In 2015, the enforcement team apprehended
include forestlands, mangrove and protected and seized illegal log shipment in Culion Island
areas, ancestral domains, civil and military consisting of 100,000 board feet of premium
reservation, urban greening areas, inactive and hardwood species of timber. Intelligence
abandoned mine sites and other suitable lands. gathering and doing arrests on illegal logging
With the continuing implementation of the and wildlife trade in the province is consistently
National Greening Program involving multi- being improved. PCSD’s partnership with the
sectoral stakeholders, the future supply of Bantay Kalikasan Enforcement Team of the
timber and other forest resources can be ensured Provincial Government of Palawan further
through proper monitoring and implementation strengthened the resolve to stop the proliferation
of appropriate silvicultural practices within the of illegal logging activities.
planted areas.
REFERENCES
Timber Poaching PCSD. Palawan Biosphere Reserve
Together with DENR-Palawan, the (Philippines) Periodic Report 2015
PCSD is continuously seeking alternative (Progress-Update Report) on the
solutions in combating timber poaching in Periodic Report Recommendations of
the province. Its PCSD Wildlife Enforcement 2012 Endorsed by the International
Team is actively doing its role in arresting Co-ordinating Council of the Man and
illegal logging activities. Hotspots/areas the Biosphere Programme (MAB-ICC)
were identified where illegal wildlife trade is UNESCO. 2015.
endemic species
of Palawan
Photo Credits: CS Philippines

Palawan Bearded Pig (Sus ahoenobarbus)
“near threatened” species under the IUCN Red list

Our Palawan
Feature Article
Managing Palawan Biosphere Reserve’s

Wildlife and their Habitats
ABSTRACT
Among the various issues and concerns raised to the
Keywords: management of the Palawan Biosphere Reserve by the
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme International
Wildlife Co-ordinating Council (MAB-ICC) are matters concerning
Habitat its wildlife and their habitats. These are but only some of the
Man and Biosphere pressing issues being faced by Palawan, but despite these, the
Programme International Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), the
Co-ordinating onsite Biosphere Reserve management authority, continuously
Council sets the mechanisms and exerts efforts to reduce these issues’
impacts to the environment.
Compiled by: Niño Rey Estoya, Levita A. Lagrada

and Arnica D. Mortillero
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development,
1.1 ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE 1.1.1 Surveillance and Apprehension
Intelligence and surveillance activity is
In its periodic review report, the very significant and necessary in order to ensure
Palawan BR submitted the following proposed effective enforcement and sustained information
actions on this issue: intensify law enforcement, gathering on the ground, and where incentives/
engagement of communities, training and allowances must be provided to all concerned.
deputation of Wildlife Enforcement Officers; This is one of the strategies employed in order
revitalization of the community listening post to level up the enforcement of wildlife laws and
and quick response system. related policies. As a result, the operations of
Illegal wildlife trade is being addressed existing national and international organized/
through intensification of law enforcement by syndicated wildlife trading of Palawan wildlife
engaging local communities in surveillance and species have been tracked down. The structure
apprehension especially in providing reliable of organized and syndicated trade of Palawan
on-the-ground and real-time information wildlife is illustrated in Figure 1.
about illegal activities, strong partnerships/ Further, during the period 2010- 2015,
collaboration among different government 39% of apprehended persons were foreign
agencies, training and deputation of Wildlife nationals and against whom cases were filed.
Enforcement Officers (WEOs), establishment This would imply that an improved capacity
of Wildlife Traffic Monitoring Units of Palawan’s enforcement groups were able
(WTMUs), capability-building training of to track down even the tactics of these foreign
WEOs, and forward planning for revitalization nationals with complex established network
of the Community Listening Post and Quick (refer to Figure 2).
Response System (CLP-QRS).
Figure 1. The Structure of Organized/Syndicated Trade of Palawan Wildlife Species.

(Source: Palawan Biosphere Reserve [Philippines] Periodic Report 2015)
1.1.2 Active Participation of Other 1.1.3 Training & Deputation of Wildlife
Enforcement Agencies in Combating Enforcement Officers
Wildlife Poaching There are 189 individuals deputized
There is a strong collaboration among as Wildlife Enforcement Officers (WEOs)
the PCSD and other government enforcement and 12 volunteers in the entire province as of
agencies in combating wildlife poaching. July 2017. These WEOs come from different
These agencies include the Philippine National entities such as the local government units of
Police–Maritime Special Boat Unit (PNP- El Nido, San Vicente, Aborlan, MMPL Area,
Maritime-SBU), Philippine Navy, Philippine Roxas and Puerto Princesa City as well as from
Coast Guard and Western Command. Efforts of different government agencies such as PCSDS,
the said collaboration resulted to apprehension Bureau of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources
from 2012 to 2014 of foreign nationals and (BFAR), Philippine Ports Authority (PPA),
confiscation of subject wildlife species. Office of Transport Security (OTS), Baywatch
Appropriate disposition methods were and NGOs.
employed on the confiscated dead and live
wildlife specimens in accordance with the 1.1.4 Establishment of Wildlife Traffic
related PCSD guidelines. Live marine turtles Monitoring Units (WTMU)
were released back to open seas while dead WTMUs assigned in airports and
ones were either buried or preserved. All sea ports inspect cargoes to ensure that
of these disposition methods were properly persons involved in illegal wildlife trade
documented to ensure that these evidences can are apprehended, and at the same time, deter
still be presented in court whenever necessary individuals from illegal wildlife transport/trade.
and/or as ordered or requested by the same The photographs in the succeeding figures show
(Figure 3). the WTMUs (in blue polo-shirt uniform) doing
inventory of confiscated wildlife from airports
and seaports.
Figure 2. Percentage of Persons Arrested/and Filed with Criminal Cases


Figure 3. Photos of Illegal Wildlife Poaching Cases in Palawan.
Top Row: In 2012, 43 heads of marine turtles and assorted marine shells were confiscated from
Vietnamese fishers aboard a fishing vessel;
2nd Row: approximately 10,000 marine turtle eggs were confiscated from Malaysians in 2013;
3rd Row: In 2014, 500 marine turtles (dead and alive) were confiscated from Chinese fishers
aboard a fishing vessel;
Bottom Row: In 2014, 20 tons of different shark species were confiscated from Vietnamese
fishers aboard a fishing vessel.

Figure 4. Wildlife Enforcement Officers’ Training.
Left: Training of Philippine Navy Personnel in 2013;
Right: WEO Training in Taytay, Palawan in 2014.
Figure 5. Confiscated wildlife being inventoried by the Wildlife Traffic Monitoring Units.
From 2010 to 2015, Wildlife Traffic Monitoring involving deputized WEOs in order to formulate
Units have been established in Coron, El Nido, strategies to address the most pressing needs
Roxas, Quezon, Brooke’s Point and Puerto of wildlife enforcement to which WEOs can
Princesa City (refer to Figure 6) especially in be of significance. The conference resulted
exit/entry points (e.g. airports and seaports). to: 1) identification of current challenges,
These are identified as “Hotspot Areas” in gaps and needs of wildlife enforcement
the province because of the high occurrence and corresponding actions or solutions, 2)
or intensity of illegal wildlife trade. In these identification and development of the necessary
areas also, WEOs have been functioning and procedures/protocol in wildlife enforcement
complementing with the WTMUs in their involving deputized WEOs which shall later
enforcement-related activities. on be integrated into the WEO manual of
operations (eg. information/intelligence report
1.1.5 Wildlife Enforcement Officers (WEO) handling; actual enforcement operation), and 3)
Conference performance evaluation of deputized WEOs.
On November 24, 2015, a WEO Further, the development and
Conference was conducted by the PCSDS which revitalization of Community Listening Post and
was participated by deputized WEOs from the Quick Response System using short messaging
local government units of Roxas, El Nido and system (SMS) was discussed in the conference
Puerto Princesa City, as well as representatives and shall form part of the WEO operations
from other government agencies in Palawan. manual that will be produced.
The conference aimed to understand the status
of Wildlife Enforcement in Palawan especially

Figure 6. Strategic Locations of WTMUs and WEOs in Palawan
1.1.6 Capability-Building Training of WEOs, and Detection Group (CIDG), PNP-Maritime

WTMUs and PCSD Staff Special Boat Unit, Western Command, Naval
WEOs, WTMUs as well as PCSD staff Forces West, 570th Composite Tactical Wing,
were not only trained on how to conduct and Philippine Coast Guard, Bantay Palawan Task
accomplish the required forms necessary in Force, Municipal/City Gov’t, and Palawan
the surveillance activities, apprehension and NGO Network, Inc.
filing of appropriate cases in court but also
on the required technical skills. Thus, in 2012 1.1.8 International Cooperation
and 2014, trainings on wildlife identification, In 2013 and 2014, PCSDS participated
restraining and handling were conducted in in the so-called “Operation Cobra” organized
order to facilitate confiscation procedures and by China, USA, South Africa, ASEAN Wildlife
minimize possible stresses to wildlife involved. Enforcement Network (ASEAN-WEN), South
Experts were tapped to give hands-on training Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SA-
as shown in figure 7. WEN) and Lusaka Agreement Task Force
(LATF) which aimed to: 1) prevent, detect,
1.1.7 Creation of Multi-Partite Enforcement suppress and apprehend criminals and disrupt
Teams/Bodies criminal networks that exploit elephants,
The Provincial Law Enforcement Task rhinos, pangolins, big cats, Tibetan antelope
Force, Anti-illegal Logging Task Force and and great apes in Africa, North America and
Environmental Enforcement Program were Asia, 2) gather information and intelligence
created during the period 2012-2015 to address on the illegal exploitation of elephants, rhinos,
illegal logging issues, and illegal wildlife trading pangolins, big cats, great apes, Tibetan antelope
and poaching. Members of these teams are and other wildlife, and 3) build wildlife law
composed of representatives from the different enforcement capacity nationally and regionally,
enforcement entities such as BFAR, Provincial/ among others.
City Police Office, Criminal Investigation

Figure 7. Demo-Training on Wildlife Handling and Ivory Identification.
Top: Mr. Salvador Guion (left side), a wildlife handler of the Palawan Wildlife Rescue
and Conservation Center (PWRCC) and Dr. Rebong (right side) demonstrating proper
wildlife restraining and handling;
Bottom: Training of selected PCSD Staff by the USAID on Ivory identification.
As a result, Philippine authorities including implementation of the Wildlife Act.

PCSDS that participated in the said operation In the implementation of the Wildlife
were able to seize 65 pangolins, 2 giant clams, Act, there is a special consideration for Palawan
6,985 Trochus sp., 8 Triton sp., 157 Turbo sp., since the Palawan Council for Sustainable
496 Pinctada maxima, 55 Cassis cornuta, 124 Development is mandated to implement
Cypraea tigris and 42.05 kg parts of other the said law instead of the Department of
different CITES specimens as shown in Figure Environment and Natural Resources and the
8. Department of Agriculture. Under Section 4,
it is clearly stated that the jurisdiction on the
1.2 CONSERVATION AND management and protection of the terrestrial
MANAGEMENT OF THREATENED and aquatic flora and fauna is vested on PCSD.
SPECIES AND THEIR HABITATS Under Section 19, the same office will be the
lead in the designation of Management and
In its periodic review report, the scientific authorities for International Trade in
Palawan BR submitted the following proposed Endangered Species of wild flora and fauna of
actions on this issue: declaration of Critical Palawan. To further empower the management
Habitats as Core Zones under ECAN; of these resources through the help of the
establishment of Biodiversity Monitoring complementing agencies of the government,
System; implementation of the programme the PCSD has adopted and approved the PCSD
on adoption of flagship species; operation as Administrative Order No. 12, series of 2011 or
CITES Management Authority for Palawan;

Figure 8. Seized wildlife species. Left: Pangolins, Right: Other CITES specimens.
he “Detailed Guidelines in the Implementation Board” (CHMB) will be created. This will be
of RA 9147 & Joint DENR-DA-PCSD AO #1 responsible for the formulation of a “Critical
As May Be Made Applicable in the Province of Habitat Management Plan”. The PCSD will
Palawan.” exhaust effort to enter into a Memorandum of
Agreement (MOA) or Partnership Agreement
1.2.1 Habitat Protection And Management: with concerned local government units,
Critical Habitats as Core Zones under ECAN people’s organization (PO), non-government
The Legal Framework organizations (NGO), indigenous peoples/
The PCSD declared Critical Habitats indigenous cultural communities (IP/ICC),
as Core Zones under ECAN pursuant to private sector or other concerned entities for
PCSD Resolution No. 13-481. The guidelines the management of critical habitat ensuring
embodied in this resolution prescribe the shared governance/responsibility in managing
requirements and procedures how the identified natural resources.
and established “Critical Habitats” shall be
declared as “Core Zones” under the ECAN Critical Habitats in the Province of Palawan
Zoning in accordance with the provisions of In accordance with the aforementioned
RA 9147 (Wildlife Resources Conservation guidelines, certain areas in the municipality of
and Protection Act) and the SEP Law. Dumaran, Palawan were already declared as
Moreover, the existing “Core Zone” Critical Habitat in 2014. Cleopatra’s Needle,
which can be identified through scientific which is adjacent to the Puerto Princesa
methods as habitats of threatened species may Underground River, was recently declared in
be declared as Critical Habitats to ensure strict 2016. In order to strengthen the enforcement of
protection. Penal provisions prohibit activities wildlife laws and policies within the Dumaran
such as dumping of waste products detrimental Critical Habitat, trainings for the deputation
to wildlife, squatting or otherwise occupying of Wildlife Enforcement Officers (WEOs)
any portion of the critical habitat, mineral were conducted through the collaboration of
exploration and/or extraction, burning, logging the Dumaran Municipal Government, Katala
and quarrying. An imprisonment of one (1) Foundation, Inc. (KFI) and PCSDS. There
month to eight (8) years and/or a fine of Five were a total of fourteen (14) KFI personnel
Thousand Pesos (PhP 5,000.00) to Five Million deputized as WEOs who can police within
Pesos (PhP 5,000,000.00) shall be imposed to the range of the Dumaran Critical Habitat. By
those who will violate these. virtue of the Wildlife Act, they were already
To ensure the protection of the critical empowered to enforce existing wildlife laws,
habitats, the “Critical Habitat Management rules and regulations.

Table 1. Proposed Critical Habitats in the Province of Palawan
Proposed Critical Habitat Status/Updates
Victoria-Anepahan Mountain Threats analysis conducted; Logical framework formulated;

Range (VAMR). Coordinating body created such as follows:
• PNNI: Ms. Loreto Cagatulla
• IDEAS : Mr. Roger Garinga
• WPU: Dr. Lita Sopsop
• NTFP-EP Philippines: Mr. Manuel Uy
• PCSDS: Merlinda Hilario and Levita Lagrada
• UNDP: Dr. Ma. Teresa Aquino
• ELAC: Atty. Gerthie Anda
Lake Tagbungsaing in Quezon, Community resource mapping conducted

Palawan
Lake Manguao in Taytay, Palawan Biodiversity assessment conducted;
Declared already as Local Conservation Area (LCA) by the

Municipality of Taytay, Palawan
Crocodile Sanctuaries in the Confirmed already the presence of crocodiles through actual
municipality of Balabac and Rizal, field surveys and community interviews. Surveys were
and province of Palawan conducted in partnership with CPPI and PNNI
Within Ancestral Domain Claim of Resource and biodiversity assessments conducted;
Batak Tribe in Roxas, Palawan consultation with the barangay and municipal LGUs and
awaiting their response;
Other identified areas will likewise be 1.2.2 Species Management Policy

declared as critical habitats. Initial works related Development: Adoption of Flagship
to these areas have been done already by several Species
entities such as PCSDS, local government units Policies in the adoption of flagship
concerned, Western Philippines University, species by LGUs is now being developed
Department of Environment and Natural to ensure the conservation of these species.
Resources (DENR), Palawan NGO Network The draft “Guidelines on the Selection and
Inc. (PNNI), Environmental Legal Assistance Management of Flagship Species by the Local
Center (ELAC), Institute for the Development Government Units” has been reviewed by the
of Educational and Ecological Alternatives Palawan Wildlife Management Committee
Incorporated (IDEAS), Crocodylus Porosus (PWMC) which recommended the same to the
Philippines, Inc. (CPPI) and Non-Timber Forest PCSD for the latter’s subsequent adoption and
Products Inc. (NTFP-EP). These proposed approval. The guidelines aim to ensure that
critical habitats include the “Victoria-Anepahan species selected by LGUs shall be effective
Mountain Range (VAMR), Lake Tagbungsaing and that private entities are engaged in the
in Quezon, Palawan; Lake Manguao in Taytay, conservation and management of the subject
Palawan; crocodile sanctuaries in Balabac and species including their habitats. In the same
Rizal, Palawan; and portions of the ancestral guidelines, all LGUs at the municipal level
domain claim of Batak Tribe in Roxas, Palawan. are required to submit their respective selected
Specific actions conducted in the proposed sites flagship species for the latter’s approval and
in relation to the guidelines for the declaration subsequent declaration as such by the PCSD.
of “Critical Habitats” are already identified. After which, LGUs are required to formulate
“Conservation Strategies” for the management

and conservation of their chosen flagship establish its own center but it can accredit centers
species. that would qualify to the standards indicated
therein. Criteria for the disposition of wildlife
Policy Development: Adopt-A-Wildlife housed at the rescue and/or rehabilitation
Species Program centers are set in the same guidelines which
In order to provide avenues for a guide PCSD/S in the disposition of donated,
public-private-partnership among the LGUs, turned over or confiscated wildlife.
the private sector, NGOs, POs, academic and
scientific institutions and other interested Policy Development: Threatened Species
individuals and pursuant to the government’s List
international commitment to conserve In order to guide all entities working
biodiversity and prevent species extinction, towards the conservation and protection of
the PCSD approved on 28 May 2015 the Palawan’s rich wildlife resources, the PCSD
Adopt-A-Wildlife Species Program, (A-Wild Resolution No. 10-413 (Updated List of
Pro), through PCSD Resolution No. 15-527 Terrestrial/ Marine Wildlife in Palawan and
(“Establishing the Adopt-A-Wildlife Species their Categories Pursuant to Republic Act 9147)
Program, A-Wild Pro, for the Conservation was updated in 2014 through PCSD Resolution
of Threatened Species and Its Habitats in No. 15-521 (A Resolution Approving the 2014
the Province of Palawan and Providing the Terrestrial and Marine Wildlife in Palawan
Guidelines Thereof”) . and their Categories pursuant to Republic
It is expected that through this Act 9147, otherwise known as the Wildlife
program, conservation actions can be pursued Resources Conservation and Protection Act).
in collaboration with private entities without In summary, the list included wildlife species
making any additional costs to them in which are classified as Critically Endangered
accordance with Section 34 of RA 9147 and (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (Vu) as
Section 101 of RA 8424 or the Tax Code of shown in Table 2.
1997 which specifically provide for exemption
from donor’s tax and allowable deduction Establishment of Biodiversity Monitoring
from taxable income, respectively, the said System
conservation actions. In relation thereto, a In order to monitor the status of
mechanism is being worked out with the Bureau biodiversity for conservation and management
of Internal Revenue (BIR) to prepare guidelines purposes, the Puerto Princesa Underground
that will identify and describe procedures that River (PPUR) started in 2015 to employ
will facilitate the implementation of PCSD’s Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) in 2015
A-Wild Pro. It is expected that contributions and will continue it on an annual basis. The
or donations to “Adopt-a-Wildlife Species Palawan Flora, Fauna and Watershed Reserve
Program” would ensure the protection and Puerto Princesa City likewise plan to establish
conservation of certain wildlife species. monitoring plots within the area in 2016. The
Dumaran Critical Habitat (a local conservation
Policy Development: Disposition of area in the municipality of Dumaran, Palawan),
Turned Over, Donated and/or Confiscated through its forest wardens, performs regular
Wildlife patrolling within the designated areas which
Pursuant to Section 8 of PCSD form part of the BMS methods.
AO # 12 which provides for the PCSD to
establish wildlife rescue centers in Palawan, International Celebration
PCSD Resolution No. 13-480 (“Approving In accordance with the declaration of
the Guidelines for the Establishment and the “World Wildlife Day”, the celebration in
Management of Wildlife Rescue and the province started in 2014. An exhibit aimed
Rehabilitation Center in the Province of to promote people’s knowledge and awareness
Palawan”) was adopted and approved for of Palawan’s very rich wildlife resources both
implementation in the province. In the said terrestrial and aquatic as well as to encourage
guidelines, it is not necessary for the PCSD to them to protect and conserve these resources

Table 2. Summary of Wildlife Species and Their Conservation Status
Pursuant to PCSD Resolution No. 10-413.
Critically
Terrestrial and Endangered
Endangered Vulnerable Total
Marine Wildlife Species
Species
Birds 10 28 39 77
Reptiles 8 6 4 18
Mammals 5 9 16 30
Amphibians 3 10 13
Insects 2 2
Freshwater Fish 4 1 5
Marine Fishes 2 10 12
Bivalves 8 1 9
Gastropods 5 1 6
Crustaceans 1 8 9
Flora 26 45 186 257
Sharks and Rays 1 1 14 16
Mangroves 1 3 4
Sea Cucumber 4 4
TOTAL 56 114 292 462
was held at Robinson’s Place Palawan. It discussions about wildlife and conservation
was the same reason why the exhibit featured as well as relevant games and workshops are
marine and terrestrial ecosystems of Palawan conducted.
as shown in Figure 9.
All wildlife specimens utilized or 1.2.3 Regulation
displayed in the exhibit were either confiscated, RA 9147 or the “Wildlife Act” does not
donated or turned over to PCSDS during the prohibit the utilization of wildlife resources
period 2012-2014 for proper custody. These for economic purposes to contribute to the
displays were witnessed/viewed by students sustainable development goals. However,
from different academic institutions in the city it must ensure that these resources are not
as well as the general public who visited the exploited. Thus, in order to sustainably manage
mall during the exhibit period. and regulate the collection and utilization of
The celebration of the World Wildlife wildlife resources, the PCSDS issues different
Day for the succeeding years until 2017 was permits as provided for in the Act (RA 9147),
through the Kiddie Wildlife Summits wherein depending on the type of uses. These permits
PCSDS, in partnership with various agencies include Wildlife Farm Permit (WFP), Wildlife
and institutions such as the Western Command Collector’s Permit (WCP), Wildlife Gratuitous
(WesCom), Department of Environment and Permit (GP), Local Transport Permit (LTP) and
Natural Resources (DENR), JCI Peacock, Wildlife Special Use Permit (WSUP).
Arena Island, Katala Foundation Inc. (KFI) As can be observed in Figure 10,
and World Wide Fund Philippines (WWF), there was an increase in the issuance of LTP,
conduct information campaign. Schools are WCP and WSUP which started in 2014 until
invited to participate on a chosen venue where 2015 owing to the implementation of the

Figure 9. Wildlife Exhibit during the World Wildlife Day in 2014 at Robinson’s Place, Palawan.
Revised PCSD Administrative Order No. 5, which, “Export Permit, Import Permit” and
series of 2014 (Guidelines for the Regulation export/import certifications were issued by
and Monitoring of Catching, Culture, Trade, the PCSDS. Figure 11 shows that in a 3-year
Transport and Export of Reef-fish-for-food period of issuing export and import permits/
in Palawan). Although this order allows the certifications, PCSDS issued the highest
collection of economically important marine number in 2014 specifically for non-CITES
fishes for economic purposes, specifically species. It was due to the operation in 2014 of
for Plectropomus leopardus, Epinephelus Malaysian Airlines from Malaysia to Palawan
coioides and E. fuscoguttatus, it provides for and vice versa which carried individuals with
size and seasonal restrictions to ensure that edible birds nest permitted by the Malaysian
these resources are sustainably managed. The government to be brought/traded to the
issuance of WCP allows for the catching of Philippines. Eventually, it decreased in 2015
the above-indicated species, WSUP allows with the suspension of Malaysian Airlines’
individuals to engage in the buying and selling flight to Palawan.
or trading of the same fishes, while LTP allows Export and import of CITES-listed
WSUP holders to bring these marine fishes species were issued with “Export and Import
from the province to anywhere else in the Permits” with CITES logo, respectively, while
Philippines. non-CITES species were issued with “Export
Further, PCSD, being the CITES and Import Certifications without CITES logo,”
Management Authority as stipulated under respectively.
Chapter III, Article 1, Section 19 of the Wildlife
Act, for both terrestrial and coastal-marine 1.2.4 Local and International Cooperation
areas in Palawan as recognized by the CITES In order that the global perspectives on
Secretariat in 2012, regulates the exportation wildlife resources conservation and protection
and importation of wildlife specimens and for including their habitats are implemented at the

Figure 10. Number of Wildlife Related Permits Issued from
2010 to 2015.
Figure 11. Permits issued for export and import of wildlife specimens.
national and local level, as well as share the local Last September 2016, the PCSD as the
experiences to global partners, the PCSD/S CITES Management Authority in Palawan,
and its partners/stakeholders in the province prepared a proposal presented during the
participated in the different international fora Conference of Parties (CoP) meeting in
such as, IUCN-SSC-Pangolin Specialist Group Africa. The proposal was about the uplisting
Conference in Singapore in 2012, ASEAN of the endemic Palawan Pangolin (Manis
Meeting on the Protection of Marine Turtles culionensis) from Appendix II to Appendix I.
Foraging Habitats in Malaysia in 2012, CITES Due to the rampant illegal trade and poaching
Conference of the Parties (CoP) in Thailand of these species, the proposal was crafted to
in 2013 and South Africa in 2016, COBRA further intensify enforcement and protection
in Thailand in 2013 and First Pangolin Range to the pangolins. According to CITES, the said
States Meeting in Vietnam in June 2015. species’ new proposed category would mean

Figure 12. Participants of the Province-wide Consultation Workshop for the Development
of a Wildlife Management Program of Palawan held on 23 October 2015.
that these animals are “…the most endangered Provincial Philippine National Police (PNP).
among CITES-listed animals and plants. They Lately, a Consultation Workshop for
are threatened with extinction and CITES the Development of a Wildlife Management
prohibits international trade in specimens Program of the province was held at the Palawan
of these species except when the purpose of Sustainable Development Training Institute
the import is not commercial for instance for (PSDTI) in Puerto Princesa City (Figure 12). It
scientific research…” Eventually, the proposal was participated by different stakeholders and
was approved. aimed to identify the gaps and pressing needs
At the provincial level, the Palawan for wildlife management attuned to sustainable
Wildlife Management Committee (PWMC) development agenda of the province and
created under PCSD Administrative Order No. the State. The conduct of the said workshop
12 was reactivated in 2015 to provide technical was funded by the Philippine Tropical
assistance to the PCSD in its implementation Forest Conservation Foundation (PTFCF) in
of the Wildlife Act. The PWMC is composed partnership with the Katala Foundation, Inc
of the heads of offices of the Department of (KFI).
Environment and Natural Resources –Provincial
Environment and Natural Resources Office REFERENCE
(DENR-PENRO), Department of Agriculture
– Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources PCSD. Palawan Biosphere Reserve
(DA-BFAR), Palawan State University (PSU), (Philippines) Periodic Report 2015
Western Philippines University (WPU), Holy (Progress-Update Report) on the
Trinity University (HTU), Provincial ENRO, Periodic Report Recommendations of
Port Manager of the Philippine Ports Authority 2012 Endorsed by the International
(PPA), Airport Manager of the Civil Aviation Co-ordinating Council of the Man and
Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), Chairman the Biosphere Programme (MAB-ICC)
of the League of Municipal Mayors of Palawan, UNESCO. 2015.
Palawan NGO Network, Inc. (PNNI) and

Our Palawan
Forum/Conference Paper
A Review of Palawan’s Coral Reefs
Carlos Alfredo A. Castillo
ABSTRACT
Palawan’s coral reefs has an expanse of about 11,000 square kilometers.
This represents 42% of the total Philippines’ reefs estimated at 26,000
square kilometers. This aggregate total reef area implies large potentials
for fisheries. However, due to natural stressor, such as storms, increasing
seawater temperature, and strong waves, as well as anthropogenic
Keywords: pressures such as illegal fishing practices, pollution, sedimentation,
pressures from coastal development, tourism-related activities,
Corals infestations, and especially the direct and indirect impacts of climate
Assessment change, the coral reefs are degrading. This makes it necessary for coral
Monitoring reefs, as well as their surrounding communities, to be monitored and
Coastal assessed regularly. Regular monitoring is a vital activity so as to determine
Resource management reef status as well as in identifying the stressors in the area which will
serve as the basis in coming up with protective measures for the reefs.
Based on the results of PCSDS coastal resource assessments and coastal
resource monitoring reports, majority of the coral reefs of Palawan are
in fair condition. However, monitoring survey reports revealed that the
coral cover has decreased to 36.3%. Most of the monitoring sites in
Palawan were observed to have been affected by dynamite and cyanide
fishing while natural factors such as strong wave actions and rise of sea
surface also contribute.
ECAN Zones Management – Coastal/Marine

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development,
Email: castillo.carlos.aa@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION to this exclusion, some municipalities have no
data to be presented or compared.
Coral reefs are vital component of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
coastal-marine ecosystem and is an equally
important resource. They serve as habitats As seen in Table 1, based on the
and nursery grounds for a wide range of PCSDS baseline and monitoring surveys
marine organisms such as fish, crustaceans, conducted for 1997- 2016, the coral reefs in the
cephalopods, and algae. The organisms in coral province were in fair condition. With the most
reefs are considered as resources so it can be recent data available, the municipalities of
said that reefs contribute greatly to fishery Quezon, Busuanga and Roxas have the highest
production. According to McAllister (1988), percentage coral cover while Cuyo, Agutaya
reefs in excellent condition may provide up to and Magsaysay had the least. However, even
180 kg/ha/yr of fish, those in good condition if both baseline and monitoring surveys
may provide up to 130 kg/ha/yr, and those in indicated that the corals are in fair condition,
fair and poor condition provide only 80 and trend analysis shows that the percentage of
30 kg/ha/yr of fish, respectively. Coral reefs coral cover was apparently decreasing. Figure
also reduce the strength of incoming waves, 1. shows that the average percentage cover of
preventing erosion and damage to areas along the baseline survey was 42.38% while that of
the coast. the monitoring survey conducted was 36.30%.
The Palawan Council for Sustainable This shows that an average decrease in coral
Development (PCSD) is one of the agencies cover of about 6.08% occurred. It is also
that monitor the status of the coastal-marine worthy to note that ten (10) of the twenty-four
resources, which includes coral reefs. There (24) municipalities experienced a decrease
have been many different methods used to in coral cover while only seven (7) had an
monitor coral reefs, such as the manta tow, increase, the other seven (7) municipalities
reef check, and line intersect transect method. had no data available. Majority of the reports
This paper concentrates on those reports made mentioned that destructive fishing practices
which used the line intersect transect method. such as dynamite and cyanide fishing were
evident in the monitored sites, contributing to
METHODOLOGY the decrease in coral cover. Other activities like
farming were noted to be possible contributors
Secondary data gathering was used in while natural phenomena is also considered as
this paper. The data was obtained from Coastal an influencing factor in coral reef deterioration.
Resource Assessment and Coastal Resource The alarming decrease in coral cover
Monitoring Reports conducted by PCSDS. has a disastrous effect to the food security
Both hard and soft copies of the reports were of the local communities as well as to the
analyzed to ensure the accuracy of the data. health of the coastal-marine ecosystem.
The reports analyzed date from 1997 to 2016. Since corals serve as the habitat and nursery
The two sets of data for each municipality that for many marine organisms, the decrease in
were compared were the initial baseline data cover would in turn decrease the population
and the monitoring data obtained from the most of the marine organisms in the area, thereby
recent coastal resource monitoring activity. It reducing maximum sustainable productivity.
is important to note that the data used in this Species that should be abundant in that area
paper are only those which were obtained may become scarce, affecting the livelihood of
using the Line Intercept Transect method (LIT) the surrounding communities which may lead
established by English et al. (1997). The data to small conflicts or resorting to more efficient
obtained using the Manta Tow method was but destructive fishing practices. Areas with
excluded because the two different methods degraded reefs are also more prone to erosion due
produce data that are not comparable. The to increased exposure to wave motion. To avoid
LIT method requires accurate measurement of this outcome, the reefs must be protected and
benthic cover using a transect while the Manta allowed to recover. The reefs can be protected
Tow method employs visual estimations. Due through the establishment of MPAs, which will

Table 1. Baseline and Monitoring Status of Palawan’s Coral Reefs.
Baseline Monitoring
Municipality Percentage Percentage Change
Year Condition Year Condition
Cover (%) Cover (%)
1 Aborlan 2003 52.74 Good 2013 44.56 Good -8.18
2 Agutaya 2002 31.47 Fair 2009 11.26 Poor -20.21
3 Araceli 2000 51.67 Good 2005 27.63 Fair -24.04
4 Balabac 2012 31.03 Fair No data No data No data No data
5 Bataraza 2003 55.51 Good 2012 41.33 Fair -14.18
6 Brooke's Point 2000 48.83 Fair 2008 40.59 Fair -8.24
7 Busuanga 1999 30.82 Fair 2003 50.52 Good 19.7
8 Cagayancillo 2007 54.77 Good No data No data No data No data
9 Coron 2000 No data Poor No data No data No data No data
10 Culion 1999 33.80 Fair No data No data No data No data
11 Cuyo 2003 46.22 Fair 2010 6.03 Poor -40.19
12 Dumaran 2001 37.64 Fair 2010 39.06 Fair 1.42
13 El Nido 2002 22.57 Poor 2004 37.37 Fair 14.8
14 Jose Rizal 2003 49.14 Fair 2011 49.44 Fair 0.3
15 Kalayaan No data No data No data No data No data No data No data
16 Linapacan No data No data No data No data No data No data No data
17 Magsaysay 2002 41.69 Fair 2009 15.98 Poor -25.71
18 Narra 1997 51.81 Good 2013 42.16 Fair -9.65
19 Puerto Princesa City 2016 46.00 Fair No data No data No data No data
20 Quezon 2005 55.38 Good 2015 50.75 Good -4.63
21 Roxas 2000 45.81 Fair 2014 50.34 Good 4.53
22 San Vicente 2000 36.23 Fair 2015 37.38 Fair 1.15
23 Sofronio Española 2001 46.06 Fair 2011 32.21 Fair -13.85
24 Taytay 2001 20.85 Poor 2014 40.54 Fair 19.69
AVERAGE - 42.38 Fair - 36.30 Fair -6.08
Figure 1. Average Coral Cover Condition of Palawan

allow the coral reefs to begin and continue their PCSDS (2003): Coastal Resource Assessment:
natural recovery. Coral rehabilitation programs Municipality of Rizal, Province
that are scientifically proven may also be used of Palawan. Palawan Council for
to increase coral cover. Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
Princesa City, Philippines.
CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS PCSDS (2005): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Municipality of Araceli, Province
of Palawan. Palawan Council for
Based on the given data, current Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
practices and conditions, it is highly likely Princesa City, Philippines.
that the coral reefs of Palawan will continue PCSDS (2006): In-Depth Coastal/Marine
to degrade at a rate that is noticeable. Each Survey Report for El Nido Municipality
hectare of coral reefs lost has an ecological and Palawan Council for Sustainable
economic effect. With the loss of habitat and Development, Puerto Princesa City,
food, marine organisms may leave the area or Philippines.
die out, lowering the diversity of the area and PCSDS (2006): In-Depth Coastal/Marine
destabilizing the ecosystem. Fish population Resources Survey Report for Busuanga
will also decrease, leading to a decrease in fish Municipality. Palawan Council for
production, increase in the prices of fish, and Sustainable Development, Puerto
problems for those who rely on the fisheries Princesa City, Philippines.
sector for their sustenance and/or income. PCSDS (2007): Coastal Resource Assessment:
With the exception of the natural Municipality of Cagayancillo, Province
occurrences, the problem of degrading of Palawan. Palawan Council for
coral reefs may be addressed through the Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
complimentary activities such as IEC, Princesa City, Philippines.
community consultations and community- PCSDS (2009): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
based management. Curtailing the illegal Municipality of Agutaya, Province
fishing practices will contribute much to of Palawan. Palawan Council for
coral reef recovery. Activities such as coral Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
rehabilitation may also aid in the recovery of the Princesa City, Philippines.
coral reefs, however, this must be implemented PCSDS (2009): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
with caution based on sound research in order Municipality of Brooke’s Point,
to pursue the balance of the concerned reef. Province of Palawan. Palawan Council
Protecting the coral reefs by declaring certain for Sustainable Development Staff.
areas as MPAs will greatly reduce the stress on Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.
the reefs, allowing nature to take its course and PCSDS (2009): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
begin the process of recovery. Municipality of Magsaysay, Province
of Palawan. Palawan Council for
REFERENCES Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
Princesa City, Philippines.
English, S., Wilkinson, C., Baker, V. 1997. PCSDS (2010): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Municipality of Cuyo, Province
Resources 2nd Edition. ASEAN- of Palawan. Palawan Council for
Australia Marine Science Project: Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
Living Coastal Resources, Australian Princesa City, Philippines.
Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. PCSDS (2011): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
3, Townsville Mail Centre, Australia Municipality of Dumaran, Province
4810. of Palawan. Palawan Council for
McAllister, D.E. 1988. Environmental, Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
Economic and Social Costs of Coral Princesa City, Philippines.
Reef Destruction in the Philippines. PCSDS (2011): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
Galaxea 7:161-178. Municipality of Sofronio Española,

Province of Palawan. Palawan Council of Palawan. Palawan Council for
for Sustainable Development Staff. Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. Princesa City, Philippines.
PCSDS (2012): Coastal Resource Assessment: PCSDS (2014): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
Municipality of Balabac, Province Municipality of Taytay, Province
of Palawan. Palawan Council for of Palawan. Palawan Council for
Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto Sustainable Development Staff. Puerto
Princesa City, Philippines. Princesa City, Philippines.
PCSDS (2012): Coastal Resource Monitoring: PCSDS (2015): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
Municipality of Bataraza, Province Municipality of Quezon, Province
PCSDS (2013): Coastal Resource Monitoring: PCSDS (2015): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
Municipality of Narra, Province Municipality of San Vicente, Province
PCSDS (2014): Coastal Resource Monitoring:
Municipality of Roxas, Province
endemic species of Palawan
Photo Credits: M.Matillano/WWF Philippines

Beach Thick Knee (Esacus magnirostris)
A nesting pair of beach thick knee was found in a small island off of Araceli, Palawan. This is the
first documented nesting of the said species in the country. This bird species is classified as Near
Threatened by the IUCN.
Our Palawan
Forum/Conference Paper
The Zero Carbon Resorts for Sustainable Tourism Project:

Promoting Biodiversity Friendly Enterprise
Atty. Adelina B. Benavente-Villena1
Paper presented during the 1st Biodiversity Congress organized by the

Biodiversity Management Bureau of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources on 22-24 May 2017 in Manila, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Keywords: The Zero Carbon Resorts for Sustainable Tourism Project is a
foreign-assisted project implemented in Palawan, Philippines. It
Zero Carbon Resorts Project aims to promote sustainable production and focusing on reduction
Sustainable Tourism of resource consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Based
Biodiversity Friendly from the learnings with the implementation of ZCR in the province,
Enterprise it was estimated that the current members have saved around PhP
304 Million within a year which is already a promising amount for
the small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It was also estimated
that their resource savings by adopting the green technologies and
concepts from ZCR were significant, thus promoting less pressure
on resource extraction and use from the environment.
1
Deputy Executive Director
Email: oed@pcsd.gov.ph

INTRODUCTION (GrAT) or Centre for Appropriate Technology
based in the University of Vienna in Austria.
Our country is blessed by a bounty of The Green Leaf Foundation and Healthy Public
natural resources. Our lands and seas are haven Policy Foundation of Thailand and Centro de
of unique flora and fauna which could only Investigaciones Energeticas, Mediombientales
be found within our domains. These are the y Tecnologicas, Spain are the project partners.
country’s treasures which draws more tourists Meanwhile, the Department of Tourism (DOT),
thus contributing to the economic boom of Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone
the Philippines. But with the current trend of Authority (TIEZA), Department of Energy
technological advancement, development and (DOE), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and
urbanization, these resources are placed at risk. Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP)
People tend to choose over destructive practices are the associates. The Palawan Council for
to be able to achieve economic growth, giving Sustainable Development implements the ZCR
less priority to the environment. But it is in the Palawan with the key tourism sites in El
arguable that development would always mean Nido, Coron-Busuanga, San Vicente and Puerto
environmental destruction because there are Princesa City.
hundreds of means and ways to balance our
ecological assets with the aspired economic ZCR Strategy and Methodology
growth and one way is to realign tourism- ZCR Project aims to contribute to
related enterprises to become pro-environment sustainable development of the tourism sector
industries. and its value chain in the Philippines and
Thailand with focus on reduction of resource
consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.
The Zero Carbon Resorts Project It also promotes sustainable production and
Zero Carbon Resorts (ZCR) for consumption. To attain such, the following
Sustainable Tourism Project is a 4-year project strategies and methodologies are used by ZCR:
funded by the European Union’s SWITCH-Asia 1. Reduce, 2. Replace and 3. Redesign (Figure
Program led by Gruppe Angepasste Technologie 1).
Figure 1. The Zero Carbon Resorts Strategy and 3R Methodology

ZCR aims to make tourism industries Solar System.
to be energy efficient in a sustainable and As a model of the ZCR Strategy, a ZCR
competitive way, thus utilizing the 3Rs on a Showcase Cottage is built at Irawan, Puerto
progressive approach for the stakeholders. Princesa City (Figure 2). The model cottage
was built using local building materials,
Reduce off-the-grid system with cool roofing ang
This level includes the implementations breathing walls. Energy demand is supplied by
of activities with zero or low investment costs. a photovoltaic solar system while water supply
This includes the simplest change in guest and is from rainwater harvesting technique. Green
staff behavior which can further contribute to technologies which can be seen within the
the lowering of resource consumption. This cottage are low flow water closet, shower head
involves establishment of easy to achieve and faucet, solar cooker, solar lightings, solar
measures yet remarkable improvement in water heater and natural waste water treatment.
resource efficiency.
Membership
Replace As of May 2017, ZCR Project in
In this strategy, establishments are Palawan has a total of 331-member SMEs
encouraged to switch to renewable resources (Small-Medium Enterprises). The Muncipality
or materials. It also includes the substitution of of El Nido, which is one of the most sought-
outdated and inefficient technologies with the after tourist spot in the provice, has the most
updated ones, including the implementations number of members (80) as seconded by Puerto
with medium to high investment costs. Princesa City (75). Membership for the ZCR
Project also expands to the island municipalities
Redesign such as Busuanga, Culion and Coron.
This includes the highest level which Being members of the ZCR, the
can be attained by establishments in adopting management of these establishments have
the ZCR concepts. It includes the development been briefed and oriented to the existing green
of energy and water autonomous establishments technologies which an be utilized in line with
and adoption of knowledge from ZCR learning their industry. Other tourism related SMEs
centers. For instance, this may include the shift are also invited to join the project from the
of the tourism establishment’s sole dependence smallest souvenir shops up to high end hotels.
on the usual energy power supplied by the local Regular monitoring is conducted to assure the
electric company to use of photovoltaic (PV) implementation of the ZCR concepts while
Figure 2. The Zero Carbon Resorts Showcase Cottage.

Table 1. Tally of the ZCR member SMEs in Palawan
Location No. of SMEs
Core Areas Puerto Princesa City 75
El Nido 80
Coron 66
San Vicente (Port Barton) 63
Other Areas Busuanga 14
Culion 2
Linapacan 2
Brooke’s Point 3
Narra 3
Bataraza 7
Quezon 3
Roxas 11
Taytay 2
TOTAL 331
trainings and technical seminars for local policy resources from Palawan’s watersheds and
makers are also organized. other sources. In the long run, exploitation
and exhaustive extraction of these freshwater
Going Green and Gaining More resources which serves as an important habitat
By adopting the technologies and or component for our wildlife can be decreased.
green strategies from the ZCR Project, it was Meanwhile, reduced carbon dioxide
estimated that member enterprises in Palawan emissions can mean mitigation of climate
have already had high savings due to their change’s aggravation. By cutting down carbon
shift of resource use. In terms of Energy, there dioxide emissions, there will be higher chances
have been about 22,554,778.37 kWh saved per of lowering the environmental abnormalities
year which is equivalent to the consumption such as increase of temperature and climate
of 53,320 homes. For the water resources, pattern fluctuations which may further disturb
593,306,279.48 liters are saved in a year which our ecological systems if not resolved.
can provide for the needs of 4,850 households.
In fuel use, 2,156,924.60 liters saved which can CONCLUSIONS
be compared to the average annual consumption
of 2,630 cars. For the carbon dioxide emissions, Development is already an undeniable
15,760,973.36 kilograms of carbon dioxide cut fact but this does not necessarily mean giving
down which is comparable to the emissions for up the environment for our economy’s sake.
one year of 7,500 cars. Through green innovations and interventions
In terms of economic gain for the such as the Zero Carbon Resorts Project,
enterprise, the current ZCR members all in we can further prove that we can still aim
all can save around Php 304 Million which is for a sustainable kind of development. The
already a promising amount for the business experiences of Palawan in the Zero Carbon
sectors involved. But aside from the potential Resorts Project implementation have provided
savings of the establishments, the reduced a new venue to be explored by the province and
impacts of their altered resource use can the rest of the country in creating green jobs with
already be translated into reduce environmental promising returns. By supporting these kinds
damage. For instance, with the estimated saved of interventions, we can now create enterprises
water resource, less demand for freshwater that are biodiversity and environment friendly.
and its production is already implied which
may mean less pressure from drawing water

Our Palawan
Research Bits
Developing Sustainable Alternative Livelihoods in
Coastal Fishing Communities in the Coral Triangle:
Indonesia and Philippines
I. Duration/Area of Coverage
36 months
Balabac, Palawan, Philippines
II. Funding Institution: Foreign/Local

Asian Development Bank – Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
III. Implementing Partners

Center for Environment and Sustainable Development Foundation, Incorporated
IV. Project Objective

Develop alternative livelihoods by pilot-testing support mechanisms that will involve women and
indigenous people.
VI. Updates on Activities (January to June 2017)

Component A – Social Preparation
• Rolling out of business plan and skills training for the Balabac communities
• IEC Campaigns and community organizing
• Interfaith group mangrove tree planting
Component B – Livelihood Development and Implementation
• Coordination with TESDA and PPSAT on Skills Development Training
• Conduct of the skills training, producing 20 graduates on mat and basket weaving and 39
graduates on welding and masonry
Component C – Project Management
• Close collaboration with partners through meetings
• Conduct of team writeshop
• Online social marketing of the Molbog handicraft
VII. Contact Person

PCSDS Glenda Cadigal
a9237705@yahoo.com
oed@pcsd.gov.ph
Tel. No. (63)-(48)-434-4235/434-4234
CESDFI Josefina Ma. Ferriols-Pavico

Executive Director
Center for Environment and Sustainable Development Foundation, Inc.
Unit 504 Manila Luxury Condominium
30 Pearl Drive Ortigas Center, Pasig City1600
Tel. 02 5421202; +659062431272; +639298657318
Mobile No. +639062431272
Email: cesd.philippines@gmail.com

Our Palawan
Research Bits
Philippine Wealth Accounting and Valuation of
Ecosystem Services (Phil-WAVES) – Development of
Ecosystem Accounts for Southern Palawan Pilot Area
2013-2017 covering Southern Palawan
World Bank/Department of Environment and Natural Resources
III. Implementing Partners
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), National Mapping and Resource Information
Authority (NAMRIA), National Irrigation Administration-Provincial Irrigation Management Office
(NIA-PIMO), National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), Provincial Government of Palawan-
Provincial Planning and Development Office (PGP-PPDO), Western Philippines University (WPU),
Palawan State University (PSU), Holy Trinity University (HTU), Municipality of Sofronio Espanola,
Municipality of Brooke’s Point, Municipality of Bataraza, Municipality of Quezon, Municipality of
Rizal, Conservation International (CI), Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD)
IV. Project Objectives
The Phil-WAVES project aims to inform decision makers on the sustainable use of key natural resources
by developing and constructing ecosystem accounts for Southern Palawan, and analyzing the trade-
offs associated with different natural resource and ecosystem service use scenarios through policy
analysis.
VI. Updates on Activities (January to June 2017)
• Participated in the Phil-WAVES Spatial Modelling (Recreational Opportunity Spectrum for

Palawan Workshop) at the World Bank Office Manila, One Global Place, Bonifacio Global City,
Taguig City, March 7-8, 2017.
• Presentation of the Phil-WAVES report to the Technical Working Group and production of the
Technical Report
The Phil-WAVES Project has officially ended last April 2017.
VII. Contact Person
BMB: Zenaida B. Munoz

zenybmunoz@gmail.com;
zenybmunoz@yahoo.com
PCSDS: John Francisco A. Pontillas

Tel. No. (63)-(48)434-4235/434-4234

Our Palawan
Research Bits
Zero Carbon Resorts Towards Sustainable Development of the
Tourism Sectors in the Philippines and Thailand
(ZCR for Sustainable Tourism)
May 2014 to MAY 2018, being implemented in Palawan, Philippines and Thailand
The project is financially supported by the European Union under the SWITCH-Asia Program,
and is being implemented by GrAT- Center for Appropriate Technology, Austria (Project Lead);
CIEMAT, Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA), Spain; Green Leaf Foundation (GLF), Thailand; Healthy
Public Policy Foundation (HPPF), Thailand; and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
(PCSD), Palawan, Philippines.
III. Objectives
This project will not only continue the replication of ZCR Phase 1 strategies in many regions
of the Philippines but expand and adapt the method to Thailand. With additional focus on access to
finance and match with Green Hotel certification, a cross country exchange of best practices will be
facilitated through exchange visits and strong policy dialogue.
The project aims to contribute to the sustainable development of the tourism sector and its
value chain in the Philippines and Thailand with focus on reduction of resource consumption and CO2
emissions. In both countries, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) will demonstrate the value of
green tourism by increasing resource efficiency and using renewable energy.
IV. Updates on Activities (January to June 2017)
For this period, the following were the activities conducted under the Zero Carbon Resorts Project:
• Continuous assessment of establishments for the 2017 ZCR Green Certification Award
• Awarding of the 2016 Zero Carbon Resorts Awards Towards Green Certification:
• Two (2) Technical Seminars for policy makers conducted in Coron and El Nido, Palawan
2016 ZCR Award 2016 ZCR Special Award 2016 ZCR Special Citation
1. Sangat Island Resort 1. Asia Grand View Hotel 1. Balay Tuko Garden Inn (PPC)
(Coron) (Coron)
2. Palanca Guest House (Coron)
2. Daluyon Beach and 3. Secret Paradise Resort (San Vicente)
Mountain Resort (PPC)
4. Puerto Pension Inn (PPC)
• Conducted Technical Sharing Session and Training on On-Site Energy Assessment in El Nido and
Puerto Princesa City
• Participation of the Zero Carbon Resorts Project on the SEP Caravans in various municipalities of
Palawan, promoting the project’s objectives and progress
• Participation in the First National Biodiversity Congress, presenting “The Zero Carbon Resorts for
Sustainable Tourism Project: Promoting Biodiversity Friendly Enterprise.”

• Participation to local events and exhibits such as the (1) Love Affair with Nature – Mangrove
Reforestation Activity, (2) World Environment Day celebration – with mangrove planting activity, (3)
PCSD Photo Exhibit – Opening of SEP Silver Anniversary Celebration at Robinson’s Place Palawan,
(4) 3rd World’s Best Island Tourism Sympo at Robinson’s Place Palawan and (5) Perlas de Hunyo
exhibit at Robinson’s Place Palawan. Official ZCR videos are played and brochures distributed during
exhibits while project information were disseminated through tarpaulins for other events.
V. Contact Person
Atty. Adelina B. Villena

Deputy Executive Director, PCSD and Project Lead, PCSD-ZCR
oed@pcsd.gov.ph
Tel. No. (63)-(48)-434-4235/434-4234
Website: www.ZeroCarbonResorts.eu

About The Main Authors
Dr. Jhonamie A. Mabuhay-Omar is an Associate Professor in the College of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences of the Western Philippines University. Some of the subjects she teaches are General
Microbiology and Parasitology, Microbial Ecology, Animal Morphoanatomy and Physiology, Marine
Microbiology, and Environmental Management and Protection. She has been engaged in researches on
agglutination of blood groups using leaf crude extracts and antimicrobial potentials of various aquatic
and terrestrial flora and fauna of the province. She had her Master’s Degree on Developmental Science
(Ecology), PhD in Developmental Science Major in Environmental Microbiotechnology and Post
Doctorate Studies on Molecular Biodiversity at the Graduate School for International Development
and Cooperation- Hiroshima University, Japan
Mr. Ronald S. Brillantes was a former high school teacher handling science and research subjects for
almost fifteen years. He was awarded as Best High School Science Teacher in the Division of Palawan
(2010) and a recipient of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) Palawan Chapter Judge Felomino
Vergara Award in the field of Education. Mr. Brillantes is taking his Doctor of Education degree major
in Educational Management at Palawan State University and is a holder of a Master’s Degree in
Teaching Science and Supervision and Instruction. He is currently an Education Program Supervisor
in the Department of Education MIMAROPA Region, Pasig City.
Mr. Carlos Alfredo Castillo is currently a Research Analyst for the Coastal and Marine Unit of the
ECAN Zones Management Division of the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development. He focuses
on coastal resource monitoring and coral assessments in Palawan. He is a licensed open water diver
and a graduate of BS Biology major in Marine Biology from Palawan State University and a volunteer
of Scubasurero, a youth-initiated project intended for coastal clean-ups engaging scuba divers in
collecting solid wastes found in coral reefs.
Atty. Adelina B. Benavente-Villena attained her Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Agribusiness at the Aquinas University of Legazpi as Magna Cum Laude and obtained
Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Major in Economics at the University of Nueva Caceres. She has
completed her Bachelor of Laws with Silver Medal for Academic Excellence in the Study of Law
at the Palawan State University in Puerto Princesa City and passed the Philippine Bar Examination
in 1997. She holds a Masters Degree on Urban and Regional Planning. She served in the ECAN
Zones Management and Enforcement Division (EZMED) of PCSD. She was previously the ECAN
Operations Department Chief in 2015, and at present, she is the Deputy Executive Director of the
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff.

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© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

PCSD Publications © Copyright 2017

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development i

Nelson P. Devanadera, Executive Director

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development ii

Directory of External Reviewers

Dr. William Sm. Gruezo

Dr. Chona Camile Vince Cruz-Abeledo

Dr. Allaine T. Baaco

Engr. Glenn S. Banaguas OYS

Dr. Perry S. Ong

Dr. rer. net. Thomas Edison E. Dela Cruz

Dr. Roger G. Dolorosa

Dr. Benjamin J. Gonzales

Dr. Cherry Myo Lwin

Dr. Patrick A. Regoniel

Dr. Shiela G. Vergara

Dr. Irina Safitri Zen

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development iii

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development iv

1 Hemagglutination and Antimicrobial Potential of Leaf Crude Extracts of Selected Plants

19 Expert Advice from the Scientific Advisory Panel of PCSDS:

28 Facing the Odds: Palawan Battles against Forest Destruction

33 Managing Palawan Biosphere Reserve’s Wildlife and their Habitats

Forum/ Conference Papers

47 A Review of Palawan’s Coral Reefs

52 The Zero Carbon Resorts for Sustainable Tourism Project:

60 About the Authors

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development v

Photo Credits: PCSDS

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development vi

Hemagglutination and Antibacterial Potential

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 1

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 2

Local Name Scientific Name

Preparation of plant samples and leaf Antibacterial Assay

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 3

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 4

Figure 2. Percentage agglutination of the plant extracts to ABO blood groups.

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 5

Figure 4. Agglutination of Palawan Pitcher Figure 5. Agglutination of Palawan Pitcher

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 6

S. aureus Between Groups 798.208 5 159.642 29.099 .000**

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 7

Figure 7. Sample Petri plate showing zones of inhibition

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 8

CONCLUSIONS and LITERATURE CITED

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 9

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 10

Photo Credits: M.Matillano/WWF Philippines

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 11

Ethno-Food Study and Protein Analysis of Lumabeng Beans

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 13

Figure 1. Lumabeng (Vigna umbellate (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi) in

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 14

C. Distillation of the sample The number of grams of nitrogen in

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 15

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 16

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 17

Photo Credits: CS Philippines

© 2017 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 18

Expert Advice from the Scientific Advisory Panel of PCSDS:

Five major issues that affect the management of Palawan’s natural